101-777: Haplogroup L-M20 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup , which is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185. As a secondary descendant of haplogroup K and a primary branch of haplogroup LT , haplogroup L currently has the alternative phylogenetic name of K1a , and is a sibling of haplogroup T (a.k.a. K1b). The presence of L-M20 has been observed at varying levels throughout South Asia , peaking in populations native to southern Pakistan (28%), Northern Afghanistan (25%), and Southern India (19%). The clade also occurs in Tajikistan and Anatolia , as well as at lower frequencies in Iran . It has also been present for millennia at very low levels in
202-541: A Dravidian substratum . There are also hundreds of Dravidian loanwords in Indo-Aryan languages, and vice versa. According to David McAlpin and his Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis , the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from Elam (not to be confused with Eelam ), located in present-day southwestern Iran . In the 1990s, Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza have also argued that Proto-Dravidian
303-514: A few traits of structural (either phonological or grammatical) borrowing from Indo-Aryan, whereas Indo-Aryan shows more structural than lexical borrowings from the Dravidian languages. Many of these features are already present in the oldest known Indo-Aryan language , the language of the Rigveda (c. 1500 BCE), which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian. The linguistic evidence for Dravidian impact grows stronger as we move from
404-925: A frequency of 7.5% in India and 5.1% in Pakistan, exhibiting peak variance distribution in the Maharashtra region in coastal western India. In India, L-M20 has a higher frequency among Dravidian castes, but is somewhat rarer in Indo-Aryan castes. In Pakistan, it has a frequency of about 28% in the southern regions including southern Baluchistan, from where the agricultural creators of the Indus valley civilization emerged . Preliminary evidence gleaned from non-scientific sources, such as individuals who have had their Y-chromosomes tested by commercial labs, suggests that most European examples of Haplogroup L-M20 might belong to
505-453: A joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. This
606-510: A king was considered to be divine by nature and possessed religious significance. The king was 'the representative of God on earth' and lived in a "koyil", which means the "residence of a god". The Modern Tamil word for temple is koil ( Tamil : கோயில் ). Ritual worship was also given to kings. Modern words for god like "kō" ( Tamil : கோ "king"), "iṟai" ( இறை "emperor") and "āṇḍavar" ( ஆண்டவன் "conqueror") now primarily refer to gods. These elements were incorporated later into Hinduism like
707-623: A lesser number of samples had reported that L1c comprises 12.24% of the Afghan Pashtun male lineages. L1c is also found at 7.69% among the Balochs of Afghanistan. However L1a-M76 occurs in a much more higher frequency among the Balochs (20 to 61.54%), and is found at lower levels in Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek and Turkmen populations. Researchers studying samples of Y-DNA from populations of East Asia have rarely tested their samples for any of
808-421: A lungi as their article of clothing. The dhoti is generally white in colour, and occasionally has a border of red, green or gold. Dhotis are usually made out of cotton for more everyday use, but the more expensive silk dhotis are used for special functions like festivals and weddings. Traditional dress of Dravidian women is typical of most Indian women, that of the sari. This sari consists of a cloth wrapped around
909-550: A man who lived in Africa approximately 69,000 years ago ( Haplogroup CT ). Although Southeast Asia has been proposed as the origin for all non-African human Y chromosomes, this hypothesis is considered unlikely. Other bottlenecks occurred roughly 50,000 and 5,000 years ago, and the majority of Eurasian men are believed to be descended from four ancestors who lived 50,000 years ago, all of whom were descendants of an African lineage (Haplogroup E-M168). Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by
1010-476: A moderate distribution in other populations of Pakistan , southern Iran and Europe , but slightly higher Middle East Arab populations. There is a very minor presence among Siddi's (2%), as well. L-M357 is found frequently among Burushos , Kalashas , Brokpa , Jats , Pashtuns , with a moderate distribution among other populations in Pakistan , Georgia , Chechens , Ingushes , northern Iran , India ,
1111-536: A move toward using the simpler shorthand nomenclature. Y-chromosomal Adam Haplogroup A Haplogroup B Haplogroup D Haplogroup E Haplogroup C Haplogroup G Haplogroup H Haplogroup I Haplogroup J Haplogroup L Haplogroup T Haplogroup N Haplogroup O Haplogroup S Haplogroup M Haplogroup Q Haplogroup R Haplogroup A is the NRY ( non-recombining Y ) macrohaplogroup from which all modern paternal haplogroups descend. It
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#17327987831871212-465: A proto-Dravidian assumption, they proposed readings of many signs, some agreeing with the suggested readings of Heras and Knorozov (such as equating the "fish" sign with the Dravidian word for fish, "min") but disagreeing on several other readings. A comprehensive description of Parpola's work until 1994 is given in his book Deciphering the Indus Script . Paleoclimatologists believe the fall of
1313-528: A proto-Dravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilisation. The discovery in Tamil Nadu of a late Neolithic (early 2nd millennium BCE, i.e. post-dating Harappan decline) stone celt allegedly marked with Indus signs has been considered by some to be significant for the Dravidian identification. Yuri Knorozov surmised that the symbols represent a logosyllabic script and suggested, based on computer analysis, an agglutinative Dravidian language as
