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66-688: Oultrejordain extended southwards through the Negev to the Gulf of Aqaba ( Ile de Graye, now Pharaoh's Island ). To the north and east (the ancient Gilead ) there were no real borders — to the north was the Dead Sea and to the east were caravan and pilgrimage routes, part of the Muslim Hejaz . These areas were also under the control of the sultan of Damascus , and by custom the two opponents rarely met there, for battle or for other purposes. Before

132-609: A cessasion of the international trade with luxury goods such as Gaza wine, grape production in the Negev settlements again giving way to subsistence farming, focused on barley and wheat . Repeated earthquakes hit the region during the Byzantine period, with numerous revetment walls added to buildings to support them against collapse; a large 7th-century seismic event though led to the abandonement of Avdat and Rehovot-in-the-Negev. This recent analysis of newly obtained data has proven

198-610: A few individuals in the Negev. The dorcas gazelle is more numerous, with some 1,000–1,500 individuals in the Negev. Some 350 to 500 Nubian ibex live in the Negev Highlands and in the Eilat Mountains . The Negev shrew is a species of mammal of the family Soricidae that is found only in Israel. A population of the critically endangered Kleinmann's tortoise (also known as the Negev tortoise ) survives in

264-435: A principality in the 12th century. It was established after the expedition of Baldwin I, but due to the relative size and inaccessibility of the area, the lords of Oultrejordain tended to claim some independence from the kingdom. With its mostly undefined borders, it was one of the largest seigneuries. Baldwin I may have given it away to Roman of Le Puy in 1118, but it probably remained under royal control until 1126 when Pagan

330-656: A railway station. The authority of the tribal chiefs over the region was recognized by the Ottomans. A railroad connected it to the port of Rafah . In 1914, the Ottoman authorities estimated the nomadic population at 55,000. The 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement between Britain and France placed the Negev in Area B, "Arab state or states" under British patronage. The Negev was taken from the Ottoman army by British forces during 1917 and became part of Mandatory Palestine . In 1922,

396-693: A sudden fall. It's when two major calamities strike the Byzantine Empire and large parts of the world: the Late Antique Little Ice Age (536-545), caused by huge volcanic eruptions in the world, with the resulting extreme weather events of 535–536 ; and in the 540s the first outbreak of bubonic plague in the Old World , known as the Justinianic Plague . It seems likely that these two events resulted in almost

462-612: A warrior-monk and finally Grand Master of the Knights Templar . Meanwhile, their son-in-law Humphrey III of Toron , son of the royal constable Humphrey II , had become ruler of Oultrejordain in right of his wife, their daughter Stephanie de Milly . Stephanie's later husbands, Miles of Plancy and Raynald of Châtillon , also became lords of Oultrejordain in turn. Raynald of Châtillon, formerly Prince of Antioch through his wife Constance , became lord of Oultrejordain by his new marriage to Stephanie in 1177. He began to claim that

528-402: Is Beersheba (pop. 214,162), in the north. At its southern end is the Gulf of Aqaba and the resort city and port of Eilat . It contains several development towns , including Dimona , Arad , and Mitzpe Ramon , as well as a number of small Bedouin towns, including Rahat , Tel Sheva , and Lakiya . There are also several kibbutzim , including Revivim and Sde Boker ; the latter became

594-662: Is a rocky desert. It is a melange of brown, rocky, dusty mountains interrupted by wadis (dry riverbeds that bloom briefly after rain) and deep craters. It can be split into five different ecological regions: northern, western and central Negev, the high plateau and the Arabah Valley. The northern Negev, or Mediterranean zone, receives 300 mm (12 in) of rain annually and has fairly fertile soils. The western Negev receives 250 mm (9.8 in) of rain per year, with light and partially sandy soils. Sand dunes can reach heights of up to 30 metres (98 ft) here. Home to

660-571: Is accordingly defined as "the eastern (biblical) Negev". According to the Book of Genesis chapter 13, Abraham lived for a while in the Negev after being banished from Egypt ( Genesis 13:1,3 ). During the Exodus journey to the Promised Land, Moses sent twelve scouts into the Negev to assess the land and population ( Numbers 13:17 ). Later the northern part of biblical Negev was inhabited by

726-575: Is credited with introducing copper mining and smelting in both the Negev and the Sinai between 1400 and 1300 BCE. According to Israeli archaeologists, in the Hebrew Bible , the term Negev only relates to the northern, semiarid part of what we call Negev today; of this, the Arad - Beersheba Valley, which receives enough rain as to allow agriculture and thus sedentary occupation (the " desert fringe "),

