62-690: Owari may refer to: The Owari Mandarin orange , a widely cultivated fruit of Japanese origin Additional Japan-related topics: Owari House , a branch family of the Tokugawa clan that ruled Japan during the Edo era Owari Province , a former region in Japan Owari Domain , a feudal domain of Japan in the Edo period Owari clan , an ancient Japanese clan Owari or oware ,
124-401: A division of labour into reproductive and non-reproductive adults, plus overlapping generations. This division of labour creates specialized groups within eusocial societies which are called castes . In some species, groups of cohabiting females may be sisters, and if there is a division of labour within the group, they are considered semisocial . The group is called eusocial if, in addition,
186-663: A bee, be it a solitary or social species, involves the laying of an egg, the development through several moults of a legless larva , a pupation stage during which the insect undergoes complete metamorphosis , followed by the emergence of a winged adult. The number of eggs laid by a female during her lifetime can vary from eight or less in some solitary bees, to more than a million in highly social species. Most solitary bees and bumble bees in temperate climates overwinter as adults or pupae and emerge in spring when increasing numbers of flowering plants come into bloom. The males usually emerge first and search for females with which to mate. Like
248-429: A compartment (a "cell") with an egg and some provisions for the resulting larva, then seals it off. A nest may consist of numerous cells. When the nest is in wood, usually the last (those closer to the entrance) contain eggs that will become males. The adult does not provide care for the brood once the egg is laid, and usually dies after making one or more nests. The males typically emerge first and are ready for mating when
310-575: A continuum of increasing pomelo contribution with clementines, sweet and sour oranges, and grapefruit. In 2022, world production of mandarin oranges (combined with tangerines, clementines, and satsumas in reporting to FAOSTAT ) was 44.2 million tonnes , led by China with 61% of the global total. Spain produced 1.8 million tonnes in 2022, with Turkey , Egypt , and Morocco as other significant producers. A mandarin orange contains 85% water, 13% carbohydrates , and negligible amounts of fat and protein (table). Among micronutrients , only vitamin C
372-466: A distinct set of genera which are commonly known by their nesting behavior or preferences, namely: carpenter bees, sweat bees , mason bees, plasterer bees , squash bees , dwarf carpenter bees , leafcutter bees, alkali bees and digger bees . Most solitary bees are fossorial , digging nests in the ground in a variety of soil textures and conditions, while others create nests in hollow reeds or twigs, or holes in wood . The female typically creates
434-525: A larva's food is supplied gradually as it develops, as is the case in honey bees and some bumblebees. Most other bees, including familiar insects such as carpenter bees , leafcutter bees and mason bees are solitary in the sense that every female is fertile, and typically inhabits a nest she constructs herself. There is no division of labor so these nests lack queens and worker bees for these species. Solitary bees typically produce neither honey nor beeswax . Bees collect pollen to feed their young, and have
496-440: A length of 39 millimetres (1.54 in). Bees feed on nectar and pollen , the former primarily as an energy source and the latter primarily for protein and other nutrients. Most pollen is used as food for their larvae . Vertebrate predators of bees include primates and birds such as bee-eaters ; insect predators include beewolves and dragonflies . Bee pollination is important both ecologically and commercially , and
558-729: A male is haploid (has only one copy of each gene), his daughters (which are diploid , with two copies of each gene) share 100% of his genes and 50% of their mother's. Therefore, they share 75% of their genes with each other. This mechanism of sex determination gives rise to what W. D. Hamilton termed "supersisters", more closely related to their sisters than they would be to their own offspring. Workers often do not reproduce, but they can pass on more of their genes by helping to raise their sisters (as queens) than they would by having their own offspring (each of which would only have 50% of their genes), assuming they would produce similar numbers. This unusual situation has been proposed as an explanation of
620-533: A single season colony cycle, even in the tropics, and only mated females hibernate. A few species have long active seasons and attain colony sizes in the hundreds, such as Halictus hesperus . Some species are eusocial in parts of their range and solitary in others, or have a mix of eusocial and solitary nests in the same population. The orchid bees (Apidae) include some primitively eusocial species with similar biology. Some allodapine bees (Apidae) form primitively eusocial colonies, with progressive provisioning :