1414-659: A sample of Iranians in Kordestan and 2% (2/100) L-M20(xM27, M317, M357) in a sample of Shapsugs , among other rare reported cases of L which don't fall into the common branches. Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published
1515-466: A similar genetic makeup, but also carry a small portion of Western Steppe Herder ancestry and may also have additional contributions from local hunter-gatherer groups. Although in modern times speakers of various Dravidian languages have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, Dravidian speakers must have been widespread throughout the Indian subcontinent before the Indo-Aryan migration into
1616-813: A small number of people in modern Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu to Catholicism, most notably the Paravars. Ancient Dravidian religion constituted of an animistic and non- Vedic form of religion which may have influenced the Āgamas , Vedic and non- Vedic texts which post-date the Vedic texts. The Agamas are Tamil and Sanskrit scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of murti , worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. The worship of village deities , as well as sacred flora and fauna in Hinduism
1717-599: A yet unnamed L-M349 subclade of L-FT408126 which was closest to 2 samples from Iraq and Iran . Researchers also found traces of traces of L-M20 on the Swahili coast in Kenya amounting to 4.2% of the total population. L-M295 is found from Western Europe to South Asia . The L1 subclade is also found at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands . L-M27 is found in 14.5% of Indians and 15% of Sri Lankans , with
1818-500: Is Tamil . In Prakrit , words such as "Damela", "Dameda", "Dhamila" and "Damila", which later evolved from "Tamila", could have been used to denote an ethnic identity. In the Sanskrit tradition, the word drāviḍa was also used to denote the geographical region of South India. Epigraphic evidence of an ethnic group termed as such is found in ancient India and Sri Lanka where a number of inscriptions have come to light datable from
1919-401: Is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Individuals within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The Y-chromosome accumulates approximately two mutations per generation, and Y-DNA haplogroups represent significant branches of
2020-697: Is also the parent node of two primary clades: Haplogroup Q (MEH2, M242, P36) found in Siberia and the Americas Haplogroup R (M207, M306): found in Europe , West Asia , Central Asia , and South Asia Q is defined by the SNP M242. It is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 32,000 years ago. The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to
2121-680: Is an exception. L2a2 is around 62.7% among Brokpa of Ladakh. L-M20 was found at 38% in the Bharwad caste and 21% in Charan caste from Junagarh district in Gujarat .( Shah 2011 ) It has also been reported at 17% in the Kare Vokkal tribe from Uttara Kannada in Karnataka .( Shah 2011 ) It is also found at low frequencies in other populations from Junagarh district and Uttara Kannada. L-M20
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#17327987831872222-592: Is currently present in the Indian population at an overall frequency of ca. 7-15%. The greatest concentration of Haplogroup L-M20 is along the Indus River in Pakistan where the Indus Valley civilization flourished during 3300–1300 BC with its mature period between 2600 and 1900 BCE. L-M357's highest frequency and diversity is found in the Balochistan province at 28% with a moderate distribution among
2323-616: Is found at 25% among Kalash , L1c is found at 15% among Burusho , L1a-M76 and L1b-M317 are found at 2% among the Makranis and L1c is found at 3.6% of Sindhis according to Julie di Cristofaro et al. 2013. L-M20 is found at 17.78% among the Parsis . L3a is found at 23% among the Nuristanis in both Pakistan and Afghanistan . L-PK3 is found in approximately 23% of Kalash in northwest Pakistan ( Firasat et al. 2007 ). In one study,
2424-721: Is found at 48% among Kallar , 20.56% among Tamil yadavas , 28.57% among Vanniyars , 28.81% among Nadar , and 26% among the Saurashtra people , 20.7% among the Ambalakarar , 16.7% among the Iyengar and 17.2% among the Iyer castes of Tamil Nadu . L-M11 is found in frequencies of 8-16% among Indian Jews . L-M20 has an overall frequency of 12% in Punjab . 2% of Siddis have also been reported with L-M11.( Shah 2011 ) Haplogroup L-M20
2525-841: Is found in some Crimean Karaites who are Levites . Some of L-M349's branches are found in West Asia, including L-Y31183 in Lebanon , L-Y31184 in Armenia , and L-Y130640 in Iraq , Iran , Yemen and South Africa . Others are found in Europe, such as L-PAGE116 in Italy , L-FT304386 in Slovenia , and L-FGC36841 in Moldova . 13.8% of Lemba males carry L-M349 under the clade L-Y130640. This percentage
2626-580: Is found mainly in the Middle East , Caucasus and South-East Europe . Haplogroup K (M9) is spread all over Eurasia , Oceania and among Native Americans . K(xLT,K2a,K2b) – that is, K*, K2c, K2d or K2e – is found mainly in Melanesia , Aboriginal Australians , India , Polynesia and Island South East Asia . Haplogroup L (M20) is found in South Asia, Central Asia, South-West Asia, and
2727-504: Is most likely due to a founder effect in their population making them the only group on the African continent with any substantial proportion of L-M20. L2-L595 is extremely rare, and has been identified by private testing in individuals from Europe and Western Asia. Two confirmed L2-L595 individuals from Iran were reported in a 2020 study supplementary. Possible but unconfirmed cases of L2 include 4% (1/25) L-M11(xM76, M27, M317, M357) in
