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47-641: Lod is a city in Israel. Lod , LOD and LoD may also refer to: Lod Lod has been inhabited since at least the Neolithic period. It is mentioned a few times in the Hebrew Bible and in the New Testament . Between the 5th century BCE and up until the late Roman period, it was a prominent center for Jewish scholarship and trade. Around 200 CE, the city became a Roman colony and

94-606: A League of Nations decree that followed the Great War . During the Second World War , the British set up supply posts in and around Lydda and its railway station, also building an airport that was renamed Ben Gurion Airport after the death of Israel's first prime minister in 1973. At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine , Lydda had a population of 8,103 inhabitants (7,166 Muslims, 926 Christians, and 11 Jews),

141-581: A cluster of buildings under a black inscription reading "Lod, also Lydea, also Diospolis". An isolated large building with a semicircular colonnaded plaza in front of it might represent the St George shrine. After the Muslim conquest of Palestine by Amr ibn al-'As in 636 CE, Lod which was referred to as "al-Ludd" in Arabic served as the capital of Jund Filastin ("Military District of Palaestina") before

188-426: A considerable river and to turn the millstones of a millstone. Near this mill, we note the lower foundations of an old bridge and the remains of a tower pierced with loopholes and ogival vaults . It had two floors, and was built with ashlars on which many crosses were traced, and some at a height that the hand cannot reach. Therefore, these crosses could not be engraved there by passing travelers, who would have needed

235-679: A fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards, fruit trees, sesame, special product ("dawalib" =spinning wheels ), goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and market toll, a total of 45,000 Akçe . All of the revenue went to the Waqf . In 1051 AH/1641/2, the Bedouin tribe of al-Sawālima from around Jaffa attacked the villages of Subṭāra , Bayt Dajan , al-Sāfiriya , Jindās , Lydda and Yāzūr belonging to Waqf Haseki Sultan . The village appeared as Lydda , though misplaced, on

282-471: A handful to 355. The town was subsequently sacked by the Israeli army. Some scholars, including Ilan Pappé , characterize this as ethnic cleansing . The few hundred Arabs who remained in the city were soon outnumbered by the influx of Jews who immigrated to Lod from August 1948 onward, most of them from Arab countries. As a result, Lod became a predominantly Jewish town. After the establishment of

329-505: A ladder to place them so high, but they must go back to the time when this tower was occupied by Christians, and most likely date from the time of the Crusades. Above the front door was a mâchecoulis balcony, the trace of which is very visible." In 1881, the PEF 's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) found at Kh. Khurdaneh (east of the mill) only heaps of stones. The name, Kh. Kurdâneh

376-616: A mudbrick wall, while the late phase included a circulat stone structure. Later excavations have produced an occupation later, Stratum IV. It consists of two phases, Stratum IVb with mudbrick wall on stone foundations and rounded exterior corners. In Stratum IVa there was a mudbrick wall with no stone foundations, with imported Egyptian potter and local pottery imitations. Another excavations revealed nine occupation strata. Strata VI-III belonged to Early Bronze IB. The material culture showed Egyptian imports in strata V and IV. Occupation continued into Early Bronze II with four strata (V-II). There

423-589: A population of around 20,000—18,500 Muslims and 1,500 Christians. In 1947, the United Nations proposed dividing Mandatory Palestine into two states, one Jewish state and one Arab; Lydda was to form part of the proposed Arab state. In the ensuing war , Israel captured Arab towns outside the area the UN had allotted it, including Lydda. In December 1947, thirteen Jewish passengers in a seven-car convoy to Ben Shemen Youth Village were ambushed and murdered. In

470-590: A separate incident, three Jewish youths, two men and a woman were captured, then raped and murdered in a neighbouring village. Their bodies were paraded in Lydda’s principal street. The Israel Defense Forces entered Lydda on 11 July 1948. The following day, under the impression that it was under attack, the 3rd Battalion was ordered to shoot anyone "seen on the streets". According to Israel, 250 Arabs were killed. Other estimates are higher: Arab historian Aref al Aref estimated 400, and Nimr al Khatib 1,700. In 1948,

517-496: Is Aëtius, a friend of Arius . In December 415, the Council of Diospolis was held here to try Pelagius ; he was acquitted. In the sixth century, the city was renamed Georgiopolis after St. George , a soldier in the guard of the emperor Diocletian , who was born there between 256 and 285 CE. The Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr is named for him. The 6th-century Madaba map shows Lydda as an unwalled city with

