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112-561: OA's headquarters, or World Service Office, is located in Rio Rancho, New Mexico . Overeaters Anonymous estimates its membership at over 60,000 people in about 6,500 groups meeting in over 75 countries. OA has developed its own literature specifically for those who eat compulsively but also uses the Alcoholics Anonymous books Alcoholics Anonymous and Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions . The First Step of OA begins with

224-431: A "futile attempt to restock depleted emotional stores, when attempts at doing everything perfectly have failed." The self-destructive behavior of injecting intoxicating drugs parallels overeating; it permits the user to experience comfort, and to feel punished afterwards. In relationships, many OA members attested to trying to control their own lives and those of others. Paradoxically, an OA member's experience of themselves

336-544: A breach of abstinence. Members are encouraged to seek counsel with other individuals before making such changes, generally including a member or members of the OA fellowship, to validate that the reasons are sound and not unwittingly a decision based on underlying compulsion. The OA program is based on the twelve steps and twelve traditions of Alcoholics Anonymous. Small changes have been made to make these applicable to eating disorders, but such adaptation has been minimal. To take

448-416: A broader perspective and examines how social context, group dynamics, and situational factors shape an individual's willingness to comply. Their gaining of or submission to compliance is frequently influenced by construals —i.e. an individual's interpretation of their social environment and interactions. The study of compliance is often recognized for the overt demonstrations of dramatic experiments such as

560-460: A desired outcome; however, they do not necessarily lead to private acceptance by the targeted individual. Meaning, an individual may comply with a request without truly believing the action(s) they are being asked to complete is acceptable. Because of this, persuasion techniques are often used one-sidedly in immediate situations where one individual wishes to provoke a specific response from another individual. For example, car salesmen frequently use

672-770: A forum for the expression of experience, strength and hope in an environment of safety and simplicity . OA has been an object of feminist criticism for encouraging bulimic and binge-eating women to accept powerlessness over food. Feminists assert that the perception of powerlessness adversely affects women's struggle for empowerment; teaching people they are powerless encourages passivity and prevents binge eaters and bulimics from developing coping skills. These effects would be most devastating for women who have experienced oppression, distress and self-hatred. Twelve-step programs are described as predominantly male organizations that force female members to accept self-abasement, powerlessness and external focus, and reject responsibility. Surrender

784-532: A framework for developing positive, adaptive and self-nurturing treatment opportunities. Changes in worldview are considered critical for individuals in the recovery process, as they are generally accompanied by significant behavioral changes. Accordingly, several researchers have identified worldview transformation in members of various self-help groups dealing with addiction issues. Such research describes "worldview" as four domains: experience of self, universal order (God), relationships with others and perception of

896-558: A healthy body weight. Thus, OA calls for the compulsive eater to define his or her own plan of eating which enables the compulsive eater to abstain from compulsive eating and compulsive food behaviors, while working towards or maintaining a healthy body weight. The program suggests that members identify the foods that "trigger" overeating. Since individuals are responsible for defining their own plan of eating, they are able to change their plan of eating if their needs and understanding of their compulsions change, without that change constituting

1008-482: A healthy body weight. While this definition can fairly be described as nuanced and subject to personal interpretation (e.g., the definition of a "healthy body weight"), or requiring self-searching analysis (e.g., to determine the drivers of certain behaviors), it is not unspecific. The objective of OA's definition of abstinence is that the compulsive eater refrain not from eating, but rather, from compulsive eating and compulsive food behaviors, and work towards or maintain

1120-867: A healthy body weight.” This concept of abstinence has been criticized for its lack of specificity. While in AA abstinence means not drinking alcohol, some argue that it is not possible to set out specific foods, because OA's experience is that different people have different food triggers (i.e. foods and food behaviors that cause them to eat compulsively). While it is often said that alcoholics don't have to drink, but compulsive eaters still have to eat, Overeaters Anonymous responds by pointing out that alcoholics do have to drink, but cannot drink alcohol, just as compulsive eaters do have to eat, but cannot eat foods which cause compulsive eating. OA literature specifically defines "compulsion" as follows: "By definition, 'compulsion' means 'an impulse or feeling of being irresistibly driven toward

1232-429: A housing development called " Rio Rancho Estates ". The first families moved into this development in the early 1960s. Amrep contracted with Ezio Valentini , one of the original developers of Cape Coral, Florida , to design and implement a marketing plan to encourage land sales. He organized dinner-parties for prospective customers in northern states through offices in 14 states. Migrants were attracted to this area, and

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1344-660: A hub for judicial affairs in the county. The University of New Mexico has a satellite campus in Rio Rancho devoted to health sciences . Central New Mexico Community College also has one of its eight campuses in Rio Rancho's downtown area, within walking distance of the UNM campus. Rio Rancho Public Schools serve students in most of Rio Rancho. Rio Rancho has two major public high schools: Other schools include: Portions of Rio Rancho in Sandoval County extend into

1456-406: A licensed dietitian) with which some OA members have had success. Individual OA meetings and sponsors may make more detailed suggestions. Some of these caution against foods containing excessive sugar , caffeine and white flour . A qualitative analysis of bulimics recovering in OA found bulimic OA members with excessively rigid plans are less likely to remain abstinent. The researchers conducting

