95-503: LDH is an acronym which may refer to: Lai Đại Hàn IATA code for Lord Howe Island Airport , New South Wales, Australia Lactate dehydrogenase , an enzyme in a wide range of plants, animals and other organisms; is measured as part of the complete blood test Large-diameter hose, a type of fire hose Layered double hydroxides , a class of layered materials composed of positively charged atomic layers and charge balancing anions located in
190-538: A charity fraud involving a fundraising campaign intended to teach Lai Dai Han the Korean language and culture had defrauded Korean donors. In a Japanese magazine article by a Tokyo Broadcasting System writer Noriyuki Yamaguchi alleged that comfort women facilities were set up and operated by Korean forces during the war. The article said that in July 2014, Yamaguchi found a letter to Korean General Chae Myung-shin from
285-790: A "message of apology and repentance of the South Korean people" to the Vietnamese people for the lives of the Vietnamese people that were lost in "massacres" by the South Korean military with particular focus on the children who were massacred by the South Korean military. A January 16, 2016, article in The Hankyoreh said that the Kim Seo-gyeong and Kim Woon-seong, the two artists who made the Vietnam Pieta statue, did an interview on January 12, 2016. In that interview,
380-495: A direct transcription of uri mal ( 우리말 , "our language") is sometimes used by Korean residents in Japan, as well as by KBS World Radio . This term, however, may not be suitable to ethnic Japanese whose "our language" is not necessarily Korean. Uri (우리 "we/us/our") is the first-person plural pronoun and it is commonly used as a prefix in Korean terms to describe things that are Korean, such as uri nara (우리나라, "our country") which
475-442: A euphemistic process called kotobagari . Likewise, when NHK broadcasts a language instruction program for Korean, the language is referred to as hangurugo ( ハングル語 ; "hangul language"); although it is technically incorrect since hangul itself is a writing system, not a language. Some argue that even Hangurugo is not completely neutral, since North Korea calls the writing system Chosŏn'gŭl , not hangul . Urimaru ( ウリマル ),
570-510: A free South Vietnam. Since our army executed our mission under strict rules, there was no sexual exploitation of Vietnamese women." The article also noted that "Historians agree that Korean troops fathered a large number of mixed Korean-Vietnamese children called Lai Dai Han. But it remains unclear the extent to which this was battlefield rape versus prostitution." An April 25, 2015 article in The Hankyoreh stated that Kim Nak-yeong, who
665-467: A heavy social stigma due to the fact that wartime sexual violence was endemic in Vietnam when these people were conceived. An unknown number of Lai Đại Hàn births were the result of pregnancies from rape . The community has faced unequal and discriminatory treatment from the Vietnamese government, while the South Korean government has refused to acknowledge and address the rape of Vietnamese women during
760-491: A lefty; out of tune, sounding wrong"), which may in turn be from Turkic *sōl "left."; because "left" also means "east(ern)" in Mongolic languages (whereas "right" also means "west(ern)"), the authors suggest that this word may have been used to refer to "a foreign enemy force in the east," similar to Chinese 東夷 Dōngyí . The name of either Silla or its capital Seora-beol was also widely used throughout Northeast Asia as
855-533: A letter signed by ten Vietnamese women who said they were raped by the South Korean military during the Vietnam War signed a letter to be delivered to Ban Ki-moon , Secretary General of the United Nations, asking for a "formal apology". On October 19, 2015, a petition with close to 29,000 signatures asked South Korean president Park Geun-hye for a formal apology from the South Korean government for
950-491: A result of rape of South Vietnamese women by South Korean troops remains under debate. According to Susumu Nomura, roughly 90% of Lai Dai Han cases resulted from South Korean troops and businessmen engaged in consensual relationships with Vietnamese women, but were forced to leave after the departure of South Korean forces from South Vietnam in early 1973 or during the Fall of Saigon in 1975. The exact number of Lai Dai Han
1045-632: A unified nation. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China under the Democratic Progressive Party Government considered North and South Koreas two separate countries. However, general usage in Taiwan is still to refer to North Korea as Běihán ( 北韓 "North Han[guk]") and South Korea as Nánhán ( 南韓 "South Han[guk]") while use of 朝鮮 – which in Taiwan is not pronounced Cháoxiǎn but Cháo xiān –
