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38-463: The Oxford University Police , or Oxford University Constables (popularly known as Bulldogs or Bullers), was the private police force of the University of Oxford between 1829 and 2003. They carried warrant cards and were empowered to act as police officers within the university precincts and within areas of Oxford within four miles of any university building. As of 2001, the force existed as

76-646: A Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1651. Three years later he moved to the RCP's premises at Amen Corner near St Paul's Cathedral , as the first Harveian Librarian, for which he received room and board and a small stipend. But disaster struck in 1666 with the Great Fire of London , which destroyed many of the rooms and most of the books. The college felt that he was no longer needed, but he felt that he had been appointed for life and fought them before

114-553: A private constabulary (a non- Home Office police force) with 40 sworn constables . They were widely recognised for the bowler hats which formed part of their uniform, and formerly had the duty of patrolling outside the Examination Schools alongside the university proctors , the officials responsible for discipline in the university. They were abolished by the University Council in 2003. The power of

152-786: A coiled "corkscrew" into a tail pocket. In the United Kingdom, the breed standards are 55 lb (25 kg) for a male and 50 lb (23 kg) for a female. In the United States, the standard calls for a smaller dog — a typical mature male weighs 50 lb (23 kg), while mature females weigh about 40 lb (18 kg). According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), a Bulldog's disposition should be "equable and kind, resolute, and courageous (not vicious or aggressive), and demeanour should be pacifist and dignified. These attributes should be countenanced by

190-501: A herb garden and compiled one of the first lists of the flora, fauna and minerals of England, the Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum . The Pinax was published in 1666 and is an alphabetical catalogue with no explanatory commentary. However it represents the first lists of British birds and butterflies, and contains one of the first statements by an Englishman on the organic origin of fossils: …it

228-1078: A longstanding association with British culture ; the BBC wrote: "To many the Bulldog is a national icon, symbolising pluck and determination". During the Second World War , the Prime Minister Winston Churchill was likened to a Bulldog for his defiance of Nazi Germany . Christopher Merret Merret was born in Winchcombe , Gloucestershire on 16 February; Hunter gives the year of his birth as 1615, which may be 1614 Old Style . In 1632 he went up to Gloucester Hall , Oxford (which later became Worcester College); he received his BA from Oriel in 1635, and his BMed and DMed from Gloucester Hall in 1636 and 1643 respectively. Merret then practised medicine in London, becoming

266-914: A monopoly on glass production in England in the early 17th century and industrialised the process; his coal-powered factories in Newcastle upon Tyne produced much stronger bottles than were available in France. As a result, the English could deliberately induce a secondary fermentation in wine without the risk of blowing up the bottle, long before Dom Pérignon is traditionally considered to have invented sparkling wine in Champagne around 1697. Although Merret appears to have been more interested in making glass than in making wine, producers of English sparkling wine such as Ridgeview have been quick to use his name as

304-428: A part of a citywide roundup effort led by Governor Richard Nicolls . Because cornering and leading wild bulls was dangerous, Bulldogs were trained to seize a bull by its nose long enough for a rope to be secured around its neck. Bulldogs as pets were continually promoted by dog dealer Bill George . In 1864, a group of Bulldog breeders under R. S. Rockstro founded the first Bulldog Club. Three years after its opening

342-474: A pronounced mandibular prognathism . There are generally thick folds of skin on the brow; round, black, wide-set eyes; a short muzzle with characteristic folds called a rope or nose roll above the nose; hanging skin under the neck; drooping lips and pointed teeth, and an underbite with an upturned jaw. The coat is short, flat, and sleek with colours of red, fawn, white, brindle , and piebald . They have short tails that can either hang down straight or be tucked in

380-452: Is a medium-sized, muscular dog of around 40–55 lb (18–25 kg). They have large heads with thick folds of skin around the face and shoulders and a relatively flat face with a protruding lower jaw. The breed has significant health issues as a consequence of breeding for its distinctive appearance, including brachycephaly , hip dysplasia , heat sensitivity, and skin infections. Due to concerns about their quality of life, breeding Bulldogs

418-607: Is abundantly clear to me that many stones considered to be inorganic are fashioned out of animals or their parts through the action of some earthen fluid; that they had communicated their shape to the clay or soft earth, and had then perished though their figure was preserved Merret had a particular interest in industrial uses of minerals, publishing papers on smelting and tin mining. In 1662 he translated Antonio Neri ’s The Art of Glass (1611) and added 147 pages of his own, from other authors and his own observations. His descriptions of glassmaking indicate an intimate familiarity with

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456-478: Is also predisposed to atopic dermatitis . A study by the Royal Veterinary College found that Bulldogs are a much less healthy breed than average, with over twice the odds of being diagnosed with at least one of the common dog disorders investigated in the study. Over 80% of Bulldog litters are delivered by Caesarean section because their characteristically large heads can become lodged in