1568-400: A mental agreement to a contract has occurred. This attempt to obtain compliance involves gaining someone's approval so they will be more likely to appease one's demands. Edward E. Jones discusses three forms of ingratiation: This technique explains that due to the injunctive social norm that people will return a favor when one is granted to them; compliance is more likely to occur when

1680-748: A person who knows that snacking between meals triggers compulsive food behavior would probably include in their plan of eating a commitment to abstain from chewing (or sucking) between meals. In 2002 a dissertation compared the results of a survey of 231 OA members in the Washington, DC area of North America undertaken in 2001 with the findings from surveys of OA members taken in 1981, twenty years previously. The 2001 survey showed that 84% of OA members identified as binge eaters , 15% as bulimic , and 1% as anorexic . The 1981 survey had found that 44.5% of OA members identified as binge eaters, 40.7% as bulimic, and 14.8% as anorexic. The survey also found an increase in

1792-483: A satellite office in Rio Rancho. It is intended to spur business innovation and startups within the city. In 2010 the City Council passed an automatic annual increase in water rate, equivalent to 25% over a five-year period. In the aftermath of the collapse of the 2008 housing bubble, foreclosure activity increased in the city. The economies of Sandoval, Bernalillo, and Valencia counties suffered markedly in

1904-424: A second time, fingerprinted and taken to a holding cells where they were left blindfolded. Each prisoner received chains around their ankles and a stocking (to simulate a shaved head). Additionally, inmates lost their names and were subsequently referred to by their ID number. As the experiment progressed, participants assigned to guard positions escalated their aggression. Although guards were instructed not to hit

2016-469: A small group of about 3 people has a greater effect on influence (Aronson). Although this variable is not included in Latané's theory, Burger et al. (2004) conducted studies that examined the effect of similarity and compliance to a request. Note that the shared characteristic (e.g., birthday, first name) had to be perceived as incidental. The findings demonstrated that people were more likely to comply with

2128-610: A structure in the south of the city for youth recreation. Mayor Gregory Hull ran at-large for mayor in 2014. He was re-elected for a second term in March 2018 and a third term in March 2022. City council members are elected from six single-member districts . The judge for the Municipal Court is also elected. Rio Rancho is the site of the Sandoval County Municipal Courthouse. It serves as

2240-412: A threefold illness, symbolically understanding human structure as having three dimensions: physical, mental and spiritual. Compulsive eating manifests itself in each dimension. A book describing itself as based on OA methods states that in the mental dimension a compulsive eater is not "eating down" feelings, but rather expressing an "inner hunger." To help potential members decide whether or not they need

2352-401: Is a strong example of the power perceived authority can have over others. In this case, the authority was largely perceived; however, the consequences were real. Due to the assumed power held by the guards, even the "good" guards felt helpless to intervene. Additionally, none of the guards came late for a shift, called in sick, demanded extra pay for overtime or requested to be discharged from

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2464-426: Is a typical characteristic, accompanied by feelings of "I don't deserve it" and "I'm worth less than others." Such feelings were found to have a dominant influence on relationships with others. Members describe their sense of relaxation and liberation, and the increasing value of restraint and modesty in their lives. Their testimonies show that, paradoxically, it is by becoming aware of their powerlessness and accepting

2576-415: Is an example of this distinction. By accepting that they are powerless over certain things and thereby surrendering the illusion of control, they are then able to make an honest appraisal and make clearer decisions about what they truly do control. Opponents of Twelve Step programs argue that members become cult-like in their adherence to the program, which can have a destructive influence, isolating those in

2688-540: Is an explicit action in which the person on the other side of the argument recognizes that the arguer seeks to gain compliance (acceptance of their conclusion). In studying compliance, social psychologists aim to examine overt and subtle social influences experienced in various forms by all individuals. Implicit and explicit psychological processes are also studied since they shape interactions. These processes explain how certain individuals can make another comply and why someone else succumbs to compliance. In complying with

2800-497: Is at Southern Blvd and Unser Blvd. The Rio Metro Regional Transportation District operates Rio Transit, a door-to-door paratransit service for senior citizens 55 years of age and older, and disabled adults 18 years of age and older, for residents of Rio Rancho. The service is operated from the Meadowlark Senior Center, and provides service Monday-Friday from 7:30 am to 3:00 pm. Riders must register with

2912-450: Is described as women passively submitting their lives to male doctors, teachers and ministers; the feminist view suggests that women focus on pride instead of humility . OA contends that the context of powerlessness within the program isn't referring to an individual's flaws, but simply with the acceptance that they have a problem with food that they cannot seem to defeat with their unaided will. The slogan "We are powerless, not helpless,"

3024-427: Is followed by a second, more reasonable request. This technique is decidedly more effective than foot-in-the-door since foot-in-the-door utilizes a gradual escalation of requests. Frequently employed by car salesmen, low-balling gains compliance by offering the subject something at a lower price only to increase the price at the last moment. The buyer is more likely to comply with this price change since they feel like

