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299-542: Until 1966, the LCY was a unitary organisation in which the central party leadership controlled cadre appointments and national policy alone through the central committee apparatus and primarily through its secretariat. This system was institutionally reformed after the purge of Josip Broz Tito 's long-standing heir apparent Aleksandar Ranković and replaced with a system in which the LCY Central Committee became

598-710: A communist state , which was eventually renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Despite being one of the founders of the Cominform , he became the first Cominform member and the only leader in Joseph Stalin 's lifetime to defy Soviet hegemony in the Eastern Bloc , leading to Yugoslavia's expulsion from the organisation in 1948 in what was known as the Tito–Stalin split . In

897-489: A 3,200-kilometre (2,000 mi) journey. At one point, police searched the train looking for an escaped POW, but were deceived by Broz's fluent Russian. In Omsk, local Bolsheviks stopped the train and told Broz that Vladimir Lenin had seized control of Petrograd. They recruited him into an International Red Guard that guarded the Trans-Siberian Railway during the winter of 1917 and 1918. In May 1918,

1196-489: A Russian attack near Bukovina . In his account of his capture, Broz wrote: "suddenly the right flank yielded and through the gap poured cavalry of the Circassians, from Asiatic Russia. Before we knew it they were thundering through our positions, leaping from their horses and throwing themselves into our trenches with lances lowered. One of them rammed his two-yard, iron-tipped, double-pronged lance into my back just below

1495-703: A battle against the occupation. On 27 June 1941, the Central Committee appointed Tito commander-in-chief of all national liberation military forces. On 1 July 1941, the Comintern sent precise instructions calling for immediate action. Tito stayed in Belgrade until 16 September 1941, when he, together with all members of the CPY, left Belgrade to travel to rebel-controlled territory. To leave Belgrade Tito used documents given to him by Dragoljub Milutinović, who

1794-468: A bomb and another with a rifle. [...] If you don't stop sending killers, I'll send one to Moscow, and I won't have to send a second. One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union was Tito's decision to begin large-scale repression against enemies of the government. This repression was not limited to known and alleged Stalinists but also included members of

2093-466: A conference. At the same session, the Commission for Cadre Policy of the LCY Central Committee proposed the abolition of the existing proportional representation formula approved by the 5th Session and institute equal representation of all republican branches in the presidency. It also proposed a change to method of elections of presidency members. According to the commission, "it is natural that

2392-592: A deal. On 12 September 1944, King Peter II called on all Yugoslavs to come together under Tito's leadership and stated that those who did not were "traitors", by which time Tito was recognised by all Allied authorities (including the government-in-exile) as the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia , in addition to the commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav forces. On 28 September 1944, the Telegraph Agency of

2691-636: A disorderly surrender. On 14 May he dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters of the Slovene Partisan Army prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war and commanding the transfer of the possible suspects to a military court. On 7 March 1945, the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (DFY) was assembled in Belgrade by Josip Broz Tito, while the provisional name allowed for either

2990-460: A fixed formula of branch representation. Each republic was to be represented by 20 members in the LCY Central Committee, of which 19 were elected and one member, the president of the presidency of the republican branch in question, serving ex officio . The party branches in the autonomous provinces and in the army were represented by 15 members, of which 14 were elected, and one served ex officio . Combined, this would total 165 members. Additionally,

3289-704: A fondness for luxury, taking over the royal palaces that had belonged to the House of Karađorđević together with the former palaces used by the House of Habsburg in Yugoslavia. His tours across Yugoslavia in his luxury Blue Train closely resembled the royal tours of the Karađorđević kings and Habsburg emperors and in Serbia. He also adopted the traditional royal custom of being a godfather to every 9th son, although he modified it to include daughters as well after criticism

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3588-693: A forged Czech passport, where he joined Gorkić and the rest of the Politburo of the CPY. It was decided that the Austrian government was too hostile to communism, so the Politburo travelled to Brno in Czechoslovakia , and Tito accompanied them. On Christmas Day 1934, a secret meeting of the Central Committee of the CPY was held in Ljubljana, and Tito was elected as a member of the Politburo for

3887-430: A half years at Lepoglava, Broz was accused of attempting to escape and was transferred to Maribor prison, where he was held in solitary confinement for several months. After completing the full term of his sentence, he was released, only to be arrested outside the prison gates and taken to Ogulin to serve the four-month sentence he had avoided in 1927. He was finally released from prison on 16 March 1934, but even then, he

4186-795: A little of Trotsky, and "as for Stalin, during the time I stayed in Russia, I never once heard his name". Tito joined the Communist Party in 1920 in Omsk. In the autumn of 1920, he and his pregnant wife returned to his homeland, by train to Narva , by ship to Stettin , then by train to Vienna, where they arrived on 20 September. In early October, Broz returned to Kumrovec in what was then the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to find that his mother had died and his father had moved to Jastrebarsko , near Zagreb. Sources differ over whether Broz joined

4485-416: A meeting of the Central Committee is supposed to be." Rejecting calls to convene an extraordinary congress of the LCY, the fifth session abolished the secretariat and the executive committee and replaced them with a presidency and a new executive committee. The executive committee was to be held accountable to the presidency, while the presidency was given the right to convene central committee sessions, set

4784-536: A melee outside the venue, police arrested him. They failed to identify him, charging him under his false name for a breach of the peace. He was imprisoned for 14 days and then released, returning to his previous activities. The police eventually tracked him down with the help of a police informer. He was ill-treated and held for three months before being tried in court in November 1928 for his illegal communist activities, which included allegations that police had planted

5083-468: A mill mechanic. After the arrest of the CPY leadership in January 1922, Stevo Sabić took over control of its operations. Sabić contacted Broz, who agreed to work illegally for the party, distributing leaflets and agitating among factory workers. In the contest of ideas between those that wanted to pursue moderate policies and those that advocated violent revolution, Broz sided with the latter. In 1924, Broz

5382-426: A minimum number of representatives to the session. Despite this, a majority of LCY Central Committee members attended the session, with the army, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia and Vojvodina branches sending representatives, and with some representatives of Croatia and Macedonia showing up despite the positioning of their branches. However, during the session, representatives from Bosnia-Herzegovina staged

5681-531: A more independent body. With its reestablishment in 1974, each republican LC branch had two representatives and one ex officio member , each autonomous province one representative and one ex officio member and the League of Communists Organisation in the Yugoslav People's Army had one ex officio member. In this system, Tito, the LCY leader from 1939 to his death on 4 May 1980 , was the only member of

5980-474: A new office of Chairman of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee. In cooperation with the LCY secretary and members of the presidency, the new office would work under the LCY president's instructions. Preparation and scheduling of meetings of the presidency were the chairman's responsibility. In the absence of the LCY president, the chairman presided over the presidency's meetings. When the LCY president

6279-649: A new position, the Chairman of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee, in which the officeholder was limited to a one-year term in office. Later, at the 2nd Session of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress on 19 December 1978, the presidency adopted the " Rules of Procedure on the Organisation and Working Method of the Central Committee " to institute and protect collective leadership. The rules of procedure were adopted unanimously and stated that

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6578-611: A non-party democracy and the coming dissolution of the LCY. In September that year, Tito responded by stating neither of these proposals would be debated. At the 5th Session, the CRFD–LCY proposed abolishing the office of LCY general secretary and replacing it with a President of the LCY Central Committee. On their recommendation, the Executive Committee and the Secretariat were abolished and replaced with two new bodies,

6877-473: A pluralist society. How to define pluralism was, however, controversial and Macedonian Milan Pančevski , the president of the LCY Presidency, argued, "The LCY finds unacceptable the thesis according to which the essence and form of political pluralism are reduced to a classic multiparty system alone" and that pluralism had to "be based on socialist orientation and the federal structure." Ciril Ribičič ,

7176-453: A prescribed number of representatives in the LCY Presidency, negotiated with each other to formulate and set federal policies. When Tito was alive, a centralising figure could lead such work but the system became more decentralised following his death in 1980. Despite its decentralised nature, this system was still deemed to be in line with democratic centralism . At the 12th LCY Congress , Stane Dolanc criticised those who wanted to return to

7475-407: A presidency session for the body to make a decision. If problems had to be urgently discussed and the necessary number of members were unavailable, the presidency could make decisions if more than half of its members were present. For a decision to be valid, the members present had to produce a simple majority for the discussed proposal to go into force. The LCY President was the exception to this rule;

7774-517: A professional revolutionary. The CPY concentrated its revolutionary efforts on factory workers in the more industrialised areas of Croatia and Slovenia, encouraging strikes and similar action. In 1925, the now unemployed Broz moved to Kraljevica on the Adriatic coast, where he started working at a shipyard to further the aims of the CPY. During his time in Kraljevica, he acquired a love of

8073-462: A protest against the neutrality policy of the Stojadinović government. It was eventually broken up by the police. In March 1938, Tito returned to Yugoslavia from Paris. Hearing a rumour that his opponents within the CPY had tipped off the police, he travelled to Belgrade rather than Zagreb and used a different passport. While in Belgrade, he stayed with a young intellectual, Vladimir Dedijer , who

8372-414: A republic or monarchy. This government was headed by Tito as provisional Yugoslav Prime Minister and included representatives from the royalist government-in-exile, among others Ivan Šubašić . In accordance with the agreement between resistance leaders and the government-in-exile, post-war elections were held to determine the form of government. In November 1945, Tito's pro-republican People's Front , led by

8671-449: A republic to "representatives of a republic in the central leadership". The 7th Session approved these changes, and by the 9th Congress on 11–15 March 1969, Tito, in his function as LCY president, was the only remnant of an independent party centre. Until the 9th Congress, important decisions were no longer made at federal meetings but through ad-hoc meetings of republican representatives and interpersonal visits. The 9th Congress adopted

8970-512: A republic, an autonomous province or the LCY organisation in the YPA . While holding the formal title of Secretary or Executive Secretary of the Presidency, none of the secretaries were members of the presidency but rather ordinary members of the LCY Central Committee. The executive secretaries were accountable to the LCY secretary, whom the presidency held accountable for all of the secretaries' work. Before

9269-410: A republican branch were unable to attend a session of the presidency, their opinions were required before the decision would become effective. The member could approve the decision on behalf of the non-participating members if at least one representative from a republican branch were present. According to Article 32, if the LCY president summoned a session of the presidency, the officeholder could restrict

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9568-434: A resolution which demanded a vote of confidence on Stipe Šuvar (which he survived), the president of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee, and the convocation of an extraordinary congress. While controversial, the LCY statute stated that if one LCY branch called for an extraordinary congress, the LCY Central Committee had to convene it. The 13th Central Committee's 20th Session, held on 19 April 1989, formally approved

9867-558: A result of his limited schooling, throughout his life, Tito was poor at spelling. After leaving school, he initially worked for a maternal uncle and then on his parents' family farm. In 1907, his father wanted him to emigrate to the United States but could not raise the money for the voyage. Instead, aged 15 years, Broz left Kumrovec and travelled about 97 kilometres (60 mi) south to Sisak , where his cousin Jurica Broz

10166-523: A retreat beyond Yugoslav borders. After the Partisan victory and the end of hostilities in Europe, all external forces were ordered off Yugoslav territory. In the autumn of 1944, the communist leadership adopted a political decision on the expulsion of ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia . On 21 November, a special decree was issued on the confiscation and nationalisation of ethnic German property. To implement

10465-545: A secret conference of the CPY in Slovenia. The conference was held at the summer palace of the Roman Catholic bishop of Ljubljana , whose brother was a communist sympathiser. It was at this conference that Broz first met Edvard Kardelj , a young Slovene communist who had recently been released from prison. Broz and Kardelj subsequently became good friends, with Tito later regarding him as his most reliable deputy. As he

10764-421: A series of interethnic wars . Historians critical of Tito view his presidency as authoritarian and see him as a dictator , while others characterise him as a benevolent dictator . He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad, and remains popular in the former countries of Yugoslavia. Tito was viewed as a unifying symbol, with his internal policies maintaining the peaceful coexistence of

11063-670: A series of moves in search of work, first in Ljubljana , then Trieste , Kumrovec and Zagreb, where he worked repairing bicycles. He joined his first strike action on May Day 1911. After a brief period of work in Ljubljana, between May 1911 and May 1912, he worked in a factory in Kamnik in the Kamnik–Savinja Alps . After it closed, he was offered redeployment to Čenkov in Bohemia . On arriving at his new workplace, he discovered that