682-466: A spice for cooking, baking, drinks, or candy. Essential oil from the fresh peel may be used as a flavouring for candy, in gelatins , ice cream , chewing gum , and baked goods. It is used as a flavouring in some liqueurs. In North America, mandarins are commonly purchased in 5- or 10-pound boxes, individually wrapped in soft green paper, and given in Christmas stockings . This custom goes back to
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#1732765705075744-706: A symbolic stand-in for these gold balls, and are put in Christmas stockings in Canada. Their use as Christmas gifts probably spread from the Japanese immigrant community. Mandarin oranges are mentioned in Sinclair Ross ' 1942 novel, As for Me and My House , and his 1939 short story, Cornet at Night . Bee Apiformes (from Latin 'apis' ) Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants , known for their roles in pollination and, in
806-451: A token-moving game Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Owari . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owari&oldid=1199370397 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
868-512: Is Cretotrigona prisca , a corbiculate bee of Late Cretaceous age (~70 mya) found in New Jersey amber . A fossil from the early Cretaceous (~100 mya), Melittosphex burmensis , was initially considered "an extinct lineage of pollen-collecting Apoidea sister to the modern bees", but subsequent research has rejected the claim that Melittosphex is a bee, or even a member of the superfamily Apoidea to which bees belong, instead treating
930-492: Is a mandarin- pomelo hybrid ). The taste is sweeter and stronger than the common orange. A ripe mandarin orange is firm to slightly soft, heavy for its size, and pebbly-skinned. The peel is thin and loose, with little white mesocarp , so they are usually easier to peel and to split into segments. Hybrids have these traits to lesser degrees. The mandarin orange is tender and is damaged easily by cold. It can be grown in tropical and subtropical areas. According to genetic studies,
992-469: Is a moderate-sized tree some 7.6 metres (25 ft) in height. The tree trunk and major branches have thorns. The leaves are shiny, green, and rather small. The petioles are short, almost wingless or slightly winged. The flowers are borne singly or in small groups in the leaf-axils. Citrus are usually self-fertile (needing only a bee to move pollen within the same flower) or parthenocarpic (not needing pollination and therefore seedless, such as
1054-476: Is believed that mites eat fungi that attack pollen, so the relationship in this case may be mutualistic . Molecular phylogeny was used by Debevic et al , 2012, to demonstrate that the bees ( Anthophila ) arose from deep within the Crabronidae sensu lato , which was thus rendered paraphyletic . In their study, the placement of the monogeneric Heterogynaidae was uncertain. The small family Mellinidae
1116-420: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mandarin orange A mandarin orange ( Citrus reticulata ), often simply called mandarin , is a small, rounded citrus tree fruit . Treated as a distinct species of orange , it is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. The mandarin is small and oblate, unlike the roughly spherical sweet orange (which
1178-506: Is in significant content (32% of the Daily Value ) in a 100-gram reference serving, with all other nutrients in low amounts. Mandarins have a stronger and sweeter taste than sweet oranges. Mandarins are peeled and eaten fresh or used in salads, desserts and main dishes. Fresh mandarins are used in the production of the liqueur Mandarine Napoléon . The peel is used fresh, whole or as zest , or dried as chenpi . It can be used as
1240-414: Is separated easily from the segments. The fruits may be seedless or contain a small number of seeds . Though the ancestral mandarin orange was bitter, most commercial mandarin strains derive from hybridization with pomelo, which gives them sweet fruit. They can be eaten as whole or squeezed to make juice . A ripe mandarin orange is firm to slightly soft, heavy for its size, and pebbly-skinned. The peel
1302-444: Is the ancestral state for all eusocial species so far investigated, so it is likely that haplodiploidy contributed to the evolution of eusociality in bees. Bees may be solitary or may live in various types of communities. Eusociality appears to have originated from at least three independent origins in halictid bees. The most advanced of these are species with eusocial colonies; these are characterised by cooperative brood care and
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#17327657050751364-465: Is thin and loose, with little white mesocarp , so they are easy to peel and to split into segments. The wild mandarin is one of the pure ancestral citrus taxa ; they evolved in a restricted region of South China and Vietnam . Mandarins appear to have been domesticated at least twice, in the north and south Nanling Mountains , derived from separate wild subspecies. Wild mandarins are still found there, including Daoxian mandarines (sometimes given