2828-419: Is recognised as a survival of the pre-Vedic Dravidian religion. Hinduism can be regarded as a religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans, and other local elements. Ancient Tamil grammatical works Tolkappiyam , the ten anthologies Pattuppāṭṭu , and the eight anthologies Eṭṭuttokai shed light on early ancient Dravidian religion. Murugan (also known as Seyyon)
2929-766: Is sparsely distributed in Africa, being concentrated among Khoisan populations in the southwest and Nilotic populations toward the northeast in the Nile Valley. BT is a subclade of haplogroup A, more precisely of the A1b clade (A2-T in Cruciani et al. 2011), as follows: The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups except for A and B) are M168 and M294. The site of origin is likely in Africa. Its age has been estimated at approximately 88,000 years old, and more recently at around 100,000 or 101,000 years old. The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of
3030-672: Is that the majority of early Old Indo-Aryan speakers had a Dravidian mother tongue which they gradually abandoned. Erdosy (1995 :18) Even though the innovative traits in Indic could be explained by multiple internal explanations, early Dravidian influence is the only explanation that can account for all of the innovations at once. Early Dravidian influence accounts for several of the innovative traits in Indic better than any internal explanation that has been proposed. According to Zvelebil, "several scholars have demonstrated that pre-Indo-Aryan and pre-Dravidian bilingualism in India provided conditions for
3131-615: Is the lungi , or the more formal dhoti , called veshti in Tamil, panche in Kannada and Telugu, and mundu in Malayalam. The lungi consists of a colourful checked cotton cloth. Many times these lungis are tube-shaped and tied around the waist, and can be easily tied above the knees for more strenuous activities. The lungi is usually everyday dress, used for doing labour while dhoti is used for more formal occasions. Many villagers have only
Haplogroup L-M20 - Misplaced Pages Continue
3232-484: Is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008. Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update. The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree. Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup In human genetics , a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
3333-551: Is the second most abundant male lineage among them. It exhibits substantial disparity in its distribution on either side of the Hindu Kush range, with 25% of the northern Afghan Pashtuns belonging to this lineage, compared with only 4.8% of males from the south. Specifically, paragroup L3*-M357 accounts for the majority of the L-M20 chromosomes among Afghan Pashtuns in both the north (20.5%) and south (4.1%). An earlier study involving
3434-824: Is the single largest male lineage (36.8%) among the Jat people of Northern India and is found at 16.33% among the Gujar's of Jammu and Kashmir . It also occurs at 18.6% among the Konkanastha Brahmins of the Konkan region and at 15% among the Maratha's of Maharashtra . L-M20 is also found at 32.35% in the Vokkaligas and at 17.82% in the Lingayats of Karnataka. And available data shows that among Tamils , L-M20
3535-536: The Caucasus , Europe and Central Asia . The subclade L2 (L-L595) has been found in Europe and Western Asia, but is extremely rare. There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup L-M20. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at
3636-852: The Caucasus , Iran , Anatolia and the Levant . Found in almost all European countries, but most common in Gagauzia , southeastern Romania , Greece , Italy , Spain , Portugal , Tyrol , and Bohemia with highest concentrations on some Mediterranean islands; uncommon in Northern Europe . G-M201 is also found in small numbers in northwestern China and India , Bangladesh , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , and North Africa . Haplogroup H (M69) probably emerged in Southern Central Asia , South Asia or West Asia , about 48,000 years BP, and remains largely prevalent there in
3737-697: The Indian subcontinent , but may have deeper pre-Neolithic roots from Western Asia , specifically from the Iranian plateau . Their origins are often viewed as being connected with the Indus Valley civilisation , hence people and language spread east and southwards after the demise of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the early second millennium BCE, some propose not long before the arrival of Indo-Aryan speakers, with whom they intensively interacted. Though some scholars have argued that
3838-584: The Kaliththokai . Dance forms such as Bharatanatyam are based on older temple dance forms known as Catir Kacceri , as practised by courtesans and a class of women known as Devadasis . Carnatic music originated in the Dravidian region. With the growing influence of Persian and Sufi music on Indian music, a clear distinction in style appeared from the 12th century onwards. Many literary works were composed in Carnatic style and it soon spread wide in
3939-605: The Madisar , specific to Tamil Brahmin Community, and the Mundum Neriyathum . In Mahabharata , Bhishma claimed that southerners are skilled with sword-fighting in general and Sahadeva was chosen for the conquest of the southern kingdoms due to his swordsmanship. In South India various types of martial arts are practised like Kalaripayattu and Silambam . In ancient times there were ankams , public duels to