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564-614: Is also known as Tel Kurdani. The site has remains dating back to the Chalcolithic age. Tombs from the Middle Bronze Age and Late Bronze Ages have been excavated here. A number of burial caves cut into chalk-like bedrock are dated to Middle Bronze Age IIA and are believed to have been reused during Late Bronze Age II. The pottery assemblage consists of vessel types from the Early, Middle and Late Bronze periods, with

611-474: Is located 8 km (5 miles) north of the city. The city is also a major railway and road junction. The Hebrew name Lod appears in the Hebrew Bible as a town of Benjamin , founded along with Ono by Shamed or Shamer (1 Chronicles 8:12; Ezra 2:33; Nehemiah 7:37; 11:35). In Ezra 2:33 , it is mentioned as one of the cities whose inhabitants returned after the Babylonian captivity . Lod is not mentioned among

658-651: The First Jewish-Roman War and the Bar Kokhba revolt , and again in the days of Judah ha-Nasi and the start of the Amoraim period. The city was then the site of numerous public institutions, including schools, study houses, and synagogues. In 43 BC, Cassius , the Roman governor of Syria , sold the inhabitants of Lod into slavery, but they were set free two years later by Mark Antony . During

705-559: The Hasmonean period, Jonathan Maccabee and his brother, Simon Maccabaeus , enlarged the area under Jewish control, which included conquering the city. The Jewish community in Lod during the Mishnah and Talmud era is described in a significant number of sources, including information on its institutions, demographics, and way of life. The city reached its height as a Jewish center between

752-748: The Hospitalliers . The Hospitalliers owned the water mills here for a number of years. Between 1235 and 1262 the Hospitalliers had a dispute with the Templars about water rights. Two aqueducts , dating from this era, have been excavated. In 1283 it was still part of the Crusader states, as it was mentioned as part of their domain in the hudna between the Crusaders based in Acre and

799-573: The Mamluk sultan Qalawun . According to al-Maqrizi , it had come under Mamluk rule in 1291, when it was mentioned under the name of Kerdanah when sultan al-Ashraf Khalil allocated the village's income to a waqf in Cairo . A two-story fortress still stands. A water-powered flour mill operated on the lower floor. Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, it appeared under

846-493: The "crackdown came for one side" only. In the 19th century, Lod was an exclusively Muslim-Christian town, with an estimated 6,850 inhabitants, of whom approximately 2,000 (29%) were Christian. Tel Afek Tel Afek , ( Hebrew : תל אפק ), also spelled Aphek and Afeq, is an archaeological site located in the coastal hinterland of the Ein Afek Nature Reserve , east of Kiryat Bialik , Israel . It

893-468: The Christians were 921 Orthodox, 4 Roman Catholics and 1 Melkite . This had increased by the 1931 census to 11,250 (10,002 Muslims, 1,210 Christians, 28 Jews, and 10 Bahai), in a total of 2475 residential houses. In 1938, Lydda had a population of 12,750. In 1945, Lydda had a population of 16,780 (14,910 Muslims, 1,840 Christians, 20 Jews and 10 "other"). Until 1948, Lydda was an Arab town with

940-735: The English Crusaders , it was a place of great significance as the birthplace of Saint George . The Crusaders made it the seat of a Latin Church diocese, and it remains a titular see . It owed the service of 10 knights and 20 sergeants, and it had its own burgess court during this era. In 1226, Ayyubid Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi visited al-Ludd and stated it was part of the Jerusalem District during Ayyubid rule. Sultan Baybars brought Lydda again under Muslim control by 1267–8. According to Qalqashandi , Lydda

987-581: The First Jewish–Roman War, the Roman proconsul of Syria, Cestius Gallus , razed the town on his way to Jerusalem in Tishrei 66 CE. According to Josephus, "[he] found the city deserted, for the entire population had gone up to Jerusalem for the Feast of Tabernacles . He killed fifty people whom he found, burned the town and marched on". Lydda was occupied by Emperor Vespasian in 68 CE. In

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1034-520: The city was occupied by the Israel Defense Forces , and most of its Arab inhabitants were expelled in the 1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle . The city was largely resettled by Jewish immigrants, most of them expelled from Arab countries . Today, Lod is one of Israel's mixed cities , with an Arab population of 30%. Lod is one of Israel's major transportation hubs. The main international airport, Ben Gurion Airport ,

1081-540: The city. In the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis , a state of emergency was declared in Lod after Arab rioting led to the death of an Israeli Jew. The Mayor of Lod, Yair Revivio, urged Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu to deploy Israel Border Police to restore order in the city. This was the first time since 1966 that Israel had declared this kind of emergency lockdown. International media noted that both Jewish and Palestinian mobs were active in Lod, but