11362-556: A series of political reforms that would replace consensus with majority decision-making the infighting was brought into the open. At the end of the session, he criticised Andrej Marinc , an ex officio member and the president of the Presidency of the Slovenian Central Committee , of rejecting reforms because they were "unconstitutional". Marinc argued that the reforms Marković outlined might strengthen

11661-468: A smuggler but pressed on across the border and was detained by the local Heimwehr , a paramilitary Home Guard. He used the Austrian accent he had developed during his war service to convince them that he was a wayward Austrian mountaineer, and they allowed him to proceed to Vienna. Once there, he contacted the General Secretary of the CPY, Milan Gorkić , who sent him to Ljubljana to arrange

11960-463: A special commission of the LCY Presidency while other presidency members were to be nominated and elected by a special commission of the LCY Central Committee. Since Tito's death, central committee sessions were characterised by infighting, but this was never made public (despite certain rumours). However, beginning with the 14th Session of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress , held on 16 October 1984, when Serb member Dragoslav Marković proposed

12259-665: A strong independent economy, Tito modelled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito wrote that "We study and take as an example the Soviet system, but we are developing socialism in our country in somewhat different forms". The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against

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12558-627: A success of farming. Josip spent a significant proportion of his pre-school years living with his maternal grandparents at Podsreda, where he became a favourite of his grandfather Martin Javeršek. By the time he returned to Kumrovec to begin school, he spoke Slovene better than Croatian , and had learned to play the piano. Despite his mixed parentage, Broz identified as a Croat like his father and neighbours. In July 1900, at age eight, Broz entered primary school at Kumrovec. He completed four years of school, failing 2nd grade and graduating in 1905. As

12857-598: A total loss. The U.S. was outraged and sent an ultimatum to the Yugoslav government, demanding the release of the Americans in custody, U.S. access to the downed planes, and full investigation of the incidents. Stalin was opposed to what he felt were such provocations, as he believed the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when U.S. had operational nuclear weapons whereas

13156-695: A walkout. The 32nd Session of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress, held on 23 May, formally called for reconvening the 14th Congress on 26 May. It also decided to elect the acting president of the LCY Presidency Miomir Grbović , from Montenegro, as congress coordinator. The 14th Congress concluded by electing a provisional leadership , the Committee for the Preparation of the Congress of Democratic and Programmatic Renewal of

13455-425: A week, and its responsibilities were broad and it quickly became overwhelmed with work, making it difficult for its members to centralise power. Following the 9th Congress, a report analysing the reorganisation stated the LCY was reduced to an alliance of republican and provincial organisations, and the presidency was reduced to a series of meetings of mutual information and consultation with no obligations to implement

13754-528: Is the unanimity of a decision". The need for consensus had become a cultural phenomenon. The Rules of Procedure on the Organisation and Activity of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, which were adopted in 1969, stated a simple majority could adopt some decisions while more important decisions required a two-thirds majority. On 19 October 1978, the presidency adopted the Rules of Procedure on

14053-400: The 12th LCY Central Committee would have. Each LC republican branch had an equal number of representatives in the LCY Central Committee, each LC branch of an autonomous province had an equal number of representatives, and the Organisation of the LCY with the YPA also had a fixed number of representatives. The presidents of the republican branches, the autonomous branches and the Organisation of

14352-605: The 25th Croatian Home Guard Regiment garrisoned in Zagreb. After learning to ski during the winter of 1913 and 1914, Broz was sent to a school for non-commissioned officers (NCO) in Budapest , after which he was promoted to sergeant major . At age 22, he was the youngest of that rank in his regiment. At least one source states that he was the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army. After winning

14651-720: The Balkans , the Axis began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command. This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. On 25 May 1944, he managed to evade the Germans after the Raid on Drvar ( Operation Rösselsprung ), an airborne assault outside his Drvar headquarters in Bosnia . After

14950-565: The Comintern executives , Tito was by October 1938 reassured that the party would not be disestablished; he was then tasked to compile two resolutions on plans of future CPY activities. Hoping to return to Yugoslavia before the 1938 Yugoslavian parliamentary election in December, Tito requested permission to do so from Comintern's Georgi Dimitrov several times, saying that his stay in Moscow

15249-483: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia , won the elections with an overwhelming majority, the vote having been boycotted by monarchists . During the period, Tito evidently enjoyed massive popular support due to being generally viewed by the populace as the liberator of Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav administration in the immediate post-war period managed to unite a country that had been severely affected by ultra-nationalist upheavals and war devastation, while successfully suppressing

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15548-460: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union while in Russia, but he said that the first time he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) was in Zagreb after he returned to his homeland. Upon his return home, Broz was unable to gain employment as a metalworker in Kumrovec, so he and his wife moved briefly to Zagreb, where he worked as a waiter and took part in a waiter's strike. He also joined

15847-546: The Croatian Spring , a political conflict between the LCY and LC Croatia in which the former called for more autonomy for the Socialist Republic of Croatia within Yugoslavia. The executive bureau was reduced from fifteen to eight members. Each member was given different responsibilities and while the branches elected members, they were not supposed to be held accountable to them. The office of Secretary of

16146-664: The Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), the same U.S. aid institution that administered the Marshall Plan . Still, Tito did not agree to align with the West, which was a common consequence of accepting American aid at the time. After Stalin's death in 1953, relations with the USSR were relaxed, and Tito began to receive aid from the Comecon as well. In this way, Tito played East–West antagonism to his advantage. Instead of choosing sides, he

16445-484: The League of Communists Organisation in the Yugoslav People's Army had one ex officio member. In this system, Tito, the LCY leader from 1939 to his death on 4 May 1980 , was the only member of the presidency who was not elected to represent a constitutive branch of the LCY, and was an ex officio member through his office of president of the LCY Central Committee . Upon his death, the LCY presidency

16744-416: The League of Communists of Bosnia-Herzegovina (LC Bosnia-Herzegovina) each with seven members; League of Communists of Macedonia (LC Macedonia) and the League of Communists of Montenegro (LC Montenegro) each with six members; and the League of Communists of Kosovo (LC Kosovo) and the League of Communists of Vojvodina (LC Vojvodina) had one representative each. It was also made clear the presidency and

17043-689: The Nazi invasion of the area , he led the Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–1945). By the end of the war, the Partisans, with the Allies' backing since mid-1943, took power in Yugoslavia. After the war, Tito served as the prime minister (1945–1963), president (1953–1980; from 1974 president for life ), and marshal of Yugoslavia , the highest rank of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). In 1945, under his leadership, Yugoslavia became

17342-641: The Order of the Bath . Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in Kumrovec , a village in the northern Croatian region of Zagorje . At the time it was part of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within the Austro-Hungarian Empire . He was the seventh or eighth child of Franjo Broz (1860–1936) and Marija née Javeršek (1864–1918). His parents had already had a number of children die in early infancy. Broz

17641-437: The President of the LCY Central Committee , no members had the right to make decisions on behalf of the presidency between its sessions. Article 32 of the rules of procedure state: If, between two sessions of the [presidency], certain decisions are made at a restricted meeting in accordance with the statutory rights of the LCY president, the chairman, that is, the secretary of the [presidency], will orally or in writing inform

17940-447: The Red Army . Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons to recognise Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II,

18239-426: The Russian Revolution in 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War . Upon his return to the Balkans in 1920, he entered the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia , where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia . Having assumed de facto control over the party by 1937, Tito was formally elected its general secretary in 1939 and later its president, the title he held until his death. During World War II , after

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18538-418: The Serbian Central Committee , "to take over the [LCY] and subsequently the state." Milošević's goal, according to Jović, was introducing a system of one member, one vote at the congress and putting an end to the system of decentralised republican control of the LCY. However, this was greeted by the Slovenian branch, led by Milan Kučan , as threatening the principle of national affirmation and autonomy. However,

18837-523: The Seventh World Congress of the Comintern in July and August 1935, where he briefly saw Joseph Stalin for the first time. After the congress, he toured the Soviet Union and then returned to Moscow to continue his work. He contacted Polka and Žarko, but soon fell in love with an Austrian woman who worked at the Hotel Lux, Johanna Koenig, known within communist ranks as Lucia Bauer. When she became aware of this liaison, Polka divorced Tito in April 1936. Tito married Bauer on 13 October of that year. After

19136-401: The Socialist Republic of Slovenia . The Croatian and Macedonian branches mirrored the Slovenian changes and added "Party of Democratic Change" to their names while arguing in favour of turning the LCY into a confederal party. When the LCY Presidency tried to convene the LCY Central Committee on 30 March for its 31st Session, it failed to muster a quorum , which was defined as each branch sending

19435-421: The Soviet Central Committee which kept its activities mostly secret. These changes remained in force until the 8th LCY Congress , held on 7–13 December 1964. The 8th LCY Congress sought to clarify in the statute the accountability of the LCY Executive Committee to the central committee. According to scholar April Carter, "Despite the stated intention of the new Statute to subordinate the Executive Committee to

19734-408: The party congress and the Central Committee were adjourned. The presidency underwent several name changes; it was known as the Executive Committee from 1919 to 1921, the Political Bureau ( Politburo ) from 1921 to 1952, the Executive Committee from 1952 to 1966 and the Presidency from 1966 until the adjournment of the 14th Congress in 1990. Foreign observers often referred to the presidency as

20033-421: The party statute . According to Ranković, the statute adopted "was by and large a copy of the Statute of the Soviet Communist Party ". Like its Soviet counterpart, the Yugoslav party centralised most decision-making at the expense of lower-level organs. The 6th Congress, held on 2–7 November 1952, amended the statute. These amendments weakened the central committee. The statute of the 5th Congress had bestowed on

20332-400: The 11th Session of the Central Committee of the 13th LCY Congress , held on 7–8 December 1987, decided to convene the congress, but no date was fixed, but it was preliminary convened for late March. It was the 13th Session of the LCY Central Committee, which convened on 28 February 1988, that scheduled the conference to convene in May. The political-executive organ of the LCY Central Committee

20631-403: The 12th LCY Congress prescribed the presidency would consist of 23 members. LCY presidency members were nominated by the LC branch they represented; for example, a Macedonian member of the presidency was nominated by the party congress of the League of Communists of Macedonia and later formally elected by the LCY Central Committee. Despite this arrangement, these members were not accountable to

20930-406: The 13th Congress comprised 127 newcomers and 38 reelected individuals. Despite these changes, the lack of unity remained. In a bid to solve this crisis, the 11th Session of the 13th Central Committee, held on 7–8 December 1987, decided to convene the LCY Conference , which was heralded as an "emergency meeting" by the official press. The Serbian Branch demanded to convene an extraordinary congress if

21229-420: The 14th Congress opted not to re-elect the presidency and the central committee, and instead elected a provisional leadership named the Committee for the Preparation of the Congress of Democratic and Programmatic Renewal of the LCY Central Committee . This committee was tasked with convening the 15th LCY Congress and renewing the party organisation. It failed in its task and the committee―the last federal organ of

21528-481: The 14th extraordinary congress of the LCY has ended, and the LCY, in the form which it had up to the congress, has ceased to exist" and that the Slovenian branch would hereafter act as "an independent political organisation with its own membership, programme and statute". The Slovenian communist party changed its name to "League of Communists of Slovenia–Party of Democratic Renewal" and introduced liberal democracy in

21827-411: The 1982 statute, presidency members could serve for only two consecutive electoral terms, and only in exceptional circumstances could be elected for a third consecutive term. Beginning with the reforms of the 5th Session of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress on 4 October 1966, some members favoured a reduction of the LCY's direct interference in government affairs. On 16 May 1967, the government

22126-463: The 1st Conference failed to solve the acute problems facing the LCY. Despite adopting clear policies and the republican branches consenting to them at the conference, they were not implemented by the republican branches. Considering this failure, renewed calls were made for convening an extraordinary congress. The 19th Provincial Conference of the Vojvodina branch, held on 19–21 January 1989, adopted

22425-407: The 20th Session stopped some of Milošević's plans. According to the party statute, the initiator of an extraordinary congress had the right to draft the main congress documents and agenda, which in this instance would have meant giving the pro-Milošević Vojvodina branch chief responsibility for organising the congress. The twentieth session opted instead to adopt ordinary congress procedures, which made