4040-613: The Mediterranean and South Asia . The only living males reported to carry the basal paragroup K2* are indigenous Australians . Major studies published in 2014 and 2015 suggest that up to 27% of Aboriginal Australian males carry K2*, while others carry a subclade of K2. Haplogroup N (M231) is found in northern Eurasia, especially among speakers of the Uralic languages . Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both northward and westward into Siberia , being
4141-648: The Middle East , and later southwards from the Pamir Knot into present-day Pakistan and India . These people arrived in India approximately 30,000 years ago. Hence, it is hypothesized that the first bearer of M20 marker was born either in India or the Middle East. Other studies have proposed either a West Asian or South Asian origin for L-M20 and associated its expansion in the Indus valley to Neolithic farmers. Genetic studies suggest that L-M20 may be one of
Haplogroup L-M20 - Misplaced Pages Continue
4242-633: The Nayakas . Medieval Tamil guilds and trading organisations like the Ayyavole and Manigramam played an important role in the southeast Asia trade. Traders and religious leaders travelled to southeast Asia and played an important role in the cultural Indianisation of the region. Locally developed scripts such as Grantha and Pallava script induced the development of many native scripts such as Khmer , Javanese Kawi , Baybayin , and Thai . Around this time, Dravidians encountered Muslim traders, and
4343-573: The SNP P14/PF2704 (which is equivalent to M89), comprise 1.8% of men in West Timor , 1.5% of Flores 5.4% of Lembata 2.3% of Sulawesi and 0.2% in Sumatra . F* (F xF1,F2,F3) has been reported among 10% of males in Sri Lanka and South India , 5% in Pakistan, as well as lower levels among the Tamang people (Nepal), and in Iran . F1 (P91), F2 (M427) and F3 (M481; previously F5) are all highly rare and virtually exclusive to regions/ethnic minorities in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, South China , Thailand , Burma , and Vietnam . In such cases, however,
4444-663: The Telugus from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , the Tamils from Tamil Nadu , Sri Lanka , Malaysia and Singapore , the Kannadigas from Karnataka , the Malayalis from Kerala , and the Tulu people from Karnataka. The Dravidian language family is one of the oldest in the world. Six languages are currently recognized by India as Classical languages and four of them are Dravidian languages Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. The most commonly spoken Dravidian languages are Telugu (తెలుగు), Tamil (தமிழ்), Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), Malayalam (മലയാളം), Brahui (براہوئی), Tulu (തുളു), Gondi and Coorg . There are three subgroups within
4545-1112: The UAE , and Saudi Arabia . Brokpa of Ladakh carry Y haplogroup L2a2 around 62.7% according to generetic study of 2019. A Chinese study published in 2018 found L-M357/L1307 in 7.8% (5/64) of a sample of Loplik Uyghurs from Qarchugha Village, Lopnur County , Xinjiang. L-PK3, which is downstream of L-M357, is found frequently among Kalash . L-M317 is found at low frequency in Central Asia , Southwest Asia , and Europe . In Europe, L-M317 has been found in Northeast Italians (3/67 = 4.5%) and Greeks (1/92 = 1.1%). In Caucasia, L-M317 has been found in Mountain Jews (2/10 = 20%), Avars (4/42 = 9.5%, 3%), Balkarians (2/38 = 5.3%), Abkhaz (8/162 = 4.9%, 2/58 = 3.4%), Chamalals (1/27 = 3.7%), Abazins (2/88 = 2.3%), Adyghes (3/154 = 1.9%), Chechens (3/165 = 1.8%), Armenians (1/57 = 1.8%), Lezgins (1/81 = 1.2%), and Ossetes (1/132 = 0.76% North Ossetians , 2/230 = 0.9% Iron). L-M317 has been found in Makranis (2/20 = 10%) in Pakistan, Iranians (3/186 = 1.6%), Pashtuns in Afghanistan (1/87 = 1.1%), and Uzbeks in Afghanistan (1/127 = 0.79%). L-M349
4646-451: The subclade L2-M317, which is, among South Asian populations, generally the rarest of the subclades of Haplogroup L. It has higher frequency among Dravidian castes (ca. 17-19%) but is somewhat rarer in Indo-Aryan castes (ca. 5-6%). The presence of haplogroup L-M20 is quite rare among tribal groups (ca. 5,6-7%) ( Cordaux 2004 , Sengupta 2006 , and Thamseem 2006 ). However, the Korova tribe of Uttara Kannada in which L-M11 occurs at 68%
4747-544: The 2008 ISOGG tree are provided below. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. This low frequency value has been found as a novel Q lineage (Q5) in Indian populations The 2008 ISOGG tree Dravidian peoples The Dravidian peoples , Dravidian-speakers or Dravidians , are a collection of ethnolinguistic groups native to South Asia who speak Dravidian languages . There are around 250 million native speakers of Dravidian languages. Dravidian speakers form
4848-438: The 2nd century BCE mentioning Damela or Dameda persons. The Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga ruler Kharavela refers to a T(ra)mira samghata (Confederacy of Tamil rulers) dated to 150 BCE. It also mentions that the league of Tamil kingdoms had been in existence for 113 years by that time. In Amaravati in present-day Andhra Pradesh there is an inscription referring to a Dhamila-vaniya (Tamil trader) datable to
4949-413: The 3rd century BCE. Ancient literary works, such as the Cilappatikaram , describe a system of music . The theatrical culture flourished during the early Sangam age. Theatre-dance traditions have a long and varied history whose origins can be traced back almost two millennia to dance-theatre forms like Kotukotti , Kaapaalam and Pandarangam , which are mentioned in an ancient anthology of poems entitled
5050-447: The 3rd century CE. Another inscription of about the same time in Nagarjunakonda seems to refer to a Damila . A third inscription in Kanheri Caves refers to a Dhamila-gharini (Tamil house-holder). In the Buddhist Jataka story known as Akiti Jataka there is a mention to Damila-rattha (Tamil dynasty). While the English word Dravidian was first employed by Robert Caldwell in his book of comparative Dravidian grammar based on