3136-664: Is home to the Albuquerque metro area's only oldies-format radio station, KDSK (AM) . It moved into this market in March 2015 and licensed its newest FM signal, 92.9 FM, to Rio Rancho in April 2016. The station is named "Rio Rancho Radio". The station features Rio Rancho area events and airs a weekly talk/discussion show on Sunday mornings with the Mayor of Rio Rancho (now Greg Hull). The station signal, broadcast on three frequencies (92.7 FM, 93.7 FM, and 1240 AM), serves

3248-440: Is involved. One individual can use such techniques to gain compliance from the other, swayed person. Other practical examples include: Research has indicated that compliance techniques have become a major asset to numerous forms of advertising , including Internet shopping sites. Techniques are used to communicate essential information intended to persuade customers. Advertisements and other forms of marketing typically play on

3360-775: Is made face to face. It also shows that even a suggestion we make in jest may embolden someone to commit immoral acts. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of tribunals held by the Charter of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) which was made up of members of the Allied Powers – Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States – who presided the hearings of twenty-two major Nazi criminals.  In these trials many of

3472-589: Is necessary, furthermore, marketing where consumer behavior is prioritized strategies can be developed. Social psychology is centered on the idea of social influence . It is the effect that words, actions, or mere presence of other people (real or imagined) have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior. Social influence is the driving force behind compliance. It is important that psychologists and ordinary people alike recognize that social influence extends beyond our behavior—to our thoughts, feelings, and beliefs—and that it takes on many forms. Persuasion and

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3584-743: Is seeking to attract more businesses to the area, so that residents might live and work here. In the early 21st century, the city worked to create a center: the Downtown City Centre development included a new city hall , a new University of New Mexico West and Central New Mexico Community College campus, and the Santa Ana Star Center . The sports and live event arena opened in October 2006. City Hall opened in September 2007. Of 18,995 households, 40.3% had children under

3696-407: Is the answer to all problems, the source of solace" to "psychological and emotional needs should be fulfilled in relationships with people"; "I am a person who eats uncontrollably" to "I am someone who has limitations and does not eat what is harmful for me." The act of binging and purging provides bulimics with the illusion that they can regain a sense of control. Binge eating has been described as

3808-462: Is the most effective treatment for bulimics. The two approaches are not mutually exclusive. OA is most appropriate for patients who need intensive emotional support in losing weight. Each OA group has its own character and prospective members should be encouraged to sample several groups. OA differs from group therapy in not allowing its participants to express their feelings about (and to) each other during meetings. OA meetings are intended to provide

3920-437: Is the study of the process where individuals comply to social influence, typically in response to requests and pressures brought on by others. It encompasses a variety of theories, mechanisms, and applications in a wide range of contexts (e.g. personal and professional). Compliance psychology is essential to understand across many different fields. Some of various fields include healthcare, where patients adherence to medical advice

4032-619: The Jemez Valley Public Schools school district. Sections of Rio Rancho in most of Bernalillo County are zoned to Albuquerque Public Schools . A portion of the Rio Rancho Public School District extends into Bernalillo County. In addition, Rio Rancho has two public charter schools called The ASK Academy and Cyber Academy, serving grades 6–12. They both focus on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Rio Rancho

4144-625: The Rio Grande in the Albuquerque Basin , and throughout historic Nuevo México . There were large ranches also in neighboring Corrales . Since the late 20th century, it has developed as a suburb of Albuquerque . The great majority of the territory of Rio Rancho was originally part of the Town of Alameda Grant, which was founded by Spanish colonial settlers in 1710. It was acquired by the United States in 1848, after it defeated Mexico in

4256-660: The Stanford prison experiment and the Stanley Milgram shock experiments . These experiments serve as a display of the psychological phenomena of compliance. In those instances, compliance frequently occurred in response to overt social forces. These types of studies have provided useful insight into the nature of compliance. However, today's researchers are inclined to concentrate their efforts on subtle, indirect, or unconscious social influences. Those involved in this modern social-cognitive movement are attempting to discover

4368-597: The compliance techniques are particularly significant types of social influence since they utilize the respective effect's power to attain the submission of others. Compliance is significant because it is a type of social influence that affects our everyday behavior—especially social interactions. Compliance is a complicated concept that must be studied in depth so that the uses, implications, theoretical, and experimental approaches may be better understood. The following techniques have been proven to effectively induce compliance from another party. In utilizing this technique,

4480-525: The late 2000s recession . As of the late 2010s, housing had entirely recovered. A number of new housing developments were restarted. Real estate sales were robust in 2020 in many areas of Rio Rancho, driven by low interest rates and relatively low housing prices ($ 250,000 - $ 350,000 for most new construction). In 2017, Rio Rancho hosted the National Speleological Society 's annual convention. The city constructed A Park Above,

4592-418: The lowball technique to manipulate customers' psychological functioning by convincing them to comply with a request. By initially estimating a car's price to be lower than actuality, car salesmen recognize that the customer is more likely to accept a higher price at a later time. Compliance strategies (e.g., lowball, foot-in-the-door, etc.) are relevant to numerous person-to-person interactions when persuasion