494-855: Is illegal in Norway and the Netherlands. The modern Bulldog was bred as a companion dog from the Old English Bulldog , a now-extinct breed used for bull-baiting , when the sport was outlawed in England under the Cruelty to Animals Act. The Bulldog Club (in England) was formed in 1878, and the Bulldog Club of America was formed in 1890. While often used as a symbol of ferocity and courage, modern Bulldogs are generally friendly, amiable dogs. Bulldogs are now commonly kept as pets; in 2013,

532-500: Is the oldest mono-breed dog kennel club in the world. The Bulldog was officially recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1886. In 1894, the two top Bulldogs, King Orry and Dock Leaf, competed in a contest to see which dog could walk 20 miles (32 km). King Orry was reminiscent of the original Bulldogs, lighter-boned and very athletic. Dock Leaf was a smaller and heavier set, more like modern Bulldogs. King Orry

570-546: The Dutch Kennel Club implemented some breeding rules to improve the health of the Bulldog. Among these is a fitness test where the dog has to walk 1 km (0.62 miles) in 12 minutes. Its temperature and heart rate have to recover after 15 minutes. In 2014, the Dutch government forbade the breeding of dogs with a snout shorter than a third of the skull, including Bulldogs, a law that it began enforcing in 2019. In 2022,

608-505: The Oslo District Court made a ruling that banned the breeding of Bulldogs in Norway due to their propensity for developing health problems. In its verdict the court judged that no dog of this breed could be considered healthy, therefore using them for breeding would be a violation of Norway's Animal Welfare Act. Bulldogs are often associated with determination, strength, and courage due to their historical occupation, though

646-432: The méthode champenoise , the addition of liqueur de tirage in order to stimulate a secondary fermentation that produces the bubbles in sparkling wine. Spontaneous secondary fermentation had occurred in still wines since antiquity; most glass bottles of the time were not strong enough to contain the high pressures thus generated and so exploding bottles were an occupational hazard of winemaking. Sir Robert Mansell obtained

684-667: The BBC documentary Pedigree Dogs Exposed , The Kennel Club introduced revised breed standards for the British Bulldog, along with 209 other breeds, to address health concerns. Opposed by the British Bulldog Breed Council, it was speculated by the press that the changes would lead to a smaller head, fewer skin folds, a longer muzzle, and a taller thinner posture, to combat problems with respiration and breeding due to head size and width of shoulders. In 2019

722-459: The Bulldog was the 12th most frequently registered breed worldwide. The first reference to the word "Bulldog" is dated 1631 or 1632 in a letter by a man named Preswick Eaton where he writes: "procuer mee two good Bulldogs, and let them be sent by ye first shipp". In 1666, English scientist Christopher Merret applied: "Canis pugnax, a Butchers Bull or Bear Dog ", as an entry in his Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum . The designation "bull"

760-524: The Chancellor's 2003 annual report, these members can still carry out 95% of the duties without constabulary powers. Thames Valley Police are the territorial police force responsible for providing policing to Oxford, including the university. Bulldog The Bulldog is a British breed of dog of mastiff type. It may also be known as the English Bulldog or British Bulldog . It

798-660: The Club ceased to exist, not having organized a single show. The main achievement of the Rockstro Bulldog Club was a detailed description of the Bulldog, known as the Philo-Kuan Standard. Samuel Wickens, treasurer of the club, published this description in 1865 under the pseudonym Philo-Kuan. On 4 April 1873, The Kennel Club was founded, the first dog breeding club dealing with the registration of purebred dogs and dog breeds. Bulldogs were included in

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836-707: The King's Bench twice, losing both times. He was expelled from his rooms and lost his Fellowship. He was a founding Fellow of the Royal Society , joining May 20, 1663. He became the chairman of the Royal Society's committee concerned with the history of trade and commerce, but was expelled in 1685. He died at his home near the chapel in Hatton Garden , on 19 August 1695, and was buried at St Andrew's, Holborn . Merret collected new plants, maintained

874-480: The breed and its best representatives and developed a new standard for the English Bulldog, which was published on 27 May 1875, the same year they held the first breed show. Since 1878, exhibitions of the club were held annually, except during the Second World War . On 17 May 1894, the Bulldog Club was granted the status of a corporation and since then has carried the official name "The Bulldog Club, Inc.". It

912-463: The expression and behaviour". Bulldogs are known for getting along well with children, other dogs, and other pets. A 2022 study in the UK of veterinary data found a life expectancy of 7.39 years, the second lowest of all breeds in the study. A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 9.8 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds . A 2004 UK survey found

950-688: The first volume of the Kennel Club Stud Book, which was presented at the Birmingham Show on 1 December 1874. The first English Bulldog entered into the register was a male dog named Adam, born in 1864. In March 1875, the third Bulldog Club was founded, which still exists today. Members of this club met frequently at the Blue Post pub on Oxford Street in London . The founders of the club collected all available information about

988-567: The highest amongst all breeds. Similarly, the breed has the worst score in the British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia scoring scheme, although only 22 Bulldogs were tested in the scheme. A study in England found the Bulldog to have a nearly three times greater risk of patellar luxation , with 2.9% of all Bulldogs having the condition. In a 1963 UK study, 17% of Bulldogs surveyed had skin fold dermatitis . The breed

1026-491: The latter caused due to an inability to effectively reduce body temperature via panting. Many airlines ban the breed from flying in the cargo hold due to a high rate of deaths from air pressure interacting poorly with their breathing problems. Statistics from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals indicate that of the 467 Bulldogs tested between 1979 and 2009 (30 years), 73.9% were affected by hip dysplasia ,

1064-635: The leading cause of death of Bulldogs to be cardiac-related (20%), cancer (18%), and old age (9%). The shortened snout and pushed in face of the Bulldog is known as brachycephaly . Brachycephaly results in deformation of the upper airway tract and leads to obstruction of breathing. Effects of brachycephaly are stridor , stertorous breathing, emesis , skin fold dermatitis , brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome , exophthalmos , pharyngeal gag reflex , cyanosis , and laryngeal collapse. Other issues arising from brachycephaly are risk of complications whilst under anaesthesia, and hyperthermia — with

1102-605: The modern-day dog is bred for appearance and friendliness and not suited for significant physical exertion. They are often used as mascots by universities, sports teams, and other organizations. Some of the better-known Bulldog mascots include Georgetown's Jack , Butler's Blue IV , Yale's Handsome Dan , the University of Georgia's Uga , Mississippi State's Bully , and the United States Marine Corps' Chesty . The Bulldog originated in England and has

1140-459: The mother's birth canal and to avoid potential breathing problems for the mother during labour. A British study found demodicosis to be more prevalent in the Bulldog than other breeds. The overall prevalence was 1.5% in the breed compared to the 0.17% rate for all dogs. For dogs aged under 2 years, the prevalence was 3.6% compared to 0.48%. The Bulldog is one of the two most commonly affected breeds for hiatal hernia . In January 2009, after

1178-462: The process, but his modern claim to fame lies in a passing mention to a different field altogether. On 17 December 1662 he presented Some Observations concerning the Ordering of Wines to the Royal Society . In this paper, unearthed by wine writer Tom Stevenson, Merret describes winemakers adding quantities of sugar and molasses to make the wines drink brisk and sparkling. Today this would be called

Oxford University Police - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-468: The removal of the police powers of the constables over citizens who were not members of the university. They argued that the constables were "not accountable to any public authority" and described their role as an "anachronism". After a policy review by the University Council in 2003, the University Police was disbanded when it was decided that it would be too expensive to bring the force up to

1254-416: The required standard of training and implement a multi-tiered complaints procedure. The circa 40 members of the force were re-designated "Proctors' Officers". In recognition of the force's "extraordinary role over almost 180 years" (according to the senior proctor), the constables were not merged with the university's Department of Security Services, but remained under the control of the proctors. According to

1292-559: The stocky bodies and massive heads and jaws that typify the breed, as well as a ferocious and savage temperament. Bull-baiting was made illegal in England by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835 . Therefore, the Old English Bulldog had outlived its usefulness in England as a sporting animal and its "working" days were numbered. However, emigrants did have a use for such dogs in the New World. In mid-17th century New York, Bulldogs were used as

1330-462: The university proctors , and had disciplinary powers over students. Until the end of the Second World War , the constables were considered to be in loco parentis with regard to students of the university, giving them broad disciplinary powers to enforce university rules and regulations. In 2002, a group of local traders in Oxford wrote to Evan Harris , a local Member of Parliament , requesting

1368-683: The university to attest constables was granted by the Universities Act 1825 . In 1829, the same year that the Metropolitan Police Service was established by then- Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel , the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University signed the "Plan for the Establishment of an Efficient University Police", formalising the powers and duties of the university constables. They were supervised by

1406-431: Was applied because of the dog's use in the sport of bull-baiting . This entailed the setting of dogs (after placing wagers on each dog) onto a tethered bull. The dog that grabbed the bull by the nose and pinned it to the ground would be the victor. It was common for a bull to maim or kill several dogs at such an event, either by goring, tossing, or trampling over them. Over the centuries, dogs used for bull-baiting developed

1444-408: Was declared the winner that year, finishing the 20-mile (32 km) walk while Dock Leaf collapsed and expired. Though today Bulldogs look tough, they cannot perform the job they were originally bred for, as they cannot withstand the rigours of running after and being thrown by a bull, and also cannot grip with such a short muzzle. Bulldogs have characteristically wide heads and shoulders along with

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