1426-555: Is thought to have occurred due to rapid climatic cooling around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary , leading to the extinction of some bee lineages such as the tribe Melikertini . Over the Paleogene and Neogene , different bee lineages continued to spread all over the world, and the shifting habitats and connectedness of continents led to the isolation and evolution of many new bee tribes. The oldest non-compression bee fossil
1488-541: The Early Cretaceous (about 124 million years ago) on the supercontinent of West Gondwana , just prior to its breakup into South America and Africa . The supercontinent is thought to have been a largely xeric environment at this time; modern bee diversity hotspots are also in xeric and seasonal temperate environments, suggesting strong niche conservatism among bees ever since their origins. Genomic analysis indicates that despite only appearing much later in
1550-707: The Stenotritidae ), and by the end of the Cretaceous, South American bees had also colonized North America. The North American fossil taxon Cretotrigona belongs to a group that is no longer found in North America, suggesting that many bee lineages went extinct during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event . Following the K-Pg extinction, surviving bee lineages continued to spread into
1612-506: The Swingle system , all these are considered to be varieties of a single species, Citrus reticulata . Hodgson represented them as several subgroups: common ( C. reticulata ), Satsuma, King ( C. nobilis ), Mediterranean (willowleaf), small-fruited ( C. indica , C. tachibana and C. reshni ), and mandarin hybrids. In the genomic-based species taxonomy of Ollitrault et al., only pure wild type mandarins would fall under C. reticulata , while
1674-529: The ichang papeda , which grows wild in the same region. The Nanling Mountains are home to northern and southern genetic clusters of domestic mandarins that have similar levels of sugars in the fruit compared to their wild relatives but appreciably (in some almost 90-fold) lower levels of citric acid. The clusters display different patterns of pomelo introgression, have different deduced historical population histories, and are most closely related to distinct wild mandarins, suggesting two independent domestications in
1736-402: The satsuma ). A mature mandarin tree can yield up to 79 kilograms (175 lb) of fruit. Mandarin orange fruits are small 40–80 millimetres (1.6–3.1 in). Their color is orange , yellow-orange, or red-orange. The skin is thin and peels off easily. Their easiness to peel is an important advantage of mandarin oranges over other citrus fruits. Just like with other citrus fruits, mandarin
1798-535: The 1880s when Japanese immigrants in Canada and the United States began receiving Japanese mandarin oranges from their families back home as gifts for the New Year. The tradition spread among the non-Japanese population and eastwards across the country: each November harvest, "The oranges were quickly unloaded and shipped east by rail. 'Orange Trains' – trains with boxcars painted orange – alerted everyone along
1860-588: The Bumblebee Specialist Group to review the threat status of all bumblebee species worldwide using the IUCN Red List criteria. There are many more species of primitively eusocial than highly eusocial bees, but they have been studied less often. Most are in the family Halictidae , or "sweat bees". Colonies are typically small, with a dozen or fewer workers, on average. Queens and workers differ only in size, if at all. Most species have
1922-422: The Christmas fruit sold in North America was mostly Dancys , but now it is more often a hybrid. This Japanese tradition merged with European traditions related to the Christmas stocking . Saint Nicholas is said to have put gold coins into the stockings of three poor girls so that they would be able to afford to get married. Sometimes the story is told with gold balls instead of bags of gold, and oranges became
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1984-597: The Eocene-Oligocene boundary, around 34 Mya, of the Florissant shale. The Halictidae first appear in the Early Eocene with species found in amber. The Stenotritidae are known from fossil brood cells of Pleistocene age. The earliest animal-pollinated flowers were shallow, cup-shaped blooms pollinated by insects such as beetles , so the syndrome of insect pollination was well established before
2046-592: The Northern Hemisphere, colonizing Europe from Africa by the Paleocene , and then spreading east to Asia . This was facilitated by the warming climate around the same time, allowing bees to move to higher latitudes following the spread of tropical and subtropical habitats. By the Eocene (~45 mya) there was already considerable diversity among eusocial bee lineages. A second extinction event among bees