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4704-504: The norm of reciprocity ), individuals adhere to normative social influence and attain the goal of affiliation. An example of both normative and informational social influence is the Solomon Asch line experiments . Bibb Latané originally proposed the social impact theory that consists of three principles and provides wide-ranging rules that govern these individual processes. The general theory suggests we think of social impact as

4816-630: The rain shadow of the Sandia Mountains to the east and the Continental Divide to the west. Rio Rancho receives 8.90 inches (226 mm) of precipitation annually on average. The western portion of the city receives slightly more rain and snowfall due to its higher elevation than that of the more densely developed eastern portion of Rio Rancho. The Intel Corporation is by far the largest employer in Rio Rancho. The services, retail, and government sectors are also major components of

4928-409: The 2001 OA population, in contrast to 30% of those surveyed in 1981. This reflects the trend for increasing numbers of females to be employed outside of the home. Further, 80% of the 2001 participants had attained a college degree, compared to 59% of those surveyed in 1981. The percentage of OA members who were divorced or separated had risen from 10% in 1981 to 21% in 2001, also reflecting trends amongst

5040-543: The Cuba NM area, with a Park and Ride designated at Home Depot, which is located near the corner of NM 528, NM 550. Rio Metro's website and schedules may be viewed at: www.riometro.org Rio Rancho was home to the New Mexico Scorpions minor-league ice hockey team, which relocated from Albuquerque in 2006, until the team ceased operations in 2009. The Scorpions played at Santa Ana Star Center . In

5152-500: The Mexican-American War. (Mexico had been independent of Spain since 1821.) The ranches were used for cattle and sheep. By the early 20th century, much of the land grant had been divided and sold to land investment companies. Its proximity to the city of Albuquerque made it a prime area for suburban development in the post-World War II period. In 1961 Amrep Corporation purchased 55,000 acres (22,000 ha) and created

5264-406: The OA program and support where necessary, but gradually encourages autonomy in the sponsee. A sponsor strives to make his or her job obsolete. In Overeaters Anonymous, abstinence is "the action of refraining from compulsive eating while working towards or maintaining a healthy body weight." According to OA, "by definition, 'compulsion' means 'an impulse or feeling of being irresistibly driven toward

5376-510: The Stanford area. The all-male participant pool was divided into two groups (guards and prisoners) by flipping a coin. The prison was constructed by boarding up both sides of a corridor in the basement of Stanford's psychology department building. “The Yard” was the only place were prisoners were allowed to walk, eat or exercise—actions that were done blindfolded so they could not identify an exit. Prison cells were located in laboratory rooms where

5488-648: The Twelve Steps reinforces this quality. Some researchers have found that in spite of its perceived high importance to the program spirituality does not correlate with measures of weight loss; others have found somewhat contradictory conclusions. In particular, an increased sense of spirituality was correlated with improvement in eating attitudes, fewer body shape concerns, and better psychological and social functioning. However, measures of religiosity and particular religious affiliations have never been found to correlate with treatment outcomes. Some research has found

5600-527: The admission of powerlessness over food; the next eleven steps are intended to bring members "physical, emotional, and spiritual healing." OA defines compulsions as "any impulse or feeling of being irresistibly driven toward the performance of some irrational action." OA further defines compulsive overeating as a progressive, addictive illness. OA views compulsive overeating as a chronic condition and part of an attempt to alleviate psychological stress. Like other twelve-step programs , OA sees compulsive eating as

5712-421: The age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.7% were not families; 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.14. In the city, the population was distributed as 29.2% under

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5824-431: The age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males. The median income for city was $ 47,169, and for a family was $ 52,233. Males had a median income of $ 39,162 versus $ 27,385 for females. The per capita income for

5936-405: The amount of individuals in the group. Number pertains to the sources and the targets involving social influence. Research has found that compliance increases as the number of people in the group increases. However, once the group gets larger, containing 4 or 5 people, compliance is less likely to occur. After this point, each additional person has less of an influence. However, adding more members to

6048-452: The analysis suggested that new members begin with a somewhat rigid plan which becomes increasingly flexible by the end of a year in the program. An individual's plan of eating may call for the exclusion of certain triggering behaviors. For example, a person who knows that eating after a certain time in the evening triggers compulsive food behavior might include in their plan of eating a commitment to abstain from eating after that time of night;

6160-420: The average length of abstinence for bulimics in OA was significantly higher than the average length for binge eaters. Paradoxically, bulimics were also found to attend fewer meetings and had less of a commitment to write their thoughts and feelings down daily. However, the frequency of relapse for bulimics and binge eaters was not significantly different. The differences may be explained by the predictable nature of

6272-485: The basic tools needed to change others' minds by gaining compliance. In inducing compliance, requestors must understand the 9 stages or levels: In using this model to understand and change the minds of others, Straker reminds requestors that they must talk to the other individual's internal map (thoughts and beliefs) and familiarize themselves with their inner systems. In Solomon Asch's experiment, 50 participants were placed in separate ambiguous situations to determine

6384-560: The belief that others know something they do not—often supersedes the individual's personal opinion. Humans are fundamentally motivated by the need to belong—the need for social approval through the maintenance of meaningful social relationships . This need motivates people to engage in behavior that will induce the approval of their peers. People are more likely to take actions to cultivate relationships with individuals they like and wish to gain approval from. By complying with others' requests and abiding by norms of social exchange (i.e.,