5151-403: The 5th to 7th century AD, are guidebooks on the Dravidian style of Vastu Shastra design, construction, sculpture and joinery technique. Isanasivagurudeva paddhati is another text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India. In north India, Brihat-samhita by Varāhamihira is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from the 6th century describing
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#17327987831875252-433: The Dravidian language family: North Dravidian, Central Dravidian, and South Dravidian, matching for the most part the corresponding regions in the Indian subcontinent. Dravidian grammatical impact on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is considered far greater than the Indo-Aryan grammatical impact on Dravidian. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on
5353-478: The Dravidian languages may have been brought to India by migrations from the Iranian plateau in the fourth or third millennium BCE or even earlier, reconstructed proto-Dravidian vocabulary suggests that the family is indigenous to India. Genetically, the ancient Indus Valley people were composed of a primarily Iranian hunter-gatherers (or farmers) ancestry, with varying degrees of ancestry from local hunter-gatherer groups. The modern-day Dravidian-speakers display
5454-796: The Dravidian regions. The most notable Carnatic musician is Purandara Dasa who lived in the court of Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara empire. He formulated the basic structure of Carnatic music and is regarded as the Pitamaha ( lit , "father" or the "grandfather") of Carnatic Music. Kanakadasa is another notable Carnatic musician who was Purandaradasa's contemporary. Each of the major Dravidian languages has its own film industry like Kollywood (Tamil), Tollywood (Telugu), Sandalwood (Kannada), Mollywood (Malayalam). Kollywood and Tollywood produce most films in India. Dravidian speakers in southern India wear varied traditional costumes depending on their region, largely influenced by local customs and traditions. The most traditional dress for Dravidian men
5555-435: The Genomic Research Center in Houston , Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree. This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup L-M20: L-M20 is a descendant of Haplogroup LT , which is a descendant of haplogroup K-M9 . According to Dr. Spencer Wells , L-M20 originated in the Eurasian K-M9 clan that migrated eastwards from
5656-403: The IVC-scripts. The Brahui population of Balochistan in Pakistan has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages. Asko Parpola, who regards the Harappans to have been Dravidian, notes that Mehrgarh (7000–2500 BCE), to
5757-491: The Indian subcontinent. The process of post-Harappan/Dravidian influences on southern India has tentatively been called "Dravidianization", and is reflected in the post-Harappan mixture of IVC and Ancient Ancestral South Indian people. Yet, according to Krishnamurti, Dravidian languages may have reached south India before Indo-Aryan migrations. The Dravidian language influenced the Indo-Aryan languages. Dravidian languages show extensive lexical (vocabulary) borrowing, but only
5858-434: The Indo-Aryans moved into an already Dravidian-speaking area after the oldest parts of the Rig Veda were already composed. According to Thomason and Kaufman, there is strong evidence that Dravidian influenced Indic through "shift", that is, native Dravidian speakers learning and adopting Indic languages. According to Erdosy, the most plausible explanation for the presence of Dravidian structural features in Old Indo-Aryan
5959-399: The Indus Valley Civilisation and eastward migration during the late Harappan period was due to climate change in the region, with a 200-year long drought being the major factor. The Indus Valley Civilisation seemed to slowly lose their urban cohesion, and their cities were gradually abandoned during the late Harappan period, followed by eastward migrations before the Indo-Aryan migration into
6060-469: The Indus civilisation, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium." Krishnamurti further states that South Dravidian I (including pre-Tamil) and South Dravidian II (including pre-Telugu) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time. The origins of the Dravidians are a "very complex subject of research and debate". They are regarded as indigenous to
6161-418: The Indus civilization, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium BCE", after which it branched into various Dravidian languages. South Dravidian I (including pre- Tamil ) and South Dravidian II (including pre- Telugu ) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time. The third century BCE onwards saw
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#17327987831876262-520: The M11-G mutation, which is one of the mutations that defines Haplogroup L, in approximately 1% to 3% of samples from Georgia , Greece , Hungary , Calabria (Italy), and Andalusia (Spain). The sizes of the samples analyzed in this study were generally quite small, so it is possible that the actual frequency of Haplogroup L-M20 among Mediterranean European populations may be slightly lower or higher than that reported by Semino et al. , but there seems to be no study to date that has described more precisely
6363-421: The Mediterranean. Haplogroup T (M184, M70, M193, M272) is found at high levels in the Horn of Africa (mainly Cushitic -speaking peoples), parts of South Asia , the Middle East , and the Mediterranean . T-M184 is also found in significant minorities of Sciaccensi , Stilfser , Egyptians , Omanis , Sephardi Jews , Ibizans (Eivissencs), and Toubou . It is also found at low frequencies in other parts of