22724-476: The 21st Session of the LCY Central Committee decided to convene the 12th LCY Congress in June 1982. It also adopted an electoral regulation which described how delegates were to be nominated and elected. Later, on 9 April 1982, at the 26th Session of the LCY Central Committee, it adopted the congress agenda and the exact date for the convocation (26–29 June). It also had the right to convene extraordinary congresses of

23023-546: The 6th Congress in 1952 lasted until the 5th Session of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress on 4 October 1966. On 1 July 1966, at the 4th Session of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress, the LCY purged Tito's presumed successor Aleksandar Ranković, the Vice President of Yugoslavia and the head of the State Security Administration , for allegedly bugging Tito's bedroom. To reduce

23322-406: The 8th Congress lasted until the 5th Session of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress on 4 October 1966. Earlier, at the 4th Session of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress on 1 July 1966, the LCY had purged Tito's presumed heir apparent Ranković, the Vice President of Yugoslavia and the head of the State Security Administration , for allegedly bugging Tito's bedroom. In a bid to reform

23621-512: The 9th LCY Congress, which was held from 11 to 15 March 1969, in which every republic was equally represented. In this new system, the autonomous provinces of Serbia were given representation in the presidency to represent their own provincial interests rather than those exclusive to Serbia. Each republican LC branch had two representatives in the presidency and one ex officio member , while each autonomous provincial LC branch had one representative and one ex officio member. The LCY Organisation in

23920-400: The 9th Session of the LCY Central Committee on 16 July 1968. At the session, the executive committee proposed abolishing the central committee altogether and delegating its functions to a new institution, the " Conference of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia ", and others to the LCY Presidency. The ninth session adopted the proposal. Apparently, the main reason for pressing these changes was

24219-584: The Austrian Army records showed that he was a brave soldier, which contradicted his later claim to have opposed the Habsburg monarchy and his self-portrait of himself as an unwilling conscript fighting in a war he opposed. Broz's fellow soldiers regarded him as kaisertreu ("true to the Emperor"). On 25 March 1915, Broz was wounded in the back by a Circassian cavalryman's lance and captured during

24518-571: The CPY . He later explained that he survived the Purge by staying out of Spain, where the NKVD was active, and also by avoiding visiting the Soviet Union as much as possible. When first appointed as general secretary, he avoided travelling to Moscow by insisting that he needed to deal with some disciplinary issues in the CPY in Paris. He also promoted the idea that the upper echelons of the CPY should be sharing

24817-426: The CPY's most prominent leaders, including over 20 members of the Central Committee. Both Tito's ex-wife Polka and his wife Koenig/Bauer were arrested as "imperialist spies". Both were eventually released, Polka after 27 months in prison. Tito therefore needed to make arrangements for the care of Žarko, who was 14. He placed him in a boarding school outside Kharkov , then at a school at Penza , but he ran away twice and

25116-574: The CPY. The CPY's influence on the political life of Yugoslavia was growing rapidly. In the 1920 elections, it won 59 seats and became the third-strongest party. In light of difficult economic and social circumstances, the regime viewed the CPY as the main threat to the system of government. On 30 December, the government issued a Proclamation ( Obznana ) outlawing communist activities, which included bans on propaganda, assembly halls, stripping of civil service for servants and scholarships for students found to be communist. Its author, Milorad Drašković ,

25415-455: The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia. The Croatian branch of the CPY was in disarray, a situation exacerbated by the escape of the executive committee of the CPY to Vienna in Austria, from which they were directing activities. Over the next six months, Broz travelled several times between Zagreb, Ljubljana and Vienna, using false passports. In July 1934, he was blackmailed by

25714-604: The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, which was abbreviated to Politburo. The LCY leadership, including its politburo, was dismissed by the Communist International in April 1928, and a new politburo was elected following the 4th Congress , which was held from 3 to 15 November 1928. The most powerful politburo members concurrently served as members of the Secretariat and collectively held

26013-413: The Central Committee's policies if these goals were to be reached. The resolution also amended, informally, the LCY statute section on democratic centralism. This change emphasised the "equal responsibility" of the branches to formulate and implement the LCY's unified policies. The committees of the republican and autonomous provincial committees were from the nineteenth session onwards to report regularly on

26312-472: The Communist Party or anyone exhibiting sympathy towards the Soviet Union. Prominent partisans, such as Vlado Dapčević and Dragoljub Mićunović , were victims of this period of strong repression, which lasted until 1956 and was marked by significant violations of human rights. Tens of thousands of political opponents served in forced labour camps, such as Goli Otok (meaning Barren Island), and hundreds died. An often disputed but relatively feasible number that

26611-466: The Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent. From 1946 to 1948, Tito actively engaged in building an alliance with neighbouring communist Albania , with the intent of incorporating Albania into Yugoslavia. According to Enver Hoxha , the then communist ruler of Albania, in the summer of 1946 Tito promised Hoxha that

26910-514: The Executive Bureau of the LCY Presidency" was established to strengthen the bureau's ability to implement its decisions. The 10th Congress , which was held from 27 to 30 May 1974, formalised these changes by amending the party statute. The congress abolished the conference, re-established the LCY Central Committee and renamed the executive bureau the Executive Committee of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee. All twelve members of

27209-662: The First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by Koča Popović ) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade. In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as a civilian government. The Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) convened in Bihać on 26–27 November 1942 and in Jajce on 29 November 1943. In the two sessions,

27508-531: The Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. Tito's response on 17 May suggested that the matter be settled at the meeting of the Cominform to be held that June. However, Tito did not attend the second meeting of the Cominform , fearing that Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked. In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on

27807-595: The Griedl Works before getting a job at Wiener Neustadt . There he worked for Austro-Daimler and was often asked to drive and test the cars. During this time, he spent considerable time fencing and dancing, and during his training and early work life, he also learned German and passable Czech . In May 1913, Broz was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army for his compulsory two years of service. He successfully requested to serve with

28106-418: The LCY Central Committee to function as a provisional leadership with the task of convening the 15th LCY Congress, which was never convened. The committee, the last federal organ of the LCY, dissolved itself on 22 January 1991. The presidency represented the LCY domestically and abroad. It was chiefly responsible for organising and implementing the LCY Central Committee's work and programmes. Decision-making in

28405-543: The LCY Central Committee , headed by Montenegrin Miroslav Ivanović and tasked with convening the 15th LCY Congress. However, at the 12th Extraordinary Congress of the Serbian branch on 16–17 July, the Serbian leadership adopted a resolution that stated that the LCY "no longer exists" and stopped supporting the committee's work. With all branches eventually opposing its work, the committee—the last federal organ of

28704-419: The LCY Central Committee and the presidency after consulting with the secretary and individual members. According to scholar Slobodan Stanković , these stipulations were intended to ensure the president and secretary supervised each other and that the presidency supervised them. The secretaries of the LCY Central Committee had different roles throughout the LCY's existence. Until 1966, the secretaries dominated

29003-460: The LCY Central Committee president also served as ex officio , bringing the membership to 166. From then on, the republican parties were equally represented in the LCY Central Committee. Dane Ćuić , the President of the Presidency of the Committee of the League of Communists Organisation in the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA), explained the system the following way, "The Leagues of Communists of

29302-465: The LCY Central Committee the chief congress organiser. The Presidency of the Slovenian Central Committee reacted on 20 June by convening a session of its Central Committee do discuss whether to convene an extraordinary congress of its own if the Slovenian branch was outvoted at the upcoming LCY extraordinary congress. The Slovenian extraordinary congress was to "decide either for a unilateral cancellation of compliance with democratic centralism or for

29601-418: The LCY Central Committee the right to expel people from the party who acted against party policy. At the 13th Congress , held on 25–28 June 1986, the LCY admitted that there existed a "crisis of unity" and that it "challenged the very foundations of the communist revolution." The party statute was amended to strengthen the powers of the LCY Central Committee and its presidency. The Central Committee elected at

29900-442: The LCY Central Committee was the highest decision-making body of the LCY between the two congresses. Its responsibilities regarding the realisation of congressional decisions and political positions were clarified. It also made clear that all LCY Central Committee members were responsible for the work and decisions of the central committee and not any other body except the party congress. The intention of these reforms were to strengthen

30199-432: The LCY Central Committee's suggestions for reorganisation but before the meeting, Tito had arranged an informal meeting with the republican leaders to discuss the possibility of re-centralisation. Tito informed the congress "we arrived at the mutual view that it is necessary that we strengthen the centre of the leadership of the League of Communists, and particularly the Executive Bureau". The new executive bureau consisted of

30498-518: The LCY Central Committee, seeking approval for its action at the subsequent session. The presidency's work and activities were accountable to the LCY Central Committee. The president, secretary, and members of the presidency were accountable to both the presidency and the LCY Central Committee. The presidency was regulated by the Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia , the Rules of Procedure on

30797-498: The LCY Central Committee. The LCY Central Committee had the right to set up commissions and other working bodies to examine specific problems, draft proposals, or perform certain tasks. In conformity with the provisions of the party statute, candidates for membership of the LCY Central Committee were nominated by communal conferences and other corresponding conferences, applying a democratic procedure based on uniform criteria. Nominees for LCY Central Committee membership were decided by

31096-498: The LCY Central Committee. The Commission on Statury Questions, the Supervisory Commission and the LCY Central Committee commissions also had the right to convene sessions of the LCY Central Committee. The LCY Presidency president opened the sessions of the LCY Central Committee. The session's work was directed by the working presidency, composed of the presidency president, the presidency secretary and three members of

31395-483: The LCY Central Committee; its main tasks would be "to ensure that the decisions and conclusions of the LCY [Central Committee] are implemented". From 20 to 22 January 1990, the LCY convened its 14th Congress. Following the 1989 fall of communism in most of Eastern Europe and in the context of heightened conflict within the LCY on ethnic lines, the Slovene delegation left the congress on 22 January. LC Croatia supported

31694-487: The LCY Committee in the Yugoslav People's Army and all party organisations, the LCY Central Committee would initiate and direct all ideological and political activities. A major emphasis was placed on the fact that the LCY Central Committee had the right to guide the party's international worker movement policies and to initiate cooperation with foreign movements and parties. The LCY Presidency was required to implement

31993-491: The LCY Congress were complied with. As long as it adhered to the limits set by the LCY Congress, the LCY Central Committee had the right to develop a political platform as well as adopt political viewpoints on significant issues, such as the development of the political system and international relations, as defined by the long-term and ideological and political tasks adopted by the party congress for those areas for which it

32292-679: The LCY Congress. While answerable to the congress, it was supervised by the Commission on Statutory Questions (CSQ) and the Supervisory Commission (SC). The LCY Central Committee had to assess questions and suggestions formulated by the CSQ and the SC. Representatives of the CSQ and the SC had the right to take part in any sessions of the LCY Central Committee, specifically, those sessions that discussed topics that one or both of these organs were tasked with supervising. The LCY Central Committee

32591-570: The LCY Presidency's jurisdiction. It also had the right to elect, among its own membership, delegations to, and the Presidency of, the Federal Conference of the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY). Additionally, it was assigned the responsibility of dispatching delegations or permanent representatives of the LCY Central Committee to other forums, organs, or socio-political organisations within or outside

32890-558: The LCY became even more decentralised. With no centralising figure, the LCY became an amalgamation of its branches. Several republican branches opposed the appointment of Dragoslav Marković to the presidency but acquiesced "since it was the business of the Serbian Party". During the 1981 protests in Kosovo , several officials said they first learnt about the crisis through the newspaper rather than through official LCY channels. In

33189-405: The LCY began questioning the Soviet model and its suitability for Yugoslavia. The LCY began to stealthily move towards more democracy and the decentralisation of socio-political life. This trend was first confirmed at the 5th Session of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress on 27 May 1952, and later that year at the 6th Congress , which was held from 3 to 7 November. The congress changed

33488-404: The LCY either at its own initiative or at the request of a congress of an LC republican branch or at the request of a conference of an LC autonomous branch. Similarly to the ordinary congress, the LCY Central Committee was tasked with approving the convocation of the congress at least three months before its opening after consultation with central and lower-level committees. The LCY Central Committee