6496-427: The beliefs, suggestions and commands of authority figures, or social norms. Among other sources, authority may be gained on the basis of societal power, setting and size. Individuals are likely to comply with an authority figure's (or group's) orders or replicate the actions deemed correct by social norms because of an assumption that the individual is unaware of some important information. The need to be accurate—and

6608-584: The book Overeaters Anonymous (referred to as the "Brown Book"), The Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions of Overeaters Anonymous , For Today (a book of daily meditations), the OA Journal for Recovery , a monthly periodical known as Lifeline , and several other books. The following list is not comprehensive. Rio Rancho, New Mexico Rio Rancho ( Spanish : Río Rancho ) is the largest and most populous city in Sandoval County , part of

6720-737: The bulimic cycle. Other research has found binge eaters in OA had better success than bulimics. Most OA members who have reported negative experiences in the program are anorexic. This could be caused by OA's focus on problems of eating too much rather than too little. Some OA practices, such as refraining from eating certain kinds of foods, are antithetical in the case of anorexics. The average weight loss of participants in OA has been found to be 21.8 pounds (9.9 kg). Survey results show that 90 percent of OA has responded that they have improved "somewhat, much, or very much" in their emotional, spiritual, career and social lives. OA's emphasis on group commitment and psychological and spiritual development provided

6832-436: The city limits. Rio Grande HS and Sandia Peak Tramway are near but not in the city limits. Compliance (Psychology) Compliance is a response—specifically, a submission —made in reaction to a request. The request may be explicit (e.g., foot-in-the-door technique ) or implicit (e.g., advertising ). The target may or may not recognize that they are being urged to act in a particular way. Compliance psychology

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6944-401: The city was $ 20,322. About 3.7% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over. Rio Rancho lies in the Albuquerque Basin to the west of the Rio Grande , which is a boundary on the northeast corner of the city. An escarpment lies to the west of the city limit. Rio Rancho is bordered by Albuquerque to

7056-656: The city's only cable television provider Cable ONE . This channel shows all of the government meetings multiple times. Albuquerque's transit department, ABQ RIDE , operates a bus route (251 Albuquerque-Rio Rancho Rail Runner Connection) connecting Rio Rancho with the New Mexico Rail Runner Express station at Journal Center . In late January 2011, ABQ RIDE extended two additional routes (96 Crosstown Commuter and 155 Coors Blvd), and introduced an additional route (551 Jefferson/Paseo Del Norte Express) into Rio Rancho. The northern terminus of these routes

7168-462: The closeness of the group to the individual at the time of an influence attempt. Immediacy includes proximity, distance, and buffers in regard to social influence. The proximity of the group makes an individual more likely to conform and comply with the group's pressures. These pressures are strongest when the group is closer to the individual and composed of people the individual cares about (e.g., friends, family) or authority figures. Number refers to

7280-473: The customers' need for informative and normative social influence. The people in the advertisements and the ads themselves serve as a type of authority. They are credible—especially in regards to the product. As a result, customers' need to be accurate drives them to comply with the ad's message and to purchase a product that an authority claims they need. Secondly, people have the need to belong. Customers often comply with ads by purchasing certain merchandise in

7392-483: The defendants had stated that they had simply been following directions and failure to do so would have resulted in their punishment. By complying to the directions given by those above them in rank they knowingly caused harm and death to those involved in the Holocaust. At the end of the trials, 199 defendants were tried at Nuremberg. Of the 199 defendants: 161 were convicted with 37 being sentenced to death and 12 of

7504-588: The defendants were tried to by the IMT (International Military Tribunal). Although many involved in the trials were tried, some of the higher-ranking officials had fled Germany to live abroad with some even coming to the United States. An example of this was Adolf Eichmann who had fled and made refuge for himself in Argentina, He was later caught by Israel's Intelligence Service in which he was later tried, found guilty, and executed in 1962. The information divulged during

7616-610: The degree to which strangers will comply with requests. In the study of personality psychology , certain personality disorders are characterized by traits that make individuals more prone to manipulating or coercing others into compliance: In social psychology, compliance is viewed as a form of social influence. A process in which individuals adjust their behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs to reach goals and attain social or personal gains. Unlike personality psychology that concentrates on an individual's personality or characteristics (that may drive their actions), social psychology takes

7728-436: The doors had been removed and replaced with steel bars and cell numbers. The incarcerated individuals believed they were being kept in the “Stanford County Jail” because before the experiment began, they did not know they would be labeled prisoners. On a random day, prisoners were subjected to an authentic police arrest. Cars arrived at the station and suspects were brought inside where they were booked, read their Miranda rights

7840-467: The educational status of the participant. Researchers have therefore concluded that application of OA practices might directly help promote abstinence and reduce the frequency of relapse in those with binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. Though not found in research to be significant, a number of OA members responded that honesty was a very important OA practice. Researchers have noted the high level of honesty at OA meetings and pointed out that working