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792-465: Is home to hazardous infrastructures that include Negev Nuclear Research Center nuclear reactor , 22 agrochemical and petrochemical factories, an oil terminal, closed military zones, quarries, a toxic waste incinerator at Ne'ot Hovav , cell towers, a power plant, several airports, a prison, and two rivers of open sewage. In 2005, the Tel Aviv municipality was accused of dumping waste in the Negev at

858-809: Is home to the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , whose faculties include the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research and the Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies , both located on the Midreshet Ben-Gurion campus adjacent to Sde Boker . In October 2012, global travel guide publisher Lonely Planet rated the Negev second on a list of the world's top ten regional travel destinations for 2013, noting its current transformation through development. The origin of

924-422: Is zero. Snow and frost are rare in the northern Negev, and snow and frost are unknown in the vicinity of Eilat in the southernmost Negev. Nomadic life in the Negev dates back at least 4,000 years and perhaps as much as 7,000 years. The first urbanized settlements were established by a combination of Canaanite , Amalekite , Amorite , Nabataean and Edomite groups c.  2000 BCE . Pharaonic Egypt

990-620: The Assyrian Empire . Beersheba was the region's capital and a center for trade in the 8th century BCE. Small settlements of Israelites in the areas around the capital existed between 1020 and 928 BCE. The 4th-century BCE arrival of the Nabateans resulted in the development of irrigation systems that supported new urban centers located along the Negev incense route at Avdat (Oboda), Mamshit (Mampsis), Shivta (Sobata), Haluza (Elusa), and Nitzana (Nessana). This at least

1056-585: The Dudaim dump  [ he ] . The Manufacturers Association of Israel established an authority in 2005 to move 60 industrial enterprises active in the Tel Aviv region to the Negev. In 1979, the Ramat Hovav toxic waste facility was established in Wadi el-Na'am because the area was perceived as invulnerable to leakage. However, within a decade, cracks were found in the rock beneath Ramat Hovav. In 2004,

1122-536: The Emirate of Transjordan and the modern country of Jordan . In the time of Philip of Nablus, Arabian Petra was a vassal fief under the princes of Oultrejordain. Negev The Negev ( / ˈ n ɛ ɡ ɛ v / NEG -ev ; Hebrew : הַנֶּגֶב , romanized :  hanNégev ) or Negeb ( Arabic : النقب , romanized :  an-Naqab ) is a desert and semidesert region of southern Israel . The region's largest city and administrative capital

1188-573: The First Crusade , Oultrejordain was controlled by the Fatimids of Egypt , whose representatives (originally very few, if any at all) withdrew when the Crusaders arrived. The various tribes there quickly made peace with the Crusaders. The first expedition to the area was under Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1100. Baldwin also invaded again in 1107 and 1112, and built Montreal in 1115 to control

1254-612: The Israel Defense Forces ' major bases – a process accelerating in the past two decades. As of 2010, the Negev was home to some 630,000 people, or 8.2% of Israel 's population, even though it comprises over 55% of the country's area. 470,000 Negev residents (75% of the population) are Jews , while 160,000 or 25% are Bedouin. Of the Bedouin population (a demographic with a semi-nomadic tradition), half live in unrecognized villages , and half live in towns built for them by

1320-621: The Nabataeans , a theory proven wrong by more recent studies, which dated the massive agricultural and demographic growth in the area to the Byzantine period . The older explanation for the Tuleilat el-Anab , lit. 'grape mounds' phenomenon, has also been discarded: these large piles of rocks probably served two purposes, of removing the rocks from the cultivated plots, and of accelerating the erosion and water transportation of topsoil from

1386-559: The Pleistocene , the Negev fluctuated between intervals of relative humidity and intervals of aridity similar to or even more severe than the present day; from around 80,000 to 13,000 years BP , during a time interval roughly corresponding to the Last Glacial Period , the Negev was significantly more humid than today. It covers more than half of Israel, over some 13,000 km (5,000 sq mi), or at least 55% of

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1452-589: The Second Crusade , despite the truce between Jerusalem and Damascus that was vital to the survival of the kingdom and especially the lordship. The crusade ended in defeat and the security of the lordship diminished as a result. Maurice of Montreal left the lordship to his daughter Isabella (c. 1125 – 1166) and her husband Philip of Milly , lord of Nablus, who was compelled to resign Nablus in order to be recognized as ruler of Oultrejordain. After Isabella died, Philip (who ruled Oultrejordain 1161 – 1168) became