6464-584: The Samhitas down through the later Vedic works and into the classical post-Vedic literature. This represents an early religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans. According to Mallory there are an estimated thirty to forty Dravidian loanwords in Rig Veda . Some of those for which Dravidian etymologies are certain include ಕುಲಾಯ kulāya "nest", ಕುಲ್ಫ kulpha "ankle", ದಂಡ daṇḍa "stick", ಕುಲ kūla "slope", ಬಿಲ bila "hollow", ಖಲ khala "threshing floor". While J. Bloch and M. Witzel believe that
6565-487: The Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree , each characterized by hundreds or even thousands of unique mutations. The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA), often referred to as Y-chromosomal Adam , is the most recent common ancestor from whom all currently living humans are descended patrilineally . Y-chromosomal Adam is estimated to have lived around 236,000 years ago in Africa . By examining other population bottlenecks , most Eurasian men trace their descent from
6666-549: The chalcolithic population did not descend from the neolithic population of Mehrgarh, which "suggests moderate levels of gene flow". They further noted that "the direct lineal descendants of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh, in northwestern India and the western edge of the Deccan plateau", with neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with chalocolithic Inamgaon , south of Mehrgarh, than with chalcolithic Mehrgarh. The Indus Valley civilisation (2,600–1,900 BCE) located in
6767-443: The data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out." As a proto-language , the Proto-Dravidian language is not itself attested in the historical record. Its modern conception is based solely on reconstruction. It is suggested that the language was spoken in the 4th millennium BCE, and started disintegrating into various branches around 3rd millennium BCE. According to Krishnamurti, Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in
6868-584: The design and construction of Nagara -style Hindu temples. Traditional Dravidian architecture and symbolism are also based on Agamas. The Agamas are non- Vedic in origin and have been dated either as post-Vedic texts or as pre-Vedic compositions. The Agamas are a collection of Tamil and Sanskrit scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of murti , worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. Chola-style temples consist almost invariably of
6969-450: The development of many great empires in South India like Pandya , Chola , Chera , Pallava , Satavahana , Chalukya , Kakatiya and Rashtrakuta . Medieval South Indian guilds and trading organisations like the "Ayyavole of Karnataka and Manigramam" played an important role in the Southeast Asia trade, and the cultural Indianisation of the region. Dravidian visual art is dominated by stylised temple architecture in major centres, and
7070-411: The distribution of Haplogroup L-M20 in Southwest Asia and Europe. Researchers in 2013 studying the origins of the Lemba people - who are of paternal South Arabian ancestry - found that 13.8% of Lemba males carried the Y-DNA L-M20, specifically the subclade L-M349 making it the 4th most common lineage amongst them. A Lemba sample from South Africa submitted to Familytreedna in 2023 was found to carry
7171-520: The extremely rare P2 (P-B253). P*, P1* and P2 are found together only on the island of Luzon in the Philippines . In particular, P* and P1* are found at significant rates among members of the Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon. While, P1* is now more common among living individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia , it is also found at low levels in mainland South East Asia and South Asia . Considered together, these distributions tend to suggest that P* emerged from K2b in South East Asia. P1
7272-869: The far-reaching influence of Dravidian on the Indo-Aryan tongues in the spheres of phonology, syntax and vocabulary." With the rise of the Kuru Kingdom a process of Sanskritization started which influenced all of India, with the populations of the north of the Indian subcontinent predominantly speaking the Indo-Aryan languages. The third century BCE onwards saw the development of large Dravidian empires like Chola , Pandya , Rashtrakuta , Vijayanagara , Chalukyas Western Chalukya , and kingdoms like Chera , Chutu , Ay , Alupa , Pallava , Hoysala , Western Ganga , Eastern Ganga , Kadamba , Kalabhra , Andhra Ikshvaku , Vishnukundina , Eastern Chalukya , Sena , Kakatiya , Reddy , Mysore , Jaffna , Mysore , Travancore , Venad , Cochin , Cannanore , Calicut and
7373-418: The first Tamil Muslims and Sri Lankan Moors appeared. Portuguese explorers like Vasco de Gama were motivated to expand mainly for the spice markets of Calicut (today called Kozhikode) in modern-day Kerala. This led to the establishment of a series of Portuguese colonies along the western coasts of Karnataka and Kerala, including Mangalore. During this time Portuguese Jesuit priests also arrived and converted
7474-553: The first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP. Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. This change in nomenclature has resulted in inconsistent nomenclature being used in different sources. This inconsistency, and increasingly cumbersome longhand nomenclature, has prompted
7575-701: The forms of H1 (M69) and H3 (Z5857). Its sub-clades are also found in lower frequencies in Iran, Central Asia, across the middle-east, and the Arabian peninsula. However, H2 (P96) is present in Europe since the Neolithic and H1a1 (M82) spread westward in the Medieval era with the migration of the Roma people . Haplogroup I (M170, M258) is found mainly in Europe and the Caucasus . Haplogroup J (M304, S6, S34, S35)