7952-450: The entire Albuquerque metro area, and six counties in central and western New Mexico. Residents also have access to television and radio broadcasts from Albuquerque. The weekly Rio Rancho Observer is the local newspaper. Residents may also subscribe to the daily newspaper Albuquerque Journal , which has a localized weekly version called Rio West . Rio Rancho is served by a government-access television channel available only through

8064-595: The event of the Nuremberg Trials suggest strong evidence in the power enforced over others from that of a higher authority. Many officials in the Nazi party pleaded to just have been following orders. The use of persuasion to achieve compliance has numerous applications in interpersonal interactions. One party can utilize persuasion techniques to elicit a preferred response from other individuals. Compliance strategies exploit psychological processes in order to prompt

8176-516: The expansive Albuquerque metropolitan area , in the U.S. state of New Mexico . A small portion of the city extends into northern Bernalillo County . It is the third-largest city in New Mexico , and one of the most rapidly growing. As of the 2020 census , Rio Rancho had a population of 104,046. The name Rio Rancho derives from Los Ranchos , the Spanish colonial ranches established along

8288-458: The experiment's ability to produce compliance was strengthened by its status (confederates seen as informational authorities), proximity and group size (7:1). Stanley Milgram's experiment set out to provide an explanation for the horrors being committed against Jews trapped in German concentration camps . The compliance to authority demonstrated by people working in concentration camps ignited

8400-573: The experimenter would encourage the participant to continue by proclaiming he would assume full responsibility for any harm done to the "student" and by saying phrases such as "It is absolutely essential that you continue." To rule out sadistic tendencies, all 40 "teachers" were male and were screened for competence and intelligence before beginning the experiment. 100% of male participants delivered up to 300 volts ("Intense") to their assigned "student". 62% of participants administered 375 volts ("Strong Shock") and 63% participants shocked their "student" at

8512-406: The extent to which they would conform. Aside from a single participant, the 7 other experiment members were confederates—individuals who understood the aim of the study and had been instructed to produce pre-selected responses. In the designated room, a picture of three lines of differing lengths was displayed. Each confederate was asked questions (e.g., which line is the longest, which line matches

8624-513: The general population. Research has identified a number of OA practices significantly correlating with maintaining abstinence in OA: adherence to a food plan (including weighing and measuring food), communication with other members (specifically sponsors), spending time in prayer and meditation, performing service work, completing the fourth step, completing the ninth step, writing down thoughts and feelings, attending meetings, reading OA/AA literature, and

8736-577: The individuals' decisions in social context. Furthermore, it redevelops tradition notions regarding social influence. Philosophers view compliance in the context of arguments . Arguments are produced when an individual gives a reason for thinking that a claim is true. In doing so, they utilize premises (claims) to support their conclusion (opinion). Regardless of utilization of fallacy forms (e.g., apple-polishing , ad hominem ) to get their point across, individuals engaged in philosophical arguments are overtly and logically expressing their opinion(s). This

8848-436: The local economy. Rio Rancho is the site of Intel's Intel Fab 11X , one of the largest semiconductor fabrication plants in the world. The fully automated, $ 2 billion facility opened in 2002 and was the first Intel plant to manufacture 300 mm silicon wafers, which can hold almost twice as many chips as the standard 200 mm wafers. Fab 7, Intel's original Rio Rancho plant which opened in 1980, closed in 2002, but

8960-410: The majority at least once. The rate of conformity was reduced when one or more confederates provided the correct answer and when participants were allowed to write down their responses rather than verbally stating them. The results of these studies support the notion that people comply to fulfill the need to be accurate and the need to belong. Additionally, it supports the social impact theory in that

9072-407: The maximum level (450 volts). When these alterations to the original experiment were made, the rate of compliance was not reduced: The rate of compliance was reduced when: The ordinary people who shocked the victim did so out of a sense of obligation—an impression of his duties as a subject—and not from any peculiarly aggressive tendencies The results of Stanley Milgram's experiments indicate

9184-401: The pages, more than 64% complied with this vandalism request—more than double the requesters' prediction of a 28% rate of compliance. In such interactions, people are more likely to comply when asked face-to-face than when asked indirectly or by e-mail. This research shows that we tend to underestimate the influence we have over others, and that our appeal to others is more effective when it

9296-539: The percentage of males in OA from 9% in 1981 to 16% in 2001. Both figures are generally in line with estimates made by the American Psychological Association that the male to female ratio of those with eating disorders ranges from 1:6 to 1:10. The researcher stated that the typical OA member in Washington was white and highly educated. The typical OA member surveyed in 2001 worked in a full-time capacity and homemakers only comprised 6% of

9408-488: The performance of some irrational action.'" OA has a long and complex history with "food plans" and does not endorse or recommend any specific plan of eating, nor does it exclude the personal use of one. OA recommends that each member consult a qualified health care professional, such as a physician or dietitian. OA publishes a pamphlet, Dignity of Choice , which assists in the design of an individual food plan and also provides six sample plans of eating (reviewed and approved by