1518-559: The Tribe of Judah and the southern part of biblical Negev by the Tribe of Simeon . The Negev was later part of the Kingdom of Solomon (in its entirety, all the way to the Red Sea), and then, with varied extension to the south, part of the Kingdom of Judah . In the 9th century BCE, development and expansion of mining in both the Negev and Edom (modern Jordan) coincided with the rise of

1584-617: The Wadi Musa and Petra areas in present-day Jordan . The Bedouins of the Negev historically survived chiefly on sheep and goat husbandry. Scarcity of water and of permanent pastoral land required them to move constantly. The Bedouin in years past established few permanent settlements, although some were built, leaving behind remnants of stone houses called 'baika.' In 1900, the Ottoman Empire established an administrative center for southern Syria at Beersheba including schools and

1650-442: The 4th century introduced Christianity to the population. Agriculture-based cities were established and the population grew exponentially. As shown by the research done by Michael Evenari , novel techniques were employed, such as runoff rainwater collection and management systems, which harvested water from larger areas and directed it onto smaller plots. This allowed the cultivation of plants with much higher water needs than

1716-469: The Bedouin component of the population was estimated at 72,898 out of a total of 75,254 for the Beersheba sub-district. The 1931 census estimated that the population of the Beersheba sub-district was 51,082. This large decrease was considered to be an artifact of incorrect enumeration methods used in 1922. An Arabic history of tribes around Beersheba, published in 1934 records 23 tribal groups. Most of

1782-502: The Butler was created lord (1126–1147). There was also a tradition that the ruler of Oultrejordain could not hold any other positions in the kingdom at the same time, so they were somewhat cut off from political life. Around 1134 a revolt occurred against King Fulk under Hugh II of Jaffa (Hugh II of Le Puiset), count of Jaffa , and Roman of Le Puy (who was possibly lord of Oultrejordain). They were defeated and exiled. In 1142, Fulk built

1848-589: The Israeli Ministry of Health released Ben Gurion University research findings describing the health problems in a 20 km (12 mi) vicinity of Ramat Hovav. The study, funded in large part by Ramat Hovav, found higher rates of cancer and mortality for the 350,000 people in the area. Prematurely released to the media by an unknown source, the preliminary study was publicly discredited; However, its final conclusions – that Bedouin and Jewish residents near Ramat Hovav are significantly more susceptible than

1914-662: The Israeli government between the 1960s and 1980s; the largest of these is Rahat . The population of the Negev is expected to reach 1.2 million by 2025. It was projected that the Beersheba metropolitan area would reach a population of 1 million by 2020, and Arad , Yeruham , and Dimona would triple in size by 2025. A large part of the Negev Bedouins inhabit small communities or villages. Israel has refused to recognize certain Bedouin villages that were founded after

1980-582: The Jordanian border stretches 180 km (110 mi) from Eilat in the south to the tip of the Dead Sea in the north. The Arabah Valley is very arid with barely 50 mm (2.0 in) of rain annually. It has inferior soils, in which little can grow without irrigation and special soil additives. Vegetation in the Negev is sparse, but certain trees and plants thrive there, among them Acacia , Pistacia , Retama , Urginea maritima and Thymelaea . Hyphaene thebaica or doum palm can be found in

2046-701: The Muslim caravan routes, which provided enormous revenue to the kingdom. The crusaders also controlled the area around Petra , where they set up an archbishopric under the authority of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem . There were very few Christians in Oultrejordain, most of the inhabitants being Shia Bedouin nomads. Many of the Syriac Orthodox Christians who lived there were transplanted to Jerusalem in 1115 to fill up

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2112-535: The Negev is known as an-Naqab or an-Naqb ('the [mountain] pass'), though it was not thought of as a distinct region until the demarcation of the Egypt-Ottoman frontier in the 1890s and has no single Arabic name. During the British Mandate , it was called "Beersheba sub-district". The Negev contains the oldest discovered surface on Earth, with an approximate age of 1.8 million years. During

2178-541: The Negev was earmarked by the November 1947 UN Partition Plan for the future Jewish state. During the 1947–49 War of Independence, Israel secured its sovereignty over the Negev. In the early years of the state, it absorbed many of the Jewish refugees from Arab countries , with the Israeli government setting up many development towns , such as Arad , Sderot and Netivot . Since then, the Negev has also become home to many of