1128-832: The east. According to a 2010 report in the Economist , a three-meter-high wall was built between Jewish and Arab neighbourhoods and construction in Jewish areas was given priority over construction in Arab neighborhoods. The newspaper says that violent crime in the Arab sector revolves mainly around family feuds over turf and honour crimes. In 2010, the Lod Community Foundation organised an event for representatives of bicultural youth movements, volunteer aid organisations, educational start-ups, businessmen, sports organizations, and conservationists working on programmes to better

1175-480: The first railway station in the entire region was established in the city. In the second half of the 19th century, Jewish merchants migrated to the city, but left after the 1921 Jaffa riots . In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund 's Survey of Western Palestine described Lod as "A small town, standing among enclosure of prickly pear, and having fine olive groves around it, especially to

1222-503: The later pottery finds presenting both local types and imports, such as Cypriot ‘milk bowls’ and bilbils as well as a few Mycenaean vessels. The site is what remains of the biblical town of Aphik or Aphek, which is mentioned in Joshua 19:30 (as "Apheq") and Judges 1:31 (as "Aphīq"), belonging to the Tribe of Asher . According to Biblical history , this area was part of Cabul and

1269-405: The map of Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799 . Missionary William M. Thomson visited Lydda in the mid-19th century, describing it as a "flourishing village of some 2,000 inhabitants, imbosomed in noble orchards of olive , fig , pomegranate , mulberry , sycamore , and other trees, surrounded every way by a very fertile neighbourhood. The inhabitants are evidently industrious and thriving, and

1316-693: The name Kufrdani in the census of 1596, located in the Nahiya of Acca of the Liwa of Safad . The village was noted as "hali" (empty), but taxes were paid, a total of 1,800 akçe . All of the revenues went to a waqf . The stair to the tower roof of the mill, and two more wheel-chambers in the southern part of the mill was added in the Ottoman period. In 1856 it was named Kurdany on Kiepert's map of Palestine published that year. In 1875 Victor Guérin visited, and noted about Tell el-Kerdaneh : "To

1363-540: The new waqf of Hasseki Sultan Imaret in Jerusalem, established by Hasseki Hurrem Sultan ( Roxelana ), the wife of Suleiman the Magnificent . By 1596 Lydda was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Ramla , which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of Gaza . It had a population of 241 households and 14 bachelors who were all Muslims, and 233 households who were Christians. They paid

1410-491: The north and bottom of this tell , along the marsh, we observe the remains of an enclosure which measured 54 steps long by 40 wide, and which seems to have been that of a fortified khan . All the walls have been removed; the inner blockage alone partly remained." About the surrounding march, and mill, he noted that it was the origin of the Nahr Na'min , and "These springs, at their origin, are immediately abundant enough to form

1457-722: The patriarch Rabban Gamaliel II , who was shut up there and died soon afterwards, permitted fasting on Ḥanukkah . Other rabbis disagreed with this ruling. Lydda was next taken and many of the Jews were executed; the "slain of Lydda" are often mentioned in words of reverential praise in the Talmud. In 200 CE, emperor Septimius Severus elevated the town to the status of a city, calling it Colonia Lucia Septimia Severa Diospolis . The name Diospolis ("City of Zeus") may have been bestowed earlier, possibly by Hadrian. At that point, most of its inhabitants were Christian . The earliest known bishop

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1504-542: The period following the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, Rabbi Tarfon , who appears in many Tannaitic and Jewish legal discussions, served as a rabbinic authority in Lod. During the Kitos War , 115–117 CE, the Roman army laid siege to Lod, where the rebel Jews had gathered under the leadership of Julian and Pappos. Torah study was outlawed by the Romans and pursued mostly in the underground. The distress became so great,

1551-765: The population rose to 50,000 during the Nakba , as Arab refugees fleeing other areas made their way there. A key event was the Lydda Death March , with the expulsion of 50,000-70,000 Palestinians from Lydda and Ramle by the Israel Defense Forces. All but 700 to 1,056 were expelled by order of the Israeli high command, and forced to walk 17 km ( 10 + 1 ⁄ 2  mi) to the Jordanian Arab Legion lines. Estimates of those who died from exhaustion and dehydration vary from

1598-598: The seat of power was moved to nearby Ramla during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik in 715–716. The population of al-Ludd was relocated to Ramla, as well. With the relocation of its inhabitants and the construction of the White Mosque in Ramla, al-Ludd lost its importance and fell into decay. The city was visited by the local Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi in 985, when it

1645-641: The seat of power was transferred to Ramla , and Lod slipped in importance. Under Crusader rule, the city was a Catholic diocese of the Latin Church and it remains a titular see to this day. Lod underwent a major change in its population in the mid-20th century. Exclusively Palestinian Arab in 1947, Lod was part of the area designated for an Arab state in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine ; however, in July 1948,