9520-462: The performance of some irrational action.'" Therefore, "compulsive eating" and "compulsive food behaviors" (as those terms are used in OA's definition of abstinence) mean irrational eating, or irrational food behaviors, taken as a result of an impulse or feeling that feels irresistible. So, according to Overeaters Anonymous, "abstinence" is the act of refraining from "compulsive eating" and "compulsive food behaviors," while working towards or maintaining

9632-412: The population grew ten-fold between 1970 and 1980. The City of Rio Rancho was incorporated in 1981. The opening of a large Intel Corporation plant in 1981 generated numerous jobs and had positive economic effects for the city. Since the 1990s, Rio Rancho has taken steps to become more independent from neighboring Albuquerque. It established a separate public unified school district and library system. It

9744-527: The power of informational and normative aspects of social influence. Participants believed the experimenter was in control and held information he personally did not. "Teachers" also showed a need for affiliation since they appeared to fear deviating from the experimenter's commands. Additionally, authoritative figures appear to have a large impact on the actions of individuals. As previously stated, individuals seeking affiliation and approval are more likely to comply with authority figures' demands. This experiment

9856-537: The prisoners, they found ways to humiliate /disrupt them via systematic searches, strip searches, spraying for lice, sexual harassment , denying them of basic rights (e.g., bathroom use) and waking inmates from their sleep for head counts. Social and moral values initially held by the guards were quickly abandoned as they became immersed in their role. Due to the reality of psychological abuse , prisoners were released 6 days later, after exhibiting pathological behavior and nervous breakdowns. The Stanford Prison Project

9968-422: The problem. In OA, members changed their beliefs that "it is bad to eat" to "one must eat to stay alive and should not feel guilty about it"; "one is simply overweight and needs to lose pounds" to "one has underlying psychological and interpersonal problems"; "one must deprecate oneself, deprive oneself, please other people" to "it is okay to express positive feelings about oneself and take care of one's needs"; "food

10080-479: The program, OA provides a questionnaire, asking questions such as, "Do you give too much time and thought to food?" Answering "yes" to three or more of these questions is considered a good indication of problems with which OA may be able to assist. “Abstinence in Overeaters Anonymous is the action of refraining from compulsive eating and compulsive food behaviors while working towards or maintaining

10192-427: The programs. Moreover, this kind of fanaticism may lead to perception that other treatment modalities are unnecessary. Surveys of OA members have found that they exercise regularly, attend religious services, engage in individual psychotherapy and are being prescribed antidepressants. This is evidence that participants do not avoid other useful therapeutic interventions outside of Twelve Step programs. OA also publishes

10304-419: The question: "Are Germans actually 'evil' or is it possible to make anyone to comply to the orders of an authority figure?" To test this, Stanley Milgram designed an experiment to see if participants would harm (shock) another individual due to the need to comply with authority. Milgram developed a pseudo-shock generator with labels beginning at 15 volts ("Slight Shock") to 450 volts ("XXX"). Participants took on

10416-518: The reference line). In response, confederates gave largely incorrect answers. As a result, 1/3 of the participants gave the incorrect answer when the confederates produced unanimously incorrect answer(s). In accordance to the Goals of Social Influence , participants claimed that even when they knew the unanimous answer was wrong, they felt the group knew something they did not (informational social influence). Asch noted that 74% of subjects conformed to

10528-445: The requester when they believed the feature they shared was unplanned and rare. A theoretical approach uncommon in major psychology literature is David Straker's, SIFT-3M model. It was created to discuss mental functioning in relation to psychological decisions (e.g., compliance). Straker proposes that by gaining a greater understanding of how people make sense of the world, how they think and how they decide to act, people can develop

10640-495: The requestor has previously complied with one of the subject's requests. Research also indicates that people tend to underestimate the likelihood that other individuals will comply with requests—called the underestimation of compliance effect. That is, people tend to assume that friends, but not strangers, will comply with requests to seek assistance. Yet, in practice, strangers comply with requests more frequently than expected. Consequently, individuals significantly underestimate

10752-589: The requests of others or by following their actions, we seek to maintain the goals of social influence: People are motivated to achieve their goals in the most efficient and accurate manner possible. When faced with information, an individual needs to correctly interpret and react—particularly when faced with compliance-gaining attempts since an inaccurate behavior could result in great loss. With that being said, people attempt to gain an accurate construal of their situation so they may respond accordingly. Individuals are frequently rewarded for acting in accordance with

10864-547: The result of social forces operating in a social structure (Latané). The theory's driving principles can make directional predictions regarding the effects of strength, immediacy, and number on compliance. However, the principles are not capable of specifying precision on future outcomes. The stronger and more important a group is to an individual—the more likely that individual is to comply with social influence. Strength refers to hierarchy, status, position of authority, and age in relation to social influence. Immediacy refers to

10976-428: The role of "teacher" and were informed they would be participating in a learning and memory test. In doing so, they had to teach the "student" (a confederate in a separate room) a list of words. The "teacher" was instructed to increase the voltage by 15 and shock the "student" each time he answered incorrectly. When a subject began to grow uneasy about shocking the confederate (due to voltage level, noises, ethics, etc.)