33787-458: The LCY on ethnic lines, the LCY split at its 14th Congress, which was held on 20–22 January 1990. The Congress was adjourned and did not reconvene before May 1990; during the interval, the constituent Leagues in Macedonia, Slovenia and Croatia had left the LCY. On 26 May 1990, the 14th LCY Congress elected the Committee for the Preparation of the Congress of Democratic and Programmatic Renewal of

34086-425: The LCY party leader until the adjournment of the 14th LCY Congress on 26 May 1990. Unlike the LCY president, the presidency president could serve only a one-year term and could not nominate members to the presidency; this authority was delegated to an internal commission of the presidency. These changes were designated as temporary and were formally adopted at the 12th Congress on 26 to 29 June 1982. Without Tito,

34385-440: The LCY president, two members from each republic and one from each autonomous province, and the presidency was expanded to 52 members. Only members of the presidency were eligible to serve in the executive bureau. Some officials, such as Krste Crvenkovski , voiced fears the new organ would re-centralise too much power in their hands; according to Crvenkovski, "in Macedonia, as in other republics, there were certain reservations about

34684-414: The LCY statute, such as a redefinition of democratic centralism, also strengthened the central party leadership's authority. New lines stated central party organs, which included the presidency, were "the unified political leadership of the entire League of Communists of Yugoslavia", and that each member of the presidency had equal responsibility for the implementation of central party policies. The presidency

34983-493: The LCY within the YPA were ex officio members of the LCY Central Committee. Changes in the composition of the LCY Central Committee due to changes in the ex officio presidents were ratified by the first convened LCY Central Committee session after the fact. While the LCY Statute stipulated that the party congress had to be convened every fourth year, the LCY Central Committee was tasked with convening it. A decision to convene

35282-629: The LCY within the YPA. During an electoral term, the LCY Central Committee could not adopt compositional changes that surpassed more than one-third of the presidency's total membership. The presidency was headed by the " President of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee " in collaboration with the " Secretary of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee ". Josip Broz Tito Josip Broz ( Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic : Јосип Броз , pronounced [jǒsip brôːz] ; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito ( / ˈ t iː t oʊ / ; Тито , pronounced [tîto] ),

35581-470: The LCY's constitutive branches. The LCY president presided over the work of the presidency and, with the presidency's secretary, set the agenda and organised its sessions. The post-Tito system of collective leadership succeeded in spreading power, though it was widely argued these reforms weakened the federal party organs at the expense of those of the LCY's branches. Following the 1989 fall of communism in most of Eastern Europe and heightened conflict within

35880-522: The LCY. On 26 May 1990, the 14th LCY Congress elected a Committee for the Preparation of the Democratic and Programmatic Renewal to function as a provisional leadership with the task of convening the 15th LCY Congress. The congress was never convened, and the committee itself―the last federal organ of the LCY―dissolved itself on 22 January 1991. The 5th Congress , held on 21–28 July 1948, amended

36179-571: The LCY—dissolved itself on 22 January 1991 and transferred all its funds and property to the League of Communists – Movement for Yugoslavia . The LCY Central Committee was the Party's highest decision-making body when the LCY Congress was adjourned. It was answerable to the party congress. Individual central committee members were accountable for their work to both the LCY Central Committee and

36478-486: The LCY―self-dissolved on 22 January 1991. When the party congress and the LCY Central Committee were adjourned, the presidency acted as the highest decision-making institution in the LCY and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The presidency represented the party domestically and abroad. This organ was initially headed by the leader of the LCY Central Committee, which was abolished in 1980. From 1980 until

36777-473: The League of Communists of Yugoslavia maintained even after his death. After Tito's death, Yugoslavia's leadership was transformed into an annually rotating presidency to give representation to all of its nationalities and prevent the emergence of an authoritarian leader. Twelve years later, as communism collapsed in Eastern Europe and ethnic tensions escalated, Yugoslavia dissolved and descended into

37076-406: The League of Communists of Yugoslavia. There were no term limits for the LCY president, but the chairman, and later president of the presidency, had a one-year term limit, while the secretary had a two-year term limit. As originally conceived, the chairman was to preside over sessions of the presidency when the LCY president was prevented from doing so. In conjunction with the presidency secretary,

37375-441: The Organisation and Activity of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia from 1969 to 1978, and the Rules of Procedure on the Organisation and Working Method of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia from 1978 until its dissolution. The presidency acted as the LCY Central Committee's political-executive organ and it worked according to the party congress' political guidelines and conclusions, and

37674-471: The Organisation and Working Method of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia to regulate the presidency's "organisation and method of work". The 1978 rules of procedure were based on the LCY Statute's Article 85 and contained 69 articles. The document stipulates the presidency "is a collective, democratic, and political body in which all members have equal rights and responsibilities for its entire work in all areas of its activities". Except for

37973-848: The Partisans at the Tehran Conference . This resulted in Allied aid being parachuted behind Axis lines to assist the Partisans. On 17 June 1944 on the Dalmatian island of Vis , the Treaty of Vis ( Viški sporazum ) was signed in an attempt to merge Tito's government (the AVNOJ ) with the government in exile of King Peter II. The Balkan Air Force was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at aiding his forces. On 12 August 1944, Winston Churchill met Tito in Naples for

38272-464: The Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from Draža Mihailović to Tito. King Peter II , American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in officially recognising Tito and

38571-781: The Russian side but also claiming that the whole matter arose from a clerical error. A third version was that he had been overheard saying that he hoped the Austro-Hungarian Empire would be defeated. After his acquittal and release, his regiment served briefly on the Serbian Front before being deployed to the Eastern Front in Galicia in early 1915 to fight against Russia . In his account of his military service, Broz did not mention that he participated in

38870-529: The SAWPY per the procedures outlined in the state constitutions or the statute of the respective organisation. The LCY Presidency president convened the LCY Central Committee at his initiative or at the proposal of either the LCY Presidency, the central committee of a socialist republic, the provincial committee of an autonomous province, the Committee of the Organisation of the LCY within the YPA or by members of

39169-460: The Slovenes and left as well. The congress went into recess on 22 January and reconvened on 26 May. In the interim, LC Slovena, LC Croatia, and LC Macedonia had left the LCY. Several members of the presidency also left but some, such as president Milan Pančevski , who refused to leave office before his term ended, remained despite the decision of their republican branch. When reconvening on 26 May,

39468-554: The Soviet Union (TASS) reported that Tito signed an agreement with the Soviet Union allowing "temporary entry" of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory, which allowed the Red Army to assist in operations in the northeastern areas of Yugoslavia. With their strategic right flank secured by the Allied advance, the Partisans prepared and executed a massive general offensive that succeeded in breaking through German lines and forcing

39767-586: The Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, several armed incidents occurred between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies . Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka . Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into

40066-649: The USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War , while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create

40365-786: The United States but was stopped at the border. He was arrested along with other suspected Bolsheviks during the subsequent crackdown by the Russian Provisional Government led by Alexander Kerensky . He was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for three weeks, during which he claimed to be an innocent citizen of Perm. When he finally admitted to being an escaped POW, he was to be returned by train to Kungur, but escaped at Yekaterinburg , then caught another train that reached Omsk in Siberia on 8 November after

40664-484: The World Congress, Tito worked to promote the new Comintern line on Yugoslavia, which was that it would no longer work to break up the country and would instead defend the integrity of Yugoslavia against Nazism and Fascism. From a distance, Tito also worked to organise strikes at the shipyards at Kraljevica and the coal mines at Trbovlje near Ljubljana. He tried to convince the Comintern that it would be better if

40963-414: The YPA and taking measures it saw fit; these actions had to be reported to the LCY Central Committee. The presidency could appoint officials to serve in the Committee of the LCY organisation in the YPA , the highest body of that party organisation. A session of the presidency could be convened by both its internal officeholders such as the LCY president, individual members and executive secretaries, and at

41262-651: The Yugoslav Minister of the Interior, was assassinated by a young communist, Alija Alijagić , on 2 August 1921. The CPY was then declared illegal under the Yugoslav State Security Act of 1921, and the regime proceeded to prosecute party members and sympathisers as political prisoners . Due to his overt communist links, Broz was fired from his employment. He and his wife then moved to the village of Veliko Trojstvo where he worked as

41561-593: The Yugoslav People's Army had one ex officio member. The ex officio members were leaders of the LC branch in question. For example, the ex officio member of the LC Croatia was the President of the LC Croatia Central Committee . Membership of the LCY Central Committee was required for one to be eligible for election to the presidency. Selection of candidates for membership of the presidency

41860-546: The Yugoslav province of Kosovo would be ceded to Albania. Despite the decision of unification being agreed upon by Yugoslav communists during the Bujan Conference , the plan never materialised. In the first post-war years in Kosovo, Tito enacted the policy of banning the return of Serb colonists to Kosovo, in addition to enacting the first large-scale primary education program of the Albanian language . During

42159-420: The agenda for central committee sessions and review its work. Furthermore, stipulations were made to clarify that commissions of the LCY Central Committee worked independently and reported on their to the sessions of the central committee in a bid to weaken the executive committee's meddling in their affairs. Despite these changes, the executive committee still managed to relegate the central committee, as it did at

42458-527: The anti-Bolshevik Czechoslovak Legion wrested control of parts of Siberia from Bolshevik forces, the Provisional Siberian Government established itself in Omsk, and Broz and his comrades went into hiding. At this time, Broz met a 14-year-old local girl, Pelagija "Polka" Belousova  [ sh ] , who hid him and then helped him escape to a Kazakh village 64 kilometres (40 mi) from Omsk. Broz again worked maintaining

42757-416: The basis of the decisions to be made at today’s [12 June 1980] plenum." The eleventh session decided not to elect a person to serve as president of the LCY Central Committee and instead transformed the office of chairman of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee into the office of president of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee. It was decided that the LCY Central Committee would retain its role as

43056-647: The bishops' conference released a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes in September 1945. The next year, Stepinac was arrested and put on trial , which some saw as a show trial. In October 1946, in its first special session for 75 years, the Vatican excommunicated Tito and the Yugoslav government for sentencing Stepinac to 16 years in prison on charges of assisting Ustaše terror and of supporting forced conversions of Serbs to Catholicism. Stepinac received preferential treatment in recognition of his status and

43355-409: The bombs found at his address. He was convicted and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. After Broz's sentencing, his wife and son returned to Kumrovec, where sympathetic locals looked after them, but then one day, they suddenly left without explanation and returned to the Soviet Union. She fell in love with another man, and Žarko grew up in institutions. After arriving at Lepoglava prison , Broz

43654-417: The branches and were to work for the interests of Yugoslavia rather than its constitutive provinces. The 10th LCY Congress clarified this, stating: "The working class needs a unified revolutionary vanguard ... such a role could not be performed by an organisation on the lines of a 'federal coalition' of republican and provincial organisations, or by a centralised 'supra-republic' organisation". According to

43953-479: The branches. The 12th Congress did not approve these changes and instead formalised the temporary changes that were instituted after Tito's death. The congress adopted rules that strengthened the LCY Central Committee vice-a-vice the presidency, making the former more dependent on support in the LCY Central Committee to enact policies. At the 3rd Session of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress on 24 September 1982, LCY presidency president Mitja Ribičič noted

44252-444: The central committee the right to appoint and dismiss party organisers in special areas. This right was now deemed undemocratic and harmful to party development. Moreover, the position of "Candidate of the Central Committee", where the officeholder had "no right except an advisory vote", was abolished. If, by any chance, central committee vacancies were reduced to a third of those elected at the previous congress, an extraordinary congress

44551-496: The central committee who was not elected to represent a constitutive branch of the LCY, and was an ex officio member through holding the office of president of the LCY Central Committee. Upon his death, the LCY presidency was abolished and replaced by the office of president of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee. The officeholders had the right to convene the LCY Central Committee for sessions. The post-Tito system of collective leadership succeeded in spreading power, but it

44850-446: The central committee, telling the congress, "The League of Communists needs a strong, dynamic and influential leadership, or to be more precise, that kind of ideological-political centre—the central committee with its executive organs—which, with its organised and timely action, with its political positions and decisions, will secure unity of leadership and unity of action of the entire League of Communists, will steer its activities towards

45149-406: The chairman, and later president of the presidency, was not a leader. According to Article 43 of the Rules of Procedure on the Organisation and Working Method of the Presidency, the incumbent, alongside the secretary of the presidency, had to maintain contact with individual presidency members and the presidency. The presidency president could only implement the work programme and decisions adopted by

45448-468: The complete organisational independence of the League of Communists of Slovenia." Earlier on 16 June, the National Assembly of Slovenia had adopted a statement which made clear Slovenia's "inalienable" right to secede from Yugoslavia. The 14th Congress convened on 20 January and produced a raft of policies. On 22 January, it adopted abolishing the LCY's monopoly of political power and creating

45747-408: The congress had to be adopted by the LCY Central Committee at least three months before its opening. The LCY Central Committee also decided upon the criteria for being elected as a delegate to the LCY congress in question. Members of the LCY Central Committee were ex officio delegates to the congress in question but could not vote on reports and dissolutions of organs they were members of. For example,

46046-471: The congress of the LC branches of the socialist republics, provincial conferences, and the Conference of the Organisation of the LCY within the YPA, according to their respective jurisdictions. The number of members in a given electoral term of the LCY Central Committee was made by a decision of the LCY Central Committee of the prior term. That is, the 11th LCY Central Committee decided on how many members

46345-513: The congress on 22 January, which was followed by the leaving of the Croat delegation. The Serbian delegation led by Milošević wanted to continue the congress, but it was decided on 23 January to adjourn the congress and resume it at a later date. Shortly after the congress, on 4 February, a conference of the League of Communists of Slovenia adopted a resolution which stated, "for the Slovene LC

46644-475: The country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on U.S. transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the West. In 1946 alone, Yugoslav air-force shot down two U.S. transport aircraft. The passengers and crew of the first plane were secretly interned by the Yugoslav government. The second plane and its crew were

46943-699: The dangers of underground resistance within the country. He developed a new, younger leadership team that was loyal to him, including the Slovene Edvard Kardelj, the Serb, Aleksandar Ranković , and the Montenegrin, Milovan Đilas . In December 1937, Tito arranged for a demonstration to greet the French foreign minister when he visited Belgrade, expressing solidarity with the French against Nazi Germany. The protest march numbered 30,000 and turned into

47242-472: The decentralisation of socio-economic life that began with the Tito–Stalin split, the commission proposed to institute a fixed system of representation in the presidency and the executive committee. In the presidency, the League of Communists of Serbia (LC Serbia) and the League of Communists of Croatia (LC Croatia) were each represented by nine members; the League of Communists of Slovenia (LC Slovenia) and

47541-448: The deciding role in the nomination of members for the [Presidency] of the LCY belongs to the republican organisations of the League of Communists"; it proposed instituting a system in which candidates for the presidency would be nominated by the republican central committees, elected by the republican congresses and verified by the federal congress. The intention was to turn the individuals in question from presidency members who had come from

47840-450: The decision, 70 camps were established in Yugoslav territory. In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia, units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities during Bleiburg repatriations , and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito. At the time, according to some scholars, Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column, offering amnesty and attempting to avoid

48139-434: The decision-making process by concurrently serving as politburo members. From 1966 onwards, the secretaries' influence was gradually weakened. The 5th Session of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress on 4 October 1966 abolished the LCY Secretariat and replaced it with a new LCY Executive Committee that had its own head, the Secretary of the Executive Committee of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and

48438-401: The dissolution of the presidency in 1990, it was led by the president of the presidency. The presidency was responsible for organising the work of the LCY Central Committee, executing its work program, and making arrangements for its session. The presidency had the authority to make decisions regarding urgent measures in specific situations. It had to promptly communicate the efforts undertaken to

48737-446: The duties of imprisoned communists and on trade unions. He was in Ljubljana when Vlado Chernozemski , an assassin for the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) and instructor for the Croatian ultranationalist organisation Ustaše , assassinated King Alexander in Marseilles on 9 October 1934. In the crackdown on dissidents that followed his death, it was decided that Tito should leave Yugoslavia. He travelled to Vienna on

49036-523: The employer was trying to bring in cheaper labour to replace the local Czech workers, and he and others joined successful strike action to force the employer to back down. Driven by curiosity, Broz moved to Plzeň , where he was briefly employed at the Škoda Works . He next travelled to Munich in Bavaria . He also worked at the Benz car factory in Mannheim and visited the Ruhr industrial region. By October 1912, he had reached Vienna . He stayed with his older brother Martin and his family and worked at

49335-489: The end of 1939 and start of 1940, Rade Končar and Ivan Milutinović . On 6 April 1941, Axis forces invaded Yugoslavia . On 10 April 1941, Slavko Kvaternik proclaimed the Independent State of Croatia , and Tito responded by forming a Military Committee within the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY). Attacked from all sides, the armed forces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia quickly crumbled. On 17 April 1941, after King Peter II and other members of

49634-421: The establishment of the chairmanship on 19 October 1978, the secretary was, under the terms of his functions, responsible for organising the supervision and implementation of the ideologies, decisions, and resolutions adopted by the presidency. The secretary prepared the presidency sessions in agreement with the LCY president. The secretary also coordinated the work of executive secretaries and performed other duties

49933-423: The executive committee were accountable to the sessions of the LCY Central Committee. According to Todorović, many commission members feared the reorganisation was insufficient to halt the centralisation of power and that the presidency would do the same as the former executive committee. This fear was confirmed by the reelection of 17 of 18 former executive committee members to the presidency . Fourteen members of

50232-399: The executive committee were made members of the presidency, blurring the differences between these two organs. A system of executive secretaries of the presidency was established at the 10th Congress; these officeholders were limited to two terms. The executive committee was abolished and the presidency was reduced in size at the 11th Congress , which was held from 20 to 23 June 1978, and

50531-434: The executive committee's perception that reorganising the central party bodies would make rejuvenating the LCY's leadership organs easier. The 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia , held on 27–30 May 1974, reestablished the LCY Central Committee and sought to recentralise power by emphasising democratic centralism . The presidency and executive were accountable to it. Tito argued in favour of reestablishing

50830-610: The failed Austrian invasion of Serbia, instead giving the misleading impression that he fought only in Galicia, as it would have offended Serbian opinion to know that he fought in 1914 for the Habsburgs against them. On one occasion, the scout platoon he commanded went behind the enemy lines and captured 80 Russian soldiers, bringing them back to their own lines alive. In 1980 it was discovered that Broz had been recommended for an award for gallantry and initiative in reconnaissance and capturing prisoners. Tito's biographer Richard West wrote that Tito actually downplayed his military record as

51129-409: The federal government and central party at the expense of the republics and autonomous provinces, and was, therefore, not wise. Fellow Slovene Central Committee member France Popit argued, on Marinc's behalf, that Yugoslavia faced "an economic, not a political crisis." On the other hand, Hamdija Pozderac , a Bosnian member of the LCY Presidency, pointed to the fact that decentralisation had immobilised

51428-413: The federal government and central party. At the 18th Session of the 12th Central Committee, held on 19 July 1985, Macedonian LCY Presidency member Dimče Belovski noted in his report, which was made public, that "The Central Committee has had to overcome various contradictions caused by the desire to achieve the unity of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia on the one hand and the practical independence of

51727-421: The federal level but also within the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (LC Serbia), according to LCY and SKS Central Committee member Dragi Stamenković , "as soon as we get to the lobbies real discussion begins. We have often heard, or made jokes, about this. If the debates in the lobbies had taken place in the conference hall, every Central Committee meeting would have been lively and what

52026-421: The first time. The Politburo decided to send him to Moscow to report on the situation in Yugoslavia, and in early February 1935, he arrived there as a full-time official of the Comintern. He lodged at the main Comintern residence, the Hotel Lux on Tverskaya Street and was quickly in contact with Vladimir Ćopić , one of the leading Yugoslavs with the Comintern. He was soon introduced to the main personalities in

52325-428: The following years, alongside other political leaders and Marxist theorists such as Edvard Kardelj and Milovan Đilas , he initiated the idiosyncratic model of socialist self-management in which firms were managed by workers' councils and all workers were entitled to workplace democracy and equal share of profits . Tito wavered between supporting a centralised or more decentralised federation and ended up favouring

52624-399: The government fled the country , the remaining representatives of the government and military met with German officials in Belgrade . They quickly agreed to end military resistance. Prominent communist leaders, including Tito, held the May consultations to discuss the course of action to take in the face of the invasion. On 1 May 1941, Tito issued a pamphlet calling on the people to unite in

52923-412: The help of two schoolgirls who brought him Russian classics by such authors as Tolstoy and Turgenev . After recuperating, in mid-1916, Broz was transferred to the Ardatov POW camp in the Samara Governorate , where he used his skills to maintain the nearby village grain mill. At the end of the year, he was transferred to the Kungur POW camp near Perm where the POWs were used as labour to maintain

53222-406: The highest organ between two congresses but opted against turning it into a collective party presidency. Instead, a five-member Working Presidium of the LCY Central Committee, which was to be elected at each convocation of a session of the LCY Central Committee, would function as the collective party presidency. It was decided that the president and secretary of the LCY Presidency would be nominated by

53521-409: The holding of an extraordinary congress: only twenty-four central committee members voted against the proposal. Of those voting against, twenty came from the Slovenian branch, three from the Croatian branch and one member from the Bosnian branch. Scholar Dejan Jović has interpreted this move by the Vojvodina branch as part of a plan initiated by Slobodan Milošević , the president of the Presidency of

53820-416: The ideological-political activities of the central, regional, and provincial committees, the Committee for the Organisation of the LCY within the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA), as well as all members of the LCY. In addition, it evaluated and directed the implementation of LCY policies in international workers' movements and cooperated with foreign parties and activities whose realisation was the responsibility of

54119-400: The immediate post-war period, Tito's Yugoslavia had a strong commitment to orthodox Marxist ideas. Harsh repressive measures against dissidents and " enemies of the state " were common from government agents, although not known to be under Tito's orders, including "arrests, show trials, forced collectivisation, suppression of churches and religion". As the leader of Yugoslavia, Tito displayed

54418-442: The implementation of the resolutions of the LCY Central Committee. The resolution stressed that "All attempts to deny the principle of democratic centralism should be energetically resisted, regardless of whether centralistic, bureaucratic uniformity is in question or liberalistic ideas leading to the federalisation [of the LCY]; they objectively constitute an attack on the LCY as a united revolutionary organisation." The resolution gave

54717-459: The initiative of league branches in the republics and autonomous provinces by the Commission on Statutory Questions and the LCY's Supervisory Commission . The LCY president had the right to preside over the presidency's sessions. The 1974 Yugoslav Constitution and the 10th LCY Congress made consensus decision-making the norm of the sessions of the LCY Presidency and league's federal institutions. The republics and autonomous provinces, which had

55016-413: The international association of socialist states, while other socialist states of Eastern Europe subsequently underwent purges of alleged "Titoists". Stalin took the matter personally and arranged several assassination attempts on Tito's life, none of which succeeded. In one correspondence between them, Tito openly wrote: Stop sending people to kill me. We've already captured five of them, one of them with

55315-481: The introduction of the post of chairman with a one-year term calls the continuity and stability of development into question. This is not true. ... it is not individuals who ensure the continuity and stability of development but rather the policy line determined by the party and its leaders and the appropriate behaviour of the leading cadres." Tito died on 4 May 1980 . In his last years in power, he seldom participated in decision-making and delegated his authority to

55614-480: The latter to keep ethnic tensions under control; thus, the constitution was gradually developed to delegate as much power as possible to each republic in keeping with the Marxist theory of withering away of the state . He envisaged the SFR of Yugoslavia as a "federal republic of equal nations and nationalities, freely united on the principle of brotherhood and unity in achieving specific and common interest." A very powerful cult of personality arose around him, which

55913-492: The law had marked him as a communist agitator, and his home was searched on an almost weekly basis. Since their arrival in Yugoslavia, Pelagija had lost three babies soon after their births and one daughter, Zlatica, at the age of two. Broz felt the loss of Zlatica deeply. In 1924, Pelagija gave birth to a boy, Žarko, who survived. In mid-1925, Broz's employer died, and the new mill owner gave him an ultimatum: give up his communist activities or lose his job. So, at age 33, Broz became

56212-424: The leadership of the republics, the autonomous provinces and the LCY organisation in the YPA. Term limits were later expanded to include the secretary of the presidency, which had a two-term limit and also rotated in an eight-year cycle. Tito rationalised these reforms on 23 October 1979 at a session of the presidency of the 11th LCY Congress : "There are some people—I also have those abroad in mind—who believe that

56511-411: The leadership; this is what has been confusing party members." The ensuing 19th Session of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress, held on 30 July 1985, adopted a resolution which, in practice, replaced articles 73 to 79 of the LCY statute. The resolution stated, "The LCY Central Committee will become more efficient through the consistent and responsible implementation of its own functions and through

56810-473: The left arm. I fainted. Then, as I learned, the Circassians began to butcher the wounded, even slashing them with their knives. Fortunately, Russian infantry reached the positions and put an end to the orgy". Now a prisoner of war (POW), Broz was transported east to a hospital established in an old monastery in the town of Sviyazhsk on the Volga river near Kazan . During his 13 months in hospital, he had bouts of pneumonia and typhus, and learned Russian with

57109-428: The local mill until November 1919, when the Red Army recaptured Omsk from White forces loyal to the Provisional All-Russian Government of Alexander Kolchak . He moved back to Omsk and married Belousova in January 1920. At the time of their marriage, Broz was 27 years old and Pelagia Belousova was 14. They divorced in the 1930s in Moscow. Broz later wrote that during his time in Russia, he heard much talk of Lenin,

57408-438: The movement of volunteers and creating a separate Communist Party of Croatia . The new party was inaugurated at a conference at Samobor on the outskirts of Zagreb on 1–2 August 1937. Tito played a crucial role in organizing the return of the Yugoslav volunteers from German concentration camps to Yugoslavia when the decision was made to mount an armed resistance in Yugoslavia, the 1941 Uprising in Serbia . In June 1937, Gorkić

57707-429: The nationalist sentiments of the various nations in favour of tolerance, and the common Yugoslav goal. After the overwhelming electoral victory, Tito was confirmed as the Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the DFY. The country was soon renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) (later finally renamed into Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFRY). On 29 November 1945, King Peter II

58006-407: The nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement , alongside Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia. With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, he received a total of 98 foreign decorations , including the Legion of Honour and

58305-439: The new organisational forms of the leading organs of the LCY". Several rules made that impossible. For instance, all members had to resign from their political positions in the republics and the autonomous provinces. All members except Tito were accountable to the party organisation that elected them, and the members had varied backgrounds that made close collaboration more difficult. Also, the executive bureau also met at least once

58604-409: The newly completed Trans-Siberian Railway . Broz was appointed to be in charge of all the POWs in the camp. During this time, he became aware that camp staff were stealing the Red Cross parcels sent to the POWs. When he complained, he was beaten and imprisoned. During the February Revolution , a crowd broke into the prison and returned Broz to the POW camp. A Bolshevik he had met while working on

58903-402: The northern Yugoslav frontier. An invasion of Yugoslavia was planned to be carried out in 1949 via the combined forces of neighbouring Soviet satellite states of Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania, followed by the subsequent removal of Tito's government. On 28 June, the other member countries of the Cominform expelled Yugoslavia, citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of

59202-424: The number of participants and inform the non-participants about the decision on a later, unspecified date. Every decision of the presidency had to be taken by an open ballot unless decided otherwise. From its inception and the change from the politburo to the executive committee, the presidency was led by a political secretary from 1919 to 1936 and a general secretary from 1936 to 1966. The role of general secretary

59501-458: The officeholder—in this case, Tito—had the right to make binding decisions on behalf of the presidency without majority support in the presidency. Members from republics and autonomous provinces who did not participate in the ordinary session of the presidency had the right to be informed as soon as possible about the issues discussed, and their opinions needed to be expressed for the adopted decisions to go into force. If all three representatives from

59800-426: The organisation. Tito was appointed to the secretariat of the Balkan section, responsible for Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece. Kardelj was also in Moscow, as was the Bulgarian communist leader Georgi Dimitrov . Tito lectured on trade unions to foreign communists and attended a course on military tactics run by the Red Army, and occasionally attended the Bolshoi Theatre . He attended as one of 510 delegates to

60099-406: The other members of the [presidency] at the next session. The information will be included in the session's protocol. The remaining members had, according to Article 34, "equal rights and duties, and, according to Article 1, "equal rights and responsibilities" for the "entire work" of the presidency. During a session, an ordinary member of the presidency could freely express his or her views and had

60398-399: The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War . At the time, the Great Purge was underway, and foreign communists like Tito and his Yugoslav compatriots were particularly vulnerable. Despite a laudatory report written by Tito about the veteran Yugoslav communist Filip Filipović , Filipović was arrested and shot by the Soviet secret police, the NKVD . However, before the Purge really began to erode

60697-415: The over-centralisation of power in key individuals, the same session established the 40-member Commission for the Reorganisation and Further Development of the LCY (CRFD–LCY), which was headed by Mijalko Todorović , to recommend party organisational reform. The commission proposed radical measures; Mitja Ribičič proposed abandoning democratic centralism and Krste Crvenkovski talked of the possibility of

60996-422: The overall work of all organisations and agencies of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, above all the work of the republican and provincial committees." The resolution stated that the LCY Central Committee would, from then on, promptly discuss and react to political events and reconcile differing political positions. On behalf of the republican central committee, the provincial committees of autonomous provinces,

61295-451: The party "mobilises and moves the broadest masses of the people to action by political and organisational means, so that its struggle and achievements make it a leader". These changes did not affect the LCY's internal organisation or democratic centralism . The Politburo's name was changed to the Executive Committee and the Secretariat was made responsible to it rather than to the Central Committee. The institutional framework established at

61594-434: The party and prepare for the post-Tito years. Tito died of natural causes on 4 May 1980 . The 11th Session of the 11th Central Committee convened on 12 June 1980 and on the suggestion of Bosnian Croat Branko Mikulić , decided that the LCY Presidency and Central Committee "should work in accordance with their duties and with the authorisation provided for in the Standing Rules of the Party Statutes concerning their work and on

61893-426: The party leadership were located inside Yugoslavia. A compromise was arrived at, where Tito and others would work inside the country, and Gorkić and the Politburo would continue to work from abroad. Gorkić and the Politburo relocated to Paris, while Tito began to travel between Moscow, Paris and Zagreb in 1936 and 1937, using false passports. In 1936, his father died. Tito returned to Moscow in August 1936, soon after

62192-681: The party presidency, with each province and autonomous province represented and the LCY president as an ex officio member. The LCY's president remained an ex-officio member of the state presidency until the 1988 constitutional amendments , when the party presidency lost its representational right. At the 11th LCY Congress in 1978, only five individuals concurrently served in the state and party presidencies; these were Tito, Vladimir Bakarić , Petar Stambolić, Fadilj Hodža and Stevan Doronjski . Other presidency members held other state functions, such as Veselin Đuranović , who served as Federal Executive Council president and Nikola Ljubičić , who served as

62491-418: The party statute at the upcoming 14th Congress, proposed abolishing the presidency and replacing it with a new executive body composed of fifteen members and no ex officio members. It also proposed abolishing the office of president of the presidency and reintroducing the office of president of the LCY Central Committee, who would serve a two-year term. The proposed new executive body would not be independent of

62790-415: The party structure, the fifth session established the Commission for the Reorganisation and Further Development of the LCY (CRFD–LCY), headed by Mijalko Todorović and composed of 40-members, to recommend party organisational reform. The main problem was perceived to be the central committee's failure in holding its executive organs to account. This was now blamed on Ranković, who had stifled debate both at

63089-428: The party's behalf. The presidency also initiated, directed and organised actions and adjusted ideological-political activities in coordination with the central and provincial committees and the Committee of the LCY Organisation in the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA). Additionally, it was responsible for assessing the political and ideological situation and putting into practice policies, standpoints, and decisions adopted by

63388-399: The party's name from Communist Party of Yugoslavia to League of Communists of Yugoslavia; according to Tito: "in view of the fact that the role of the Party at this stage of our social development changed to a certain extent ... the word Party is no longer adequate". It was argued designating the LCY as the leading force in society was wrong and accordingly, the 6th Congress stated instead

63687-449: The party. It formulated policies and initiated and guided the party's actions in international affairs, and was tasked with considering initiatives and proposals of other party organs. The presidency's other responsibilities included collaborating with central and regional committees and the LCY organisation's political-executive organs to exchange ideas and information on current ideological-political issues and plan attitudes and policies. It

63986-447: The past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY. The Hungarian and Romanian armies were expanded in size and, together with Soviet ones, massed on the Yugoslav border. The assumption in Moscow was that once it was known that he had lost Soviet approval, Tito would collapse; "I will shake my little finger, and there will be no more Tito," Stalin remarked. The expulsion effectively banished Yugoslavia from

64285-400: The policies agreed upon by its members. The presidency failed, per the " Rules of Procedure on the Organisation and Activity of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia ", to convene at least once a month from June to October 1969 and from December 1969 to April 1970. At the 2nd Conference , which was held from 25 to 27 January 1972, the LCY was re-centralised as a reaction to

64584-519: The policies enacted by the party congress, as well as the progress made in democratic relations and the advancement of collective work and responsibilities. It directed the activities of the LCY's organisation and organs that dealt with issues such as total national defence and social self-protection in accordance with the policies enacted by the congress. It was tasked with formulating swift assessments and responses to political events. It coordinated political viewpoints and opinions and initiated and directed

64883-430: The politburo to rubber stamp them. These power relations remained intact until the dissolution of the secretariat in 1966. According to Ranković, the statute adopted by the 5th Congress in 1948, "was by and large a copy of the Statute of the Soviet Communist Party". As a result of the Tito–Stalin split , a conflict in which the Soviet political leadership accused the Yugoslav communists of breaking with communism,

65182-444: The politburo. Upon asking Tito at a politburo session to publicise this information to the attendees, Tito responded: "I am the secretary general of the party. I have the right to decide what to tell you and the others." The party secretaries Tito, Ranković, Edvard Kardelj and Milovan Djilas , who comprised the secretariat, had considerable informal influence on the politburo. They would often decide on policies before meetings and get

65481-487: The political platform, political standpoint and assignments of the LCY Central Committee. The presidency was responsible for making political decisions to ensure the implementation of the policies adopted by Congress and the LCY Central Committee. The presidency raised and discussed ideological and political issues, formulated and defined policy, and directed the party's activity. It was also empowered to quickly respond to political developments and formulate political opinions on

65780-451: The pre-1966 system, stating: "those who consciously wish to change the principle of democratic centralism into an instrument of centralism, of unitarism and etatism ... the negation of our basic programmatic goals and, in essence, counter-revolutionary activity". Presidency member Hamdija Pozderac also argued in favour of the LCY's interpretation of democratic centralism at the congress, stating: "the highest form of democratic centralism

66079-445: The presidency and a new executive committee. The presidency was to be headed by the president while the executive committee was led by a secretary . The executive committee was to execute the presidency's policies and the presidency was to formulate policies. According to the CRFD–LCY, the reorganisation was intended to "put an end to, or at least to reduce to a minimum the danger of monopoly and concentration of competencies". Following

66378-401: The presidency and the executive committee did not work as planned; the two bodies convened joint sessions rather than working separately. This, combined with the normalisation of term limits and elections in place of the appointment of cadres, also weakened the central party authorities. At the LCY Central Committee's 7th Session on 1 July 1968, it accepted the commission's proposal to expand

66677-427: The presidency assigned. From then on, the secretary, in conjunction with the chairman and later the president of the presidency, shared power. From 1966 to 1969, the LC republican branches were represented in the LCY presidency according to a proportional representational formula, giving representatives from LC Serbia a majority in the presidency. This formula was abolished and replaced with equal representation at

66976-449: The presidency chairman. At first, there was uncertainty about what to do with the office of LCY Central Committee president but in June 1980, the presidency decided to leave the office vacant and delegate its authority to the Central Committee and, between its sessions, to the presidency. The same meeting renamed the office of chairman of the presidency to President of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee, and this office functioned as

67275-420: The presidency established the office of Chairman of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and elected Branko Mikulić as its first incumbent. The LCY president was the primus inter pares of these three offices but following Tito's death, the LCY Central Committee abolished the chairmanship and rename the office President of the Presidency of the Central Committee of

67574-425: The presidency had become a "simple recorder of different attitudes and conditions in the republics and provinces". The re-centralisation debate continued at the 13th LCY Congress , which was held from 25 to 28 June 1986 but the status quo was retained. At the 26th Session of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress , which was held on 11 September 1989, Ivan Brigić , who led the work on formulating amendments to

67873-438: The presidency to about fifty members and establish a smaller, non-political secretariat attached to it at the 9th Congress . This proposal was made because the presidency and the executive committee proved too large and because of this, informal coordination groups had been established to enforce policies. The LCY Central Committee also adopted a proposal to be sent to the 9th Congress for its own self-abolition and replacement with

68172-418: The presidency's consent. The 1st Congress of the LCY was held from 20 to 23 April 1919 and established the Socialist Labour Party of Yugoslavia (Communists). The party adopted a statute that stated its central committee's executive committee functioned as the central committee's operational body. The 3rd LCY Congress , which was held from 14 to 22 May 1926, changed the body's name to the Political Bureau of

68471-407: The presidency, especially after Tito's death, was based on consensus and not decision by majority. All members of the presidency were of equal standing, including the presidency's president and secretary, and had equal responsibilities for implementing the presidency's decisions. Members had the right to speak freely on any topic at its session but could not publicly broadcast dissenting views without

68770-410: The president of the Presidency of the Slovene Central Committee, countered Pančevski's argument, "[this is] the last chance for Yugoslav communists to mark a watershed on the way towards multiparty pluralism." The congress voted overwhelmingly against the Slovenian proposal to transform the LCY into a confederal party and its conception of pluralism. Upon losing several votes, the Slovenian delegation left

69069-599: The presidium. Until 1966, the LCY was a unitary organisation in which the central party leadership alone controlled cadre appointments and national policy. At the apex of this system was the presidency. This system was reformed after the purge of Josip Broz Tito 's long-standing heir apparent Aleksandar Ranković and replaced with a system of equal representation of the LCY's constitutive branches in its presidency. From 1969, each republican LC branch had two representatives and one ex officio member , each autonomous province had one representative and one ex officio member, and

69368-420: The railway told Broz that his son was working in engineering works in Petrograd , so, in June 1917, Broz walked out of the unguarded POW camp and hid aboard a goods train bound for that city, where he stayed with his friend's son. The journalist Richard West has suggested that because Broz chose to remain in an unguarded POW camp rather than volunteer to serve with the Yugoslav legions of the Serbian Army , he

69667-417: The ranks of the Yugoslav communists in Moscow, Tito was sent back to Yugoslavia with a new mission, to recruit volunteers for the International Brigades being raised to fight on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War. Travelling via Vienna, he reached the coastal port city of Split in December 1936. According to the Croatian historian Ivo Banac , the reason the Comintern sent Tito back to Yugoslavia

69966-460: The regimental fencing competition, Broz came in second in the army fencing championships in Budapest in May 1914. Soon after the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the 25th Croatian Home Guard Regiment marched toward the Serbian border. Broz was arrested for sedition and imprisoned in the Petrovaradin fortress in present-day Novi Sad . He later gave conflicting accounts of this arrest, telling one biographer that he had threatened to desert to

70265-440: The relevant presidency member in charge of the policy area in question and the executive secretaries, the chairman could set the agenda for sessions of the presidency. This was unlike the LCY president, who could set the agenda alone. In a manner similar to the LCY president, the chairman had the right to maintain communications with Yugoslav mass organisations, individuals in government and the Assembly of Yugoslavia . Despite this,

70564-400: The reorganisation commission were also elected to the presidency, and these members may have wanted to implement their own reformist proposals. The reorganisation of the former executive committee and the decentralisation of the appointment of mid-level cadres from the centre to the republican leaderships considerably weakened the new presidency's influence. The delineation of functions between

70863-505: The republic and provincial Leagues of Communists on the other." He stated that the LCY had room for uncompromising criticism of its activity but that it did not need leaders who could not, for whatever reason, participate in formulating and implementing policies. Belovski concluded his report by stating, "We must abandon the practice whereby individual members of the Central Committee, as well as other political functionaries, make statements that go against adopted resolutions or views expressed by

71162-463: The republics and provinces are equally represented in the LCY Central Committee and its Presidency, and on that basis it is impossible to have outvoting and the imposition of anyone's views". Three months after the 11th Congress , held on 20–23 June 1978, the presidency convened and adopted on 19 October 1978 the " Rules of Procedure on the Organisation and Working Method of the Presidency " to institute and protect collective leadership . It established

71461-425: The resistance representatives established the basis for the post-war organisation of the country, deciding on a federation of the Yugoslav nations. In Jajce , a 67-member "presidency" was elected and established a nine-member National Committee of Liberation (NKOJ; five communist members) as a de facto provisional government . Tito was named President of NKOJ. With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in

71760-399: The rest were expatriates in France, Belgium, the U.S. and Canada. Fewer than half were communists, and the rest were social-democrats and anti-fascists of various hues. Of the total, 671 were killed in the fighting, and 300 were wounded. Tito himself never went to Spain, despite speculation that he had. Between May and August 1937, he travelled several times between Paris and Zagreb, organising

72059-479: The right to propose questions for consideration at sessions. Such views could not be disseminated to external bodies or to the public without the presidency's permission. A member was responsible for the work of the presidency as a whole, as well as the decisions taken by it. Each member was held individually accountable for the area for which he or she was responsible. Article 30 of the 1978 rules of procedure states at least two-thirds of members had to participate in

72358-408: The rival monarchic Chetnik movement , Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the " Republic of Užice ". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović on 19 September and 27 October 1941. It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews, and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito. On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created

72657-410: The run-up to the 12th Congress, several officials, most of them Serbs from LC Serbia, proposed re-centralising the LCY. In November 1981, the LC Montenegro Central Committee proposed to divest the republican organisations of their right to elect members of the LCY Central Committee while others sought to standardise a two-year term-limit system for the president of the presidency and his counterparts in

72956-423: The selection of the central committee and its politburo. During the 1940s, Tito began abrogating the politburo's responsibilities and centralised power in his own hands. According to Aleksandar Ranković , a member of both the politburo and the secretariat, exchanges between the Yugoslav party and its counterparts in Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland and the Soviet Union were hidden from

73255-416: The sentence was soon shortened and reduced to house arrest, with the option of emigration open to the archbishop. At the conclusion of the " Informbiro period ", reforms rendered Yugoslavia considerably more religiously liberal than the Eastern Bloc states. In the first post-war years, Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow; indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in

73554-474: The sessions of the central committee nor its executive committee. Ranković defended himself, saying that he barred the other secretaries from discussing issues outside their scope of responsibilities. Others, such as the Montenegrin LCY Central Committee member Budislav Šoškić , criticised the 8th LCY Congress for passing a statute he described as "a half-way measure" which contained "a fair amount of compromise solutions". The institutional framework established at

73853-509: The sole right to convene the conference. The LCY Presidency, a republican branch central committee and the provincial committee of an autonomous province had the right to propose the convocation of a party conference to the LCY Central Committee, which it could either accept or reject. LCY Central Committee members were, by right of office, delegates to an LCY Conference. Regarding the 1st LCY Conference of 1988, calls for convening it came from local and republican organisations. After these proposals,

74152-416: The solving of the vital issues of the socialist self-management development of the Yugoslav community." The statute adopted at the congress referred to the central committee as "the highest organ of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia between two congresses". Rules regarding membership was clarified on 20 March 1978 at the 6th Session of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress , which decided to institute

74451-535: The stipulation for the renewal of one-third of its members at every congress was removed. The new presidency was similar to the earlier politburo, and it was given a political and directive role over party affairs. Each presidency member was hereafter given a portfolio and headed a commission. A secretary and several executive secretaries were to be attached to the presidency; these were responsible for "operational work and carrying-out policy", and had "concrete responsibility for specific areas of work". Other amendments to

74750-425: The title Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Until 1948, informal norms often trumped formal decision-making institutions, which remained weak and underdeveloped. For instance, Josip Broz Tito was elected to the politburo in 1934 and was later elected to the central committee. According to party statutes, only central committee members could serve in the politburo. The politburo

75049-399: The volunteers were turned away, Tito claimed credit for the Yugoslav response, which worked in his favour. By this stage, Tito was well aware of the realities in the Soviet Union, later saying he "witnessed a great many injustices" but was too heavily invested in communism and too loyal to the Soviet Union to step back. After restoring the image of a decisive, coherent and non-fractional CPY to

75348-414: The warm, sunny Adriatic coastline that lasted for the rest of his life, and throughout his later time as leader, he spent as much time as possible living on his yacht while cruising the Adriatic. While at Kraljevica , he worked on Yugoslav torpedo boats and a pleasure yacht for the People's Radical Party politician, Milan Stojadinović . Broz built up the trade union organisation in the shipyards and

75647-404: The wider body of the Central Committee, no real change appears to have occurred [...] although there was an indication, made in a brief aside at the Fifth [Session] in October 1966, that attempts had been made earlier to invigorate the Central Committee through reorganisation". Critiques of Ranković claimed that he had created a machine within the LCY Central Committee that was neither accountable to

75946-455: Was a voivode with the collaborationist Pećanac Chetniks . Since Pećanac was already fully co-operating with Germans by that time, this fact caused some to speculate that Tito left Belgrade with the blessing of the Germans because his task was to divide rebel forces, similar to Lenin's arrival in Russia. Tito travelled by train through Stalać and Čačak and arrived to the village of Robaje on 18 September 1941. Despite conflicts with

76245-554: Was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and politician who served in various positions of national leadership from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II , he led the Yugoslav Partisans , often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in German-occupied Europe . Following Yugoslavia's liberation in 1945, he served as its prime minister from 29 November 1945 to 29 June 1963 and president from 14 January 1953 until his death in 1980. The political ideology and policies promulgated by Tito are known as Titoism . Tito

76544-567: Was a friend of Đilas. Arriving in Yugoslavia a few days ahead of the Anschluss between Nazi Germany and Austria, he made an appeal condemning it, in which the CPY was joined by the Social Democrats and trade unions. In June, Tito wrote to the Comintern, suggesting that he should visit Moscow. He waited in Paris for two months for his Soviet visa before travelling to Moscow via Copenhagen. He arrived in Moscow on 24 August. On his arrival in Moscow, Tito found that all Yugoslav communists were under suspicion. The NKVD arrested and executed nearly all of

76843-477: Was abolished and replaced with a one-term limit. None of the executive secretaries elected in 1974 were re-elected. According to the new statute, executive secretaries worked under the presidency's leadership by abolishing the executive committee. Not long after the 11th Congress, on 19 October 1978, the presidency adopted the Rules of Procedure on the Organisation and Working Method of the Presidency to institute and protect collective leadership . It established

77142-425: Was abolished and replaced with the office of President of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee. Officeholders were limited to one-year terms and the offices annually rotated between the LCY's constitutive branches. This was a system of collective leadership , and the presidency president worked with the secretary of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee , which had a two-year term limit and rotated between

77441-425: Was abolished in the 1966 reforms, and the office of President of the LCY Central Committee was established. The president led the presidency's work until Tito's death on 4 May 1980. At the 2nd Conference , which was held from 25 to 27 January 1972, the office of Secretary of the Executive Bureau of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee was established with Stane Dolanc as its first incumbent. On 19 October 1978,

77740-428: Was absent from meetings of the presidency, the secretary and chairman had to maintain contact with the chairman to inform him about important questions and the results of the meetings. These responsibilities were formerly assigned to the secretary of the presidency, who was formerly the secretary of the executive committee. The chairmanship was limited to a one-year term and the office rotated in an eight-year cycle among

78039-503: Was also formally held accountable to the party's central committee but from October 1940 to 12 April 1948, the Central Committee of the 4th Congress did not convene; during this period, the politburo ran the party in the name of the central committee. In late 1936, the office of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was established, and it chaired the politburo and central committee meetings. As general secretary, Tito had considerable influence over

78338-421: Was also formed as the new secret police, along with a security agency , the Department of People's Security ( Organ Zaštite Naroda (Armije) , OZNA). Yugoslav intelligence was charged with imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators; controversially, this included Catholic clergymen due to the widespread involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime . Draža Mihailović

78637-435: Was also to empowered to reject suggestions to convene an extraordinary congress as they did in 1987–88. Rather than calling an extraordinary congress, the LCY opted to convene the 1st LCY Conference on 29–31 May 1988. The LCY Central Committee convened the conference between two congresses when it thought it necessary to get insight from members of basic organisations on specific policy questions. The LCY Central Committee had

78936-450: Was appointed secretary of the Zagreb branch of the Metal Workers' Union and, soon thereafter, the union's whole Croatian branch. In July 1927, Broz was arrested along with six other workers, and imprisoned at nearby Ogulin . After being held without trial for some time, he went on a hunger strike until a date was set. The trial was held in secret, and he was found guilty of being a member of the CPY. Sentenced to four months' imprisonment, he

79235-602: Was arrested and executed. He worked on with a fellow surviving Yugoslav communist, but a Yugoslav communist of German ethnicity reported an inaccurate translation of a passage and claimed it showed Tito was a Trotskyist. Other influential communists vouched for him, and he was exonerated. A second Yugoslav communist denounced him, but the action backfired, and his accuser was arrested. Several factors were at play in his survival: his working-class origins, lack of interest in intellectual arguments about socialism, attractive personality, and capacity to make influential friends. While Tito

79534-414: Was asked about the Croatian communist leader Kamilo Horvatin, but wrote ambiguously, saying that he did not know whether he was a Trotskyist. Nevertheless, Horvatin was not heard of again. While in Moscow, he was given the task of assisting Ćopić to translate the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) into Serbo-Croatian , but they had only got to the second chapter when Ćopić too

79833-409: Was avoiding arrest in Moscow, Germany was placing pressure on Czechoslovakia to cede the Sudetenland . In response to this threat, Tito organised a call for Yugoslav volunteers to fight for Czechoslovakia, and thousands of volunteers came to the Czechoslovak embassy in Belgrade to offer their services. Despite the eventual Munich Agreement and Czechoslovak acceptance of the annexation and the fact that

80132-413: Was based on the results of previous consultations that were conducted by specially elected commissions appointed by the presidency. These commissions were composed of the president of the presidency, the secretary of the presidency; and the presidents of the republican, autonomous provincial, and army branches. The party statute regulated the number of members in the presidency. As an example, the statute of

80431-407: Was born to a Croat father and a Slovene mother in Kumrovec in what was then Austria-Hungary . Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians during World War I , he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains . Tito participated in some events of

80730-417: Was christened and raised as a Roman Catholic . His father, Franjo, was a Croat whose family had lived in the village for three centuries, while his mother, Marija, was a Slovene from the village of Podsreda . The villages were 16 kilometres (10 mi) apart, and his parents had married on 21 January 1881. Franjo Broz had inherited a 4.0-hectare (10-acre) estate and a good house, but he was unable to make

81029-440: Was doing army service. Jurica helped him get a job in a restaurant, but Broz soon got tired of that work. He approached a Czech locksmith , Nikola Karas, for a three-year apprenticeship, which included training, food, and room and board . As his father could not afford to pay for his work clothing, Broz paid for it himself. Soon after, his younger brother Stjepan also became apprenticed to Karas. During his apprenticeship, Broz

81328-408: Was elected as a union representative . A year later, he led a shipyard strike and soon after was fired. In October 1926, he obtained work in a railway works in Smederevska Palanka near Belgrade . In March 1927, he wrote an article complaining about the exploitation of workers in the factory, and after speaking up for a worker, he was promptly sacked. Identified by the CPY as worthy of promotion, he

81627-403: Was elected to the CPY district committee, but after he gave a speech at a comrade's Catholic funeral, he was arrested when the priest complained. Paraded through the streets in chains, he was held for eight days and was eventually charged with creating a public disturbance. With the help of a Serbian Orthodox prosecutor who hated Catholics, Broz and his co-accused were acquitted. His brush with

81926-401: Was employed in maintaining the electrical system and chose as his assistant a middle-class Belgrade Jew, Moša Pijade , who had been given a 20-year sentence for his communist activities. Their work allowed Broz and Pijade to move around the prison, contacting and organising other communist prisoners. During their time together in Lepoglava, Pijade became Broz's ideological mentor. After two and

82225-474: Was encouraged to mark May Day in 1909, and he read and sold Slobodna Reč ( lit.   ' Free Word ' ), a socialist newspaper. After completing his apprenticeship in September 1910, Broz used his contacts to gain employment in Zagreb . At age 18, he joined the Metal Workers' Union and participated in his first labour protest. He also joined the Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia . He returned home in December 1910. In early 1911, he began

82524-440: Was eventually taken in by a friend's mother. In 1941, Žarko joined the Red Army to fight the invading Germans. Some of Tito's critics argue that his survival indicates he must have denounced his comrades as Trotskyists . He was asked for information on a number of his fellow Yugoslav communists, but according to his own statements and published documents, he never denounced anyone, usually saying he did not know them. In one case, he

82823-420: Was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly. The Assembly drafted a new republican constitution soon afterwards. Yugoslavia organised the Yugoslav People's Army ( Jugoslavenska narodna armija , JNA) from the Partisan movement and became the fourth strongest army in Europe at the time, according to various estimates. The State Security Administration ( Uprava državne bezbednosti , UDBA)

83122-412: Was found guilty of collaboration , high treason and war crimes and was subsequently executed by firing squad in July 1946. Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito met with the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia , Aloysius Stepinac on 4 June 1945, two days after his release from imprisonment. The two could not reach an agreement on the state of the Catholic Church. Under Stepinac's leadership,

83421-417: Was given the right to communicate and participate directly in the affairs of the republican organisations and direct communication with mass organisations. The new statute also further clarified the right of the branches of republican, autonomous provinces and the LCY organisation in the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA) to elect and dismiss members of the presidency. The two-term limit for executive secretaries

83720-492: Was greatly prolonged, but to no avail. The Comintern formally ratified his resolutions on 5 January 1939, and he was appointed General Secretary of the CPY. After his appointment to the party's highest position of leadership, the newly formed Politburo of the Central Committee retained the old leadership team of Tito, Kardelj, Đilas, Aleksandar Ranković, and Ivo Lola Ribar (the representative of SKOJ ) and expanded it with Franc Leskošek , Miha Marinko and Josip Kraš , and by

84019-443: Was instrumental in kick-starting the Non-Aligned Movement , which would function as a "third way" for countries interested in staying outside of the East–West divide. Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia The Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) functioned as the political-executive organ of the party and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia when

84318-548: Was made that the practice was sexist. Just like a Serbian king, Tito would appear wherever a 9th child was born to a family to congratulate the parents and give them cash. Tito always spoke very harshly of the Karađorđević kings in both public and private (through in private, he sometimes had a kind word for the Habsburgs), but in many ways, he appeared to his people as sort of a king. Unlike other states in east-central Europe liberated by allied forces, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from

84617-430: Was one of 32 delegates to the conference of the Croatian branch of the CPY. During the conference, he condemned factions within the party, including those that advocated a Greater Serbia agenda within Yugoslavia, like the long-term CPY leader Sima Marković . Broz proposed that the executive committee of the Communist International purge the branch of factionalism and was supported by a delegate sent from Moscow. After it

84916-400: Was proposed that the Croatian branch's entire central committee be dismissed, a new central committee was elected, with Broz as its secretary. Marković was subsequently expelled from the CPY at the Fourth Congress of the Comintern , and the CPY adopted a policy of working for the breakup of Yugoslavia. Broz arranged to disrupt a meeting of the Social-Democratic Party on May Day that year; in

85215-449: Was put forth by the Yugoslav government itself in 1964 places the number of Goli Otok inmates incarcerated between 1948 and 1956 to be 16,554, with less than 600 having died during detention. The facilities at Goli Otok were abandoned in 1956, and jurisdiction of the now-defunct political prison was handed over to the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia . Tito's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain U.S. aid via

85514-427: Was re-organised and Petar Stambolić resigned as president of the Federal Executive Council —the Yugoslav government—and was replaced by Mika Špiljak . In the reshuffle, all but three presidency members—Tito, Špiljak and Rudi Kolak —lost their government positions. At the 10th LCY Congress in 1974, all nine members of the Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia —the state presidency—were elected to

85813-411: Was regulated by the " Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia " and, as stipulated by article 78 of the LCY statute, the " Rules of Procedure on the Organisation and Working Method of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia ". As part of its mandate, the LCY Central Committee oversaw the work of the LCY as a whole and ensured that the guidelines and assignments adopted by

86112-407: Was released from prison pending an appeal. On the CPY's orders, Broz did not report to court for the hearing of the appeal, instead going into hiding in Zagreb. Wearing dark spectacles and carrying forged papers, Broz posed as a middle-class technician in the engineering industry, working undercover to contact other CPY members and coordinate their infiltration of trade unions. In February 1928, Broz

86411-415: Was responsible for communicating information to members of the LCY and the public, and reporting on current ideological-political issues and activities of the central committee, its own activities and those of the LCY. The presidency had the right to guide the activities of the party organisation in the YPA but had to report this to the party congress. It was also responsible for overseeing party activities in

86710-405: Was responsible. When vital issues arose, the LCY Central Committee reviewed them and defined the LCY's political objectives. It also assessed and evaluated the activities of LCY, defining the responsibilities of its organisations and organs in ideological-political activism and cadre development. Furthermore, the LCY Central Committee examined and evaluated the actions taken by the LCY in implementing

87009-452: Was still loyal to the Austro-Hungarian Empire , undermining his later claim that he and other Croat POWs were excited by the prospect of revolution and looked forward to the overthrow of the empire that ruled them. Less than a month after Broz arrived in Petrograd, the July Days demonstrations broke out, and Broz joined in, coming under fire from government troops. In the aftermath, he tried to flee to Finland in order to make his way to

87308-500: Was subject to orders that required him to live in Kumrovec and report to the police daily. During his imprisonment, the political situation in Europe had changed significantly, with the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany and the emergence of right-wing parties in France and neighbouring Austria. He returned to a warm welcome in Kumrovec but did not stay long. In early May, he received word from the CPY to return to his revolutionary activities and left his hometown for Zagreb, where he rejoined

87607-475: Was summoned to Moscow, where he was arrested, and after months of NKVD interrogation, he was shot. According to Banac, Gorkić was killed on Stalin's orders. West concludes that despite being in competition with men like Gorkić for the leadership of the CPY, it was not in Tito's character to have innocent people sent to their deaths. Tito then received a message from the Politburo of the CPY to join them in Paris. In August 1937, he became acting General Secretary of

87906-413: Was the presidency, officially the "Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia". To be eligible for election to the LCY Presidency, one had to be a member of the LCY Central Committee. Changes in the composition of the presidency were determined through elections conducted within the republican and autonomous provincial branches and within the Committee of the Organisation of

88205-400: Was to be convened to elect members to fill the remaining spots. The 6th Congress also sought to democratise and make the party more transparent in its activities. For instance, the proceedings of the 3rd Extraordinary Session of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress , held on 16–17 January 1954, were publicly broadcast and made public in written form in Komunist , which was in contrast to

88504-466: Was to be held accountable to the sessions of the LCY Central Committee. This organ was abolished by the 9th LCY Congress on 11–15 March 1969. The 2nd LCY Conference, which was held from 25 to 27 January 1972, re-established the office of the secretary and the executive committee. The 10th LCY Congress , which was held from 27 to 30 May 1974, instituted a system of a leading secretary and several executive secretaries. Each executive secretary represented

88803-426: Was to purge the CPY. An initial attempt to send 500 volunteers to Spain by ship failed, with nearly all the volunteers arrested and imprisoned. Tito then travelled to Paris, where he arranged the volunteers' travel to France under the cover of attending the Paris Exhibition . Once in France, the volunteers crossed the Pyrenees to Spain. In all, he sent 1,192 men to fight in the war, but only 330 came from Yugoslavia;

89102-458: Was wanted by the police for failing to report to them in Kumrovec, Broz adopted various pseudonyms, including "Rudi" and "Tito". He used the latter as a pen name when he wrote articles for party journals in 1934, and it stuck. He gave no reason for choosing the name "Tito" except that it was a common nickname for men from the district where he grew up. Within the Comintern network, his nickname was "Walter". During this time, Tito wrote articles on

89401-447: Was widely argued that these reforms weakened the federal party organs at the expense of the organs of the LCY's branches. With the fall of communism in 1989 in most of Eastern Europe, as well as heightened conflict within the LCY on ethnic lines, the LCY split at its 14th Congress , held on 20–22 January 1990. The congress was adjourned and did not reconvene before May 1990; in the meantime, the LCs Macedonia, Slovenia and Croatia had left

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