1692-644: The site of Peter 's healing of Aeneas in Acts ;9:32–38 . The city is also mentioned in an Islamic hadith as the location of the battlefield where the false messiah ( al-Masih ad-Dajjal ) will be slain before the Day of Judgment . The first occupation was in the Neolithic period. Occupation continued in the Chalcolithic. Pottery finds have dated the initial settlement in the area now occupied by

1739-589: The south. The minaret of the mosque is a very conspicuous object over the whole of the plain. The inhabitants are principally Moslim, though the place is the seat of a Greek bishop resident of Jerusalem. The Crusading church has lately been restored, and is used by the Greeks. Wells are found in the gardens...." From 1918, Lydda was under the administration of the British Mandate in Palestine , as per

1786-408: The state, the biblical name Lod was readopted. The Jewish immigrants who settled Lod came in waves, first from Morocco and Tunisia , later from Ethiopia , and then from the former Soviet Union . Since 2008, many urban development projects have been undertaken to improve the image of the city. Upscale neighbourhoods have been built, among them Ganei Ya'ar and Ahisemah, expanding the city to

1833-641: The town to 5600–5250 BCE. In the Early Bronze, it was an important settlement in the central coastal plain between the Judean Shephelah and the Mediterranean coast, along Nahal Ayalon. Other important nearby sites were Tel Dalit, Tel Bareqet, Khirbat Abu Hamid (Shoham North), Tel Afeq , Azor and Tel Aviv . Two architectural phases belong to the late EB I in Area B. The first phase had

1880-529: The towns allocated to the tribe of Benjamin in Joshua 18:11–28 . The name Lod derives from a tri-consonental root not extant in Northwest Semitic , but only in Arabic (“to quarrel; withhold, hinder”). An Arabic etymology of such an ancient name is unlikely (the earliest attestation is from the Achaemenid period). In the New Testament , the town appears in its Greek form, Lydda, as

1927-417: The whole country between this and Ramleh is fast being filled up with their flourishing orchards. Rarely have I beheld a rural scene more delightful than this presented in early harvest ... It must be seen, heard, and enjoyed to be appreciated." In 1869, the population of Ludd was given as: 55 Catholics, 1,940 "Greeks", 5 Protestants and 4,850 Muslims. In 1870, the Church of Saint George was rebuilt. In 1892,

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1974-502: Was an administrative centre of a wilaya during the fourteenth and fifteenth century in the Mamluk empire. Mujir al-Din described it as a pleasant village with an active Friday mosque. During this time, Lydda was a station on the postal route between Cairo and Damascus . In 1517, Lydda was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as part of the Damascus Eyalet , and in the 1550s, the revenues of Lydda were designated for

2021-615: Was continuity in the material culture and indications of centralized urban planning. North to the tell were scattered MB II burials. The earliest written record is in a list of Canaanite towns drawn up by the Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose III at Karnak in 1465 BCE . From the fifth century BCE until the Roman period , the city was a centre of Jewish scholarship and commerce. According to British historian Martin Gilbert , during

2068-628: Was given to Hiram I by Solomon as a reward for various services rendered to him in building the First Temple . 1 Kings 9:12 . Pottery from the Persian , Hellenistic Roman , and the Byzantine eras have been found here. Pottery from the Crusader times have been found here. In the Crusader era, it was known as Recordane , and in 1154, the mill and village was acquired

2115-573: Was renamed Diospolis (Ancient Greek: Διόσπολις , lit.   'city of Zeus '). Tradition identifies Lod as the 4th century martyrdom site of Saint George ; the Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr located in the city is believed to have housed his remains. Following the Arab conquest of the Levant , Lod served as the capital of Jund Filastin ; however, a few decades later,

2162-412: Was taken to mean the ruin of Kurdâneh , p.n. In 1900, Gottlieb Schumacher found here markings on the mill which he took to be Phoenician . The area was acquired by the Jewish community under the Sursock Purchase . In 1925 a Zionist organisation purchased 1,500 dunums in Kordaneh , from Alfred Sursuk, of the Sursuk family of Beirut . At the time, there were 20 families living there. In

2209-418: Was under the Fatimid Caliphate , and was noted for its Great Mosque which served the residents of al-Ludd, Ramla, and the nearby villages. He also wrote of the city's "wonderful church (of St. George) at the gate of which Christ will slay the Antichrist ." The Crusaders occupied the city in 1099 and named it St Jorge de Lidde. It was briefly conquered by Saladin , but retaken by the Crusaders in 1191. For

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