11088-424: The roles of guards and prisoners, the psychological study spirals out of control. Extensive research shows that people find it difficult to say "no" to a request, even when this request originates from a perfect stranger. For example, in one study, people were asked by a stranger to vandalize a purported library book. Despite obvious discomfort and reluctance of many individuals to write the world "pickle" in one of

11200-446: The self's basic limitations that they begin to feel the recovering self's growing power. At the same time, personal responsibility replaces self-pity and the expectation that others will act for the good of the individual. With these old attitudes, egocentricity and exaggerated, false self-confidence perpetuate the problem which led them to join OA. While their eating disorder was active, many OA members claimed that their experience of self

11312-652: The service prior to using it and reserve time slots well in advance. Rio Metro RTD also operates a commuter bus route serving the Enchanted Hills neighborhood in Rio Rancho. This service connects residents of Enchanted Hills to the US ;550 New Mexico Rail Runner station and provides service during the morning and evening commutes. Rio Metro Bus connections are available at the US 550 Rail Runner station for Zia Pueblo, San Ysidro, Canon, and Jemez Springs. A Rio Metro commuter bus route provides service to and from

11424-567: The south, the Santa Ana Pueblo to the north, with the town of Bernalillo and village of Corrales to the east. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 103.7 sq mi (268.5 km ), of which 103.4 square miles (267.7 km ) is land and 0.31 sq mi (0.8 km ), or 0.31%, is covered by water. Rio Rancho is in an arid climate due to its location in

11536-979: The spring of 2008, the Star Center became the home of the New Mexico Wildcats indoor football team. They lasted two seasons, folding at the conclusion of 2009. Starting in fall of 2010, the Star Center was home to the New Mexico Thunderbirds of the NBA Development League and the New Mexico Mustangs of the North American Hockey League (NAHL). The Mustangs' NAHL membership was transferred to Richfield, Minnesota , in 2012. The New Mexico Thunderbirds announced in July 2011 that

11648-576: The study before its conclusion. The guards complied with the alleged demands of the prison while the prisoners complied with the perceived authority of the guards. Aside from certain instances of rebellion, the prisoners were largely compliant with the guards orders—from strip searches to numerous nightly "bed-checks". The Experiment —a 2010 film—tells a version of the Stanford Prison Project. It focuses on 26 men who are chosen/paid to participate in an experiment. After being assigned

11760-415: The subject is asked to perform a small request—a favor that typically requires minimal involvement. After this, a larger request is presented. According to "successive approximations", because the subject complied with initial requests, they are more likely to feel obligated to fulfill additional favors. This technique begins with an initial grand request. This request is expected to be turned down; thus, it

11872-678: The team was sold to the Cleveland Cavaliers and will be moved to Canton, Ohio , for the upcoming season. Since 2015, Rio Rancho has been the location of the Duke City Gladiators , a professional indoor football team. They play home games at the Santa Ana Star Center, with whom they signed a five-year contract. Atrisco Heritage Academy HS , Kirtland Air Force Base , and National Museum of Nuclear Science & History are adjacent to but outside of

11984-512: The twelve steps and practice the twelve traditions, OA program literature recommends using nine "Tools of Recovery." These are A Plan of Eating, Sponsorship, Meetings, the Telephone, Writing, Literature, an Action Plan, Anonymity and Service. These tools are considered critical to obtaining and maintaining abstinence. Meetings offer a consensual validation and serve to diminish feelings of guilt and shame . A sponsor provides guidance through

12096-420: The ways in which subjects' implicit and explicit beliefs, opinions and goals affect information processing and decision making in settings where influential forces are present. The social-cognitive movement puts emphasis on the importance of grasping cognitive processes to understand compliance. Researchers within the field study implicit and explicit beliefs and goals influence. In particularly, how they influence

12208-432: Was also characterized by strong feelings of personal failure, dependence, despair, stress, nervousness, low self-esteem, powerlessness, lack of control, self-pity, frustration and loneliness. As part of these feelings, the self was perceived as being both a victim of circumstances and a victim of the attitude of others. Many members viewed this lack of self-esteem as deriving from their external appearance. Harsh self-criticism

12320-540: Was composed of an obsessive aspiration for perfection which concealed their sense of worthlessness. A significant difference between Twelve Step work and cognitive-behavioral therapy is the acceptance of a Higher Power and providing peer support . A large study, known as Project Match, compared the two approaches as well as motivational enhancement therapy in treating alcoholics. The Twelve Step programs were found to be more effective in promoting abstinence. However, some researchers have found that cognitive-behavioral therapy

12432-401: Was conducted to test social influence and compliance to authority through the utilization of a prison life situation. After answering a local newspaper ad (calling for volunteers for a study centered on the effects of prison life), 70 applications were checked for psychological problems, medical disabilities and crime/drug abuse history and reduced to 24 American and Canadian college students from

12544-476: Was converted into a test facility in 2005. In 2005, Rio Rancho became the first U.S. city to offer citywide voice-over- WiFi (VoWiFi) service. Many residents complained that the service did not live up to their expectations. Several call centers are located in Rio Rancho. Walmart opened in early summer of 2006 in Rio Rancho, and was a catalyst for related commercial retailers to locate nearby. An Albuquerque-based incubator and co-working space "FatPipe" opened

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