7676-696: The frequency distribution and estimated expansion time (~7,000 YBP) of this lineage suggest that its spread in the Indus Valley may be associated with the expansion of local farming groups during the Neolithic period. Sengupta et al. (2006) observed three subbranches of haplogroup L: L1-M76 (L1a1), L2-M317 (L1b) and L3-M357 (L1a2), with distinctive geographic affiliations. Almost all Indian members of haplogroup L are L1 derived, with L3-M357 occurring only sporadically (0.4%). Conversely in Pakistan, L3-M357 subclade account for 86% of L-M20 chromosomes and reaches an intermediate frequency of 6.8%, overall. L1-M76 occurs at
7777-603: The general Pakistani population at 11.6% ( Firasat et al. 2007 )). It is also found in Afghanistan ethnic counterparts as well, such as with the Pashtuns and Balochis . L-M357 is found frequently among Burusho (approx. 12% ( Firasat et al. 2007 )) and Pashtuns (approx. 7% ( Firasat et al. 2007 )), L1a and L1c-M357 are found at 24% among Balochis, L1a and L1c are found at 8% among the Dravidian -speaking Brahui , L1c
7878-477: The haplogroup L was found also observed among the Gujars at a frequency of (20.97%) in northwest Pakistan. L-M20 was found in 51% of Syrians from Raqqa , a northern Syrian city whose previous inhabitants were wiped out by Mongol genocides and repopulated in recent times by local Bedouin populations and Chechen war refugees from Russia ( El-Sibai 2009 ). In a small sample of Israeli Druze haplogroup L-M20
7979-530: The haplogroups of the original creators of the Indus Valley Civilisation . McElreavy and Quintana-Murci, writing on the Indus Valley Civilisation, state that One Y-chromosome haplogroup (L-M20) has a high mean frequency of 14% in Pakistan and so differs from all other haplogroups in its frequency distribution. L-M20 is also observed, although at lower frequencies, in neighbouring countries, such as India, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Russia. Both
8080-475: The legendary marriage of Shiva to Queen Mīnātchi who ruled Madurai or Wanji-ko , a god who later merged into Indra . Tolkappiyar refers to the Three Crowned Kings as the "Three Glorified by Heaven", ( Tamil : வாண்புகழ் மூவர் , Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar ). In Dravidian-speaking South India, the concept of divine kingship led to the assumption of major roles by state and temple. The cult of
8181-716: The majority of the population of South India and are natively found in India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , Bangladesh , the Maldives , Nepal , Bhutan and Sri Lanka . Dravidian peoples are also present in Singapore , Mauritius , Malaysia , France , South Africa , Myanmar , East Africa , the Caribbean , and the United Arab Emirates through recent migration . Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in
8282-869: The most common group found in some Uralic-speaking peoples . Haplogroup O (M175) is found with its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia , with lower frequencies in the South Pacific , Central Asia , South Asia , and islands in the Indian Ocean ( e.g. Madagascar, the Comoros). No examples of the basal paragroup K2b1* have been identified. Males carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples , Micronesian peoples , indigenous Australians , and Polynesians . Its primary subclades are two major haplogroups: Haplogroup P (P295) has two primary branches: P1 (P-M45) and
8383-429: The most likely candidate for the underlying language. Knorozov's suggestion was preceded by the work of Henry Heras, who suggested several readings of signs based on a proto-Dravidian assumption. Linguist Asko Parpola writes that the Indus script and Harappan language are "most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family". Parpola led a Finnish team in investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. Based on
8484-480: The mother goddess is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. This mother goddess was conceived as a virgin, one who has given birth to all and one, and were typically associated with Shaktism . The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, which also appears predominantly as a goddess. In the Sangam literature, there is an elaborate description of
8585-401: The mutations that define Haplogroup L. However, mutations for Haplogroup L have been tested and detected in samples of Balinese (13/641 = 2.0% L-M20), Han Chinese (1/57 = 1.8%), Dolgans from Sakha and Taymyr (1/67 = 1.5% L-M20) and Koreans (3/506 = 0.6% L-M20). An article by O. Semino et al. published in the journal Science (Volume 290, 10 November 2000) reported the detection of
8686-451: The northwest of the Indian subcontinent is sometimes identified as having been Dravidian. Already in 1924, when announcing the discovery of the IVC, John Marshall stated that (one of) the language(s) may have been Dravidic. Cultural and linguistic similarities have been cited by researchers Henry Heras , Kamil Zvelebil , Asko Parpola and Iravatham Mahadevan as being strong evidence for
8787-480: The pallu except in areas of North Karnataka. Due to the complexity of draping the sari, younger girls start with a skirt called a pavada . When they get older, around the age when puberty begins, they transition to a langa voni or half-sari, which is composed of a skirt tied at the waist along with a cloth draped over a blouse. After adulthood girls begin using the sari. There are many different styles of sari draping varying across regions and communities. Examples are
8888-528: The possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some may belong to misidentified subclades of Haplogroup GHIJK . Haplogroup G (M201) originated some 48,000 years ago and its most recent common ancestor likely lived 26,000 years ago in the Middle East. It spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution . It is found in many ethnic groups in Eurasia; most common in