2108-488: The appearance of being social. Large groups of solitary bee nests are called aggregations , to distinguish them from colonies . In some species, multiple females share a common nest, but each makes and provisions her own cells independently. This type of group is called "communal" and is not uncommon. The primary advantage appears to be that a nest entrance is easier to defend from predators and parasites when multiple females use that same entrance regularly. The life cycle of
2170-848: The bee families is based on Hedtke et al., 2013, which places the former families Dasypodaidae and Meganomiidae as subfamilies inside the Melittidae. English names, where available, are given in parentheses. Melittidae (inc. Dasypodainae , Meganomiinae ) at least 50 Mya [REDACTED] Apidae (inc. honeybees, cuckoo bees, carpenter bees) ≈87 Mya [REDACTED] Megachilidae (mason, leafcutter bees) ≈50 Mya [REDACTED] Andrenidae (mining bees) ≈34 Mya [REDACTED] Halictidae (sweat bees) ≈50 Mya [REDACTED] Colletidae (plasterer bees) ≈25 Mya [REDACTED] Stenotritidae (large Australian bees) ≈2 Mya [REDACTED] Bees differ from closely related groups such as wasps by having branched or plume-like setae (hairs), combs on
2232-677: The best known insects. Their colonies are established by swarms , consisting of a queen and several thousand workers. There are 29 subspecies of one of these species, Apis mellifera , native to Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Africanized bees are a hybrid strain of A. mellifera that escaped from experiments involving crossing European and African subspecies; they are extremely defensive. Stingless bees are also highly eusocial . They practise mass provisioning , with complex nest architecture and perennial colonies also established via swarming. Many bumblebees are eusocial, similar to
2294-674: The case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee , for producing honey . Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea . They are currently considered a clade , called Anthophila . There are over 20,000 known species of bees in seven recognized biological families . Some species – including honey bees , bumblebees , and stingless bees – live socially in colonies while most species (>90%) – including mason bees , carpenter bees , leafcutter bees , and sweat bees – are solitary. Bees are found on every continent except Antarctica , in every habitat on
2356-401: The decline in wild bees has increased the value of pollination by commercially managed hives of honey bees. The analysis of 353 wild bee and hoverfly species across Britain from 1980 to 2013 found the insects have been lost from a quarter of the places they inhabited in 1980. Human beekeeping or apiculture ( meliponiculture for stingless bees) has been practised for millennia, since at least
2418-487: The eusocial Vespidae such as hornets in that the queen initiates a nest on her own rather than by swarming. Bumblebee colonies typically have from 50 to 200 bees at peak population, which occurs in mid to late summer. Nest architecture is simple, limited by the size of the pre-existing nest cavity, and colonies rarely last more than a year. In 2011, the International Union for Conservation of Nature set up
2480-480: The family Crabronidae , which were predators of other insects. The switch from insect prey to pollen may have resulted from the consumption of prey insects which were flower visitors and were partially covered with pollen when they were fed to the wasp larvae. This same evolutionary scenario may have occurred within the vespoid wasps, where the pollen wasps evolved from predatory ancestors. Based on phylogenetic analysis, bees are thought to have originated during
2542-530: The females emerge. Solitary bees are very unlikely to sting (only in self-defense, if ever), and some (esp. in the family Andrenidae ) are stingless. While solitary, females each make individual nests. Some species, such as the European mason bee Hoplitis anthocopoides , and the Dawson's Burrowing bee , Amegilla dawsoni, are gregarious, preferring to make nests near others of the same species, and giving
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2604-406: The first Japanese goods allowed for export after the end of the war, residual hostility led to the rebranding of these oranges as "Mandarin" oranges instead of "Japanese" oranges. The delivery of the first batch of mandarin oranges from Japan in the port of Vancouver is greeted with a festival that combines Santa Claus and Japanese dancers —young girls dressed in traditional kimono . Historically,
2666-605: The first appearance of bees. The novelty is that bees are specialized as pollination agents, with behavioral and physical modifications that specifically enhance pollination, and are the most efficient pollinating insects. In a process of coevolution , flowers developed floral rewards such as nectar and longer tubes, and bees developed longer tongues to extract the nectar. Bees also developed structures known as scopal hairs and pollen baskets to collect and carry pollen. The location and type differ among and between groups of bees. Most species have scopal hairs on their hind legs or on
2728-470: The forelimbs for cleaning their antennae, small anatomical differences in limb structure, and the venation of the hind wings; and in females, by having the seventh dorsal abdominal plate divided into two half-plates. Bees have the following characteristics: The largest species of bee is thought to be Wallace's giant bee Megachile pluto , whose females can attain a length of 39 millimetres (1.54 in). The smallest species may be dwarf stingless bees in
2790-460: The fossil record, all modern bee families had already diverged from one another by the end of the Cretaceous. The Melittidae , Apidae , and Megachilidae had already evolved on the supercontinent prior to its fragmentation. Further divergences were facilitated by West Gondwana's breakup around 100 million years ago, leading to a deep Africa-South America split within both the Apidae and Megachilidae,
2852-464: The group consists of a mother (the queen ) and her daughters ( workers ). When the castes are purely behavioural alternatives, with no morphological differentiation other than size, the system is considered primitively eusocial, as in many paper wasps ; when the castes are morphologically discrete, the system is considered highly eusocial. True honey bees (genus Apis , of which eight species are currently recognized) are highly eusocial, and are among
2914-660: The isolation of the Melittidae in Africa, and the origins of the Colletidae , Andrenidae and Halictidae in South America. The rapid radiation of the South American bee families is thought to have followed the concurrent radiation of flowering plants in the same region. Later in the Cretaceous (80 million years ago), colletid bees colonized Australia from South America (with an offshoot lineage evolving into
2976-661: The lineage as incertae sedis within the Aculeata . The Allodapini (within the Apidae) appeared around 53 Mya. The Colletidae appear as fossils only from the late Oligocene (~25 Mya) to early Miocene . The Melittidae are known from Palaeomacropis eocenicus in the Early Eocene . The Megachilidae are known from trace fossils (characteristic leaf cuttings) from the Middle Eocene . The Andrenidae are known from
3038-785: The mainland species has produced unique island cultivars in Japan and Taiwan, such as the Tachibana orange the Shekwasha , and Nanfengmiju . They have some pomelo DNA, like all domesticated mandarins. Northern and southern domesticates contain different pomelo contributions. An 'acidic' group including Sunki and Cleopatra mandarins likewise contain small regions of introgressed pomelo DNA; they are too sour to eat, but are widely used as rootstock and grown for juice. Another group, including some tangerines, satsuma and king mandarins, show more pomelo contribution. Hybrid mandarins thus fall on
3100-501: The multiple (at least nine) evolutions of eusociality within Hymenoptera . Haplodiploidy is neither necessary nor sufficient for eusociality. Some eusocial species such as termites are not haplodiploid. Conversely, all bees are haplodiploid but not all are eusocial, and among eusocial species many queens mate with multiple males, creating half-sisters that share only 25% of each other's genes. But, monogamy (queens mating singly)
3162-565: The necessary adaptations to do this. However, certain wasp species such as pollen wasps have similar behaviours, and a few species of bee scavenge from carcases to feed their offspring. Solitary bees are important pollinators; they gather pollen to provision their nests with food for their brood. Often it is mixed with nectar to form a paste-like consistency. Some solitary bees have advanced types of pollen-carrying structures on their bodies. Very few species of solitary bee are being cultured for commercial pollination. Most of these species belong to
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#17327657050753224-611: The north and south. All tested domesticated cultivars belong to one of these two genetic clusters, with varieties such as Nanfengmiju, Kishu and Satsuma from the northern domestication event producing larger, redder fruit, while varieties such as Willowleaf, Dancy, Sunki, Cleopatra, King, and Ponkan belong to the smaller, yellower-fruited southern cluster. The Tanaka classification system divided domestic mandarins and similar fruit into numerous species, giving distinct names to cultivars such as willowleaf mandarins ( C. deliciosa ), satsumas ( C. unshiu ), tangerines ( C. tangerina ). Under
3286-547: The planet that contains insect-pollinated flowering plants . The most common bees in the Northern Hemisphere are the Halictidae , or sweat bees, but they are small and often mistaken for wasps or flies. Bees range in size from tiny stingless bee species, whose workers are less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) long, to the leafcutter bee Megachile pluto , the largest species of bee, whose females can attain
3348-439: The pomelo admixture found in the majority of mandarins would cause them to be classified as varieties of the hybrid bitter orange, C. aurantium . Genetic analysis is consistent with continental mandarins representing a single species, varying due to hybridization. An island species, Citrus ryukyuensis that diverged 2 to 3 million years ago when cut off by rising sea levels, was found on Okinawa Island . Its hybridization with
3410-507: The pomelo, which gives them sweet fruit. The name mandarin orange is a calque of Swedish mandarin apelsin [ apelsin from German Apfelsine ( Apfel + Sina ), meaning Chinese apple ], first attested in the 18th century. The Imperial Chinese term "mandarine" was first adopted by the French for this fruit. The reason for the epithet is not clear. Citrus reticulata is from Latin, where reticulata means "netted". Citrus reticulata
3472-587: The species name Citrus daoxianensis ) as well as some members of the group traditionally called 'Mangshan wild mandarins', a generic grouping for the wild mandarin-like fruit of the Mangshan area that includes both true mandarins ( mangshanyeju , the southern subspecies) and the genetically distinct and only distantly-related Mangshanyegan . The wild mandarins were found free of the introgressed pomelo ( C. maxima ) DNA found in domestic mandarins. Still, they did appear to have small amounts (~1.8%) of introgression from
3534-492: The times of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece . Bees have appeared in mythology and folklore, through all phases of art and literature from ancient times to the present day, although primarily focused in the Northern Hemisphere where beekeeping is far more common. In Mesoamerica , the Mayans have practiced large-scale intensive meliponiculture since pre-Columbian times. The immediate ancestors of bees were stinging wasps in
3596-604: The tribe Meliponini whose workers are less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) in length. According to inclusive fitness theory, organisms can gain fitness not just through increasing their own reproductive output, but also that of close relatives. In evolutionary terms, individuals should help relatives when Cost < Relatedness * Benefit . The requirements for eusociality are more easily fulfilled by haplodiploid species such as bees because of their unusual relatedness structure. In haplodiploid species, females develop from fertilized eggs and males from unfertilized eggs. Because
3658-501: The underside of their abdomens. Some species in the family Apidae have pollen baskets on their hind legs, while very few lack these and instead collect pollen in their crops. The appearance of these structures drove the adaptive radiation of the angiosperms , and, in turn, bees themselves. Bees coevolved not only with flowers but it is believed that some species coevolved with mites. Some provide tufts of hairs called acarinaria that appear to provide lodgings for mites; in return, it
3720-414: The way that the irresistible oranges from Japan were back again for the holidays. For many, the arrival of Japanese mandarin oranges signalled the beginning of the holiday season." Satsumas were grown in the United States from the early 1900s. Still, Japan remained a major supplier. U.S. imports of these Japanese oranges was suspended due to hostilities with Japan during World War II. While they were one of
3782-434: The wild mandarin was one of the original citrus species ; through breeding or natural hybridization, it is the ancestor of many hybrid citrus cultivars. With the citron and pomelo, it is the ancestor of the most commercially important hybrids (such as sweet and sour oranges, grapefruit, and many lemons and limes). Though the ancestral mandarin orange was bitter, most commercial mandarin strains derive from hybridization with
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#17327657050753844-895: Was not included in this analysis. Further studies by Sann et al. , 2018, elevated the subfamilies (plus one tribe and one subtribe) of Crabronidae sensu lato to family status. They also recovered the placement of Heterogyna within Nyssonini and sunk Heterogynaidae . The newly erected family, Ammoplanidae , formerly a subtribe of Pemphredoninae , was recovered as the most sister family to bees. Ampulicidae (Cockroach wasps) [REDACTED] Astatidae [REDACTED] Bembicidae [REDACTED] Sphecidae ( sensu stricto ) [REDACTED] Crabronidae ( sensu stricto ) [REDACTED] Mellinidae [REDACTED] Pemphredonidae [REDACTED] Philanthidae [REDACTED] Psenidae [REDACTED] Ammoplanidae Anthophila (bees) [REDACTED] This cladogram of
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