2244-636: The Southern Negev. The Evrona Nature Reserve is the most northerly point in the world where this palm can be found. A small population of Arabian leopards , an endangered animal in the Arabian peninsula, has survived in the southern Negev but is now likely extinct. Other carnivora found in the Negev are the caracal , the striped hyena , the Arabian wolf , the golden jackal and the marbled polecat . The Arabah Arabian gazelle survives with

2310-521: The castle of Kerak (Crac des Moabites), replacing Montreal as the Crusader stronghold in the area. Other castles in Oultrejordain included Safed and Subeibe. Toron , near Tyre , and Nablus , in Judea , were not located in Oultrejordain, though they were sometimes ruled by the same people, usually through marriage. In 1148, the lord of Oultrejordain was involved in the decision to attack Damascus during

2376-604: The city of Beersheba , the central Negev has an annual precipitation of 200 mm (7.9 in) and is characterized by impervious soil, known as loess , allowing minimum penetration of water with greater soil erosion and water runoff. The high plateau area of Negev Mountains /Ramat HaNegev ( Hebrew : רמת הנגב , The Negev Heights ) stands between 370 metres (1,210 ft) and 520 metres (1,710 ft) above sea level with extreme temperatures in summer and winter. The area gets 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain per year, with inferior and partially salty soils. The Arabah Valley along

2442-543: The cost of eight rounds of demolition to the state. Blueprint Negev is a Jewish National Fund project introduced in 2005. The $ 600 million project hopes to attract 500,000 new Jewish residents to the Negev by improving transportation infrastructure, establishing businesses, developing water resources and introducing programs to protect the environment. A planned artificial desert river, swimming pools and golf courses raised concerns among environmentalists. Critics oppose those plans, calling instead for an inclusive plan for

2508-558: The country's land area. It forms an inverted triangle shape whose western side is contiguous with the desert of the Sinai Peninsula , and whose eastern border is the Arabah valley. The Negev has a number of interesting cultural and geological features. Among the latter are three enormous, craterlike makhteshim (box canyons), which are unique to the region: Makhtesh Ramon , HaMakhtesh HaGadol , and HaMakhtesh HaKatan . The Negev

2574-624: The establishment of the state. Under Israel's 2011-adopted and enacted Begin-Prawer plan – officially the Bill on the Arrangement of Bedouin Settlement in the Negev – some Bedouins are being moved to newly created townships. Bedouin villages established after the state without proper approvals are illegal under Israeli law. They are consequently destroyed or threatened with destruction. An Israeli court ruling in 2017 forced six residents to pay

2640-624: The faction of old families at court, who were opposed to newcomers like Raynald, and later Guy of Lusignan . Humphrey rebuilt Chateau Neuf in 1179 after it had been destroyed in various sieges. Also in 1179, he helped negotiate a truce between the Knights Hospitaller and Knights Templar . Later that year he accompanied Baldwin IV in an attack on a small Muslim force near Banias, but, although he saved Baldwin IV's life, he suffered mortal wounds and died at his castle at Hunin on 22 April. He

2706-572: The former Jewish quarter (the Jews had been either killed or expelled). The other Christians who lived in Oultrejordain were nomadic or semi-nomadic and were often distrusted by the Crusaders. According to John of Ibelin , the Lordship of Oultrejordain was one of the four major Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . John, writing in the 13th century, called it a lordship, but it may have been treated as

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2772-409: The given arid environment could provide for. Evenari researched the ancient mechanisms, rediscovered the ratio of water collection area to cultivation area, and explained the various ancient techniques of land amelioration , such as wadi terracing and flash-flood dams, and the features used for collecting and directing runoff water. He thought that the creators of this elaborate systems had been

2838-465: The green vitalization of existing population centers, investment in Bedouin villages, clean-up of toxic industries and development of job options for the unemployed. A major Israel Defense Forces training base is being constructed in the Negev to accommodate 10,000 army personnel and 2,500 civilian staff. Three more bases will be built by 2020 as part of a plan to vacate land and buildings in Tel Aviv and central Israel, and bring jobs and investment to

2904-610: The hands of humans in later centuries. The Negev region is arid ( Eilat receives on average only 24 mm (0.94 in) of rainfall a year), receiving very little rain due to its location to the east of the Sahara (as opposed to the Mediterranean, which lies to the west of Israel), and extreme temperatures due to its location 31 degrees north . However the northernmost areas of the Negev, including Beersheba , are semi-arid . The usual rainfall total from June through October

2970-551: The home of Israel's first Prime Minister , David Ben-Gurion , after his retirement from politics. Although historically part of a separate region (known during the Roman period as Arabia Petraea ), the Negev was added to the proposed area of Mandatory Palestine , of which large parts later became Israel , on 10 July 1922, having been conceded by British representative St John Philby "in Trans-Jordan 's name". Despite this,

3036-525: The king had no authority in Oultrejordain and acted as a petty king himself. He used his position to attack pilgrims and caravans, and threatened to attack Mecca , which resulted in an invasion of the kingdom by Saladin in 1187. Raynald was executed after the Battle of Hattin on July 4 of that year. By 1189 Saladin had taken all of Oultrejordain and destroyed its castles. In 1229 Jerusalem was briefly recovered by treaty by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor , but

3102-593: The kings of Cyprus who also were descendants of lords of Toron and Tyre. While under Crusader control, the Bedouin nomads were generally left to themselves, although the king collected taxes on caravans passing through. The land was relatively good for agriculture, and wheat , pomegranates and olives were grown there. Salt was also collected from the Dead Sea. Oultrejordain was also known in Latin as Transjordan , and covered territory that would later become part of

3168-631: The largest solar dishes in the world. Technically, however, the Arava is a separate desert with its own unique climate and ecology. A 250 MW solar park in Ashalim , an area in the northern Negev, the Ashalim Power Station , produces 121 Megawatts of power, using solar mirrors and thermal water heating. It is currently the largest in Israel. The Rotem Industrial Complex outside of Dimona, Israel , has dozens of solar mirrors that focus

3234-415: The needs of the wine industry was noted for the early 6th century, documented by studying ancient trash mounds at Shivta, Elusa and Nessana . There is a sharp peak in the presence of grape pips and broken " Gaza jars " used to export wine and other Levantine goods from the port of Gaza (see " Gaza wine "), after a slower rise during the fourth and fifth centuries, and followed in the mid-6th century by

3300-601: The previously widely accepted theory to be wrong, namely that the Muslim conquest , which came a century after these events, and specifically the Muslim ban on alcoholic beverages , was the cause for the decline of the wine industry in the Negev. In Nessana, the number of grape pips is even seen to rise again during the Early Islamic period , probably due to the needs of a local Christian monastery. This disappearance of

3366-736: The region remained exclusively Arab until 1946; in response to the British Morrison–Grady Plan which would have allotted the area to an Arab state, the Jewish Agency enacted the 11 points in the Negev plan to begin Jewish settlement in the area. A year later, the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine allotted a larger part of the area to the Jewish State which became Israel. The desert

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3432-545: The remnant of the kingdom never again controlled territory to the east of the Jordan. The principality was of course claimed by crusader nobles for a long time, the title passing to the line of Isabelle de Toron, daughter of Stephanie, and for several generations belonged to Montfort family, who were lords of Tyre. After the 1350s, when the Montfort line became extinct without close heirs, the hereditary rights presumably passed to

3498-518: The rest of the population to miscarriages, severe birth defects, and respiratory diseases – passed a peer review several months later. Humphrey II of Toron Humphrey II of Toron (1117 – 22 April 1179) was lord of Toron and constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . He was the son of Humphrey I of Toron . Humphrey had become lord of Toron sometime before 1140 when he married the daughter of Renier Brus , lord of Banias (the Herodian city of Caesarea Philippi ). Through this marriage, Banias

3564-462: The royal court was somewhat lessened due to the influence of Agnes of Courtenay , but he kept his position as constable. In 1177 this lessened importance was manifested when the lordship of Hebron was recreated and given to Raynald of Châtillon , lord of Oultrejordain, rather than Humphrey, who was still castellan. Nevertheless, he was one of the supporters of the Raymond III of Tripoli , regent for Baldwin IV . Raymond, Humphrey, and others represented

3630-400: The runoff collection area onto those plots. Along with Avdat (Oboda), Mamshit (Mampsis), Shivta (Sobata), Haluza (Elusa), and Nitzana (Nessana), the settlements at Rehovot-in-the-Negev /Ruheibeh (the second largest by population of the Byzantine-era "Negev towns" ) and Saadon are also significant for this period. A massive rise in grape production in the northwestern Negev for

3696-448: The sands of the western and central Negev Desert. Animals that were reintroduced after their extinction in the wild or localized extinction respectively are the Arabian oryx and the Asiatic wild ass , which in the Negev counts about 250 animals. Like many areas in Israel and the rest of the Middle East, the Negev used to host in the distant past the Asiatic lion and the Asiatic cheetah , right until their complete extinction at

3762-447: The south. The Negev Desert and the surrounding area, including the Arava Valley , are the sunniest parts of Israel and little of this land is arable , which is why it has become the center of the Israeli solar industry. David Faiman , an expert on solar energy, feels the energy needs of Israel's future could be met by building solar energy plants in the Negev. As director of Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center , he operates one of

3828-499: The sun's rays on a tower that in turn heats a water boiler to create steam, turning a turbine to create electricity. Luz II, Ltd., plans to use the solar array to test new technology for the three new solar plants to be built in California for Pacific Gas and Electric Company . Vines have been planted in the Negev since ancient times. In modern times, vineyards have been established in the northern Negev hills using innovative computerized watering methods for irrigation. Carmel Winery

3894-489: The trade on the spice route between their capital Petra and the Gazan seaports. Nabatean currency and the remains of red and orange potsherds , identified as a trademark of their civilization, have been found along the route, remnants of which are also still visible. Nabatean control of the Negev ended when the Roman empire annexed their lands in 106 CE. The population, largely made up of nomads, venerated deities such as Dushara , Allat , and others. Byzantine rule in

3960-414: The vicinity of modern Eilat , along with copper and gold mines and stone quarries, and a sophisticated irrigation system and road network. The economic center was the port of Ayla (Aqaba). Nomadic tribes ruled the Negev largely independently and with a relative lack of interference for the next thousand years. What is known of this time is largely derived from oral histories and folk tales of tribes from

4026-464: The wine industry from the semiarid northern Negev shows that it was technically possible to sustain it over centuries, but that the grape monoculture was economically unsustainable in the long run due to its dependence on empire-wide trading networks, which required stability and prosperity over a vast territory. The southern Negev saw a flourishing of economic activity during the 8th to 10th or 11th centuries. Six Islamic settlements have been found in

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4092-422: The word Negev is from the Hebrew root denoting 'dry'; in the Hebrew Bible , the word Negev is also used for the direction 'south'. Some English-language translations use the spelling Negeb . The Negev mentioned in the Bible (see below ) consisted only of the northernmost part of the modern Israeli Negev, with the semiarid Arad - Beersheba Valley defined as "the eastern (biblical) Negev". In Arabic,

4158-399: Was added to Toron. Humphrey became castellan of Hebron in 1149 when Hebron became a domain of the royal family of Jerusalem . In 1153 he became constable of Jerusalem when Baldwin III of Jerusalem became sole ruler after a struggle with his mother Melisende . That year he was present with the king at the Siege of Ascalon . Humphrey was defeated by Nur ad-Din at Banias in 1157 and

4224-732: Was besieged in its castle until Baldwin III arrived to lift the siege. That year Humphrey also sold Banias and Chastel Neuf to the Knights Hospitaller (Chastel Neuf was captured by Nur ad-Din in 1167). Also in 1157 he helped negotiate the marriage of Baldwin III and Theodora , niece of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus . Humphrey himself later married Philippa , sister of Bohemund III of Antioch , who had previously had an affair with future Byzantine emperor Andronicus I Comnenus , Manuel's cousin. Humphrey had been married before, to an unknown woman, and his marriage with Philippa produced no children. In 1173 Humphrey relieved Nur ad-Din's siege of Kerak in Oultrejordain . In 1176 his importance at

4290-399: Was the first of the major wineries to plant vineyards in the Negev and operates a boutique winery at Ramat Arad . Tishbi has vineyards at Sde Boker and Barkan grows its grapes in Mitzpe Ramon . Yatir Winery is a winery in Tel Arad . Its vineyards are on a hill 900 meters above sea level on the outskirts of Yatir Forest . Carmey Avdat is Israel's first solar-powered winery. The Negev

4356-432: Was the prevailing theory, until more recent research showed that the earliest form of Nabataean agriculture in the Negev Highlands was only based on spring-water irrigation, with the much more extensive run-off water harvesting techniques using barrages and terraces apparently developing and being used only later, during the 4th-7th centuries CE, after the 3rd-century collapse of long-distance trade. The Nabateans controlled

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