8989-543: The presence of a series of Y-DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms genetic markers . Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP , the SNP furthest down in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature ). YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with
9090-479: The production of images on stone and bronze sculptures. The sculpture dating from the Chola period has become notable as a symbol of Hinduism . The Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple located in Indian state of Tamil Nadu is often considered as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world. The temple is built in Dravidian style and occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m ). The origin of the Sanskrit word drāviḍa
9191-522: The rites performed by the Kurava priestess in the shrine Palamutircholai. Among the early Dravidians, the practice of erecting memorial stones, Natukal and Viragal , had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about the 16th century. It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these hero stones to bless them with victory . Mayamata and Manasara shilpa texts estimated to be in circulation by
9292-912: The season and the land. Tolkappiyam mentions that each of these thinai had an associated deity such as Seyyon in Kurinji (hills), Thirumaal in Mullai (forests), and Kotravai in Marutham (plains), and Wanji-ko in the Neithal (coasts and seas). Other gods mentioned were Mayyon and Vaali , now identified with Krishna and Balarama, who are all major deities in Hinduism today. This represents an early religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans, which became more evident over time with sacred iconography, traditions, philosophy, flora and fauna that went on to influence and shape Indian civilisation. Throughout Tamilakam ,
9393-567: The subcontinent. According to Horen Tudu, "many academic researchers have attempted to connect the Dravidians with the remnants of the great Indus Valley civilisation , located in Northwestern India... but [i]t is mere speculation that the Dravidians are the ensuing post–Indus Valley settlement of refugees into South and Central India." The most noteworthy scholar making such claims is Asko Parpola , who did extensive research on
9494-554: The three following parts, arranged in differing manners, but differing in themselves only according to the age in which they were executed: Besides these, a south Indian temple usually has a tank called the Kalyani or Pushkarni – to be used for sacred purposes or the convenience of the priests – dwellings for all the grades of the priesthood are attached to it, and other buildings for state or convenience. Literary evidence of traditional form of theatre, dance and music dates back to
9595-449: The usage of the Sanskrit word drāviḍa in the work Tantravārttika by Kumārila Bhaṭṭa , the word drāviḍa in Sanskrit has been historically used to denote geographical regions of southern India as whole. Some theories concern the direction of derivation between tamiḻ and drāviḍa ; such linguists as Zvelebil assert that the direction is from tamiḻ to drāviḍa . The largest Dravidian ethnic groups are
9696-506: The waist and draped over the shoulder. Originally saris were worn bare, but during the Victorian era, women began wearing blouse (called a ravike) along with sari. In fact, until the late 19th century most Kerala women did not wear any upper garments, or were forced to by law, and in many villages, especially in tribal communities, the sari is worn without the blouse. Unlike Indo-Aryan speakers, most Dravidian women do not cover their head with
9797-497: The west of the Indus River valley, is a precursor of the Indus Valley Civilisation, whose inhabitants migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia . According to Lukacs and Hemphill, while there is a strong continuity between the neolithic and chalcolithic (Copper Age) cultures of Mehrgarh, dental evidence shows that
9898-574: The world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa. F xG,H,I,J,K is rare in modern populations and peaks in South Asia , especially Sri Lanka . It also appears to have long been present in South East Asia ; it has been reported at rates of 4–5% in Sulawesi and Lembata . One study, which did not comprehensively screen for other subclades of F-M89 (including some subclades of GHIJK), found that Indonesian men with
9999-539: Was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent, but more recently Heggerty and Renfrew noted that "McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus his claims, remain far from orthodoxy", adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian language with other languages, and thus assumes it to be native to India. Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with
10100-672: Was found in 7 out of 20 (35%). However, studies done on bigger samples showed that L-M20 averages 5% in Israeli Druze , 8% in Lebanese Druze , and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze . Haplogroup L-M20 has been found in 2.0% (1/50) ( Wells 2001 ) to 5.25% (48/914) of Lebanese ( Zalloua 2008 ). A study on the Pashtun male lineages in Afghanistan, found that Haplogroup L-M20, with an overall frequency of 9.5%,
10201-460: Was glorified as the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent , as the favoured god of the Tamils . Sivan was also seen as the supreme God. Early iconography of Murugan and Sivan and their association with native flora and fauna goes back to the Indus Valley Civilisation. The Sangam landscape was classified into five categories, thinais , based on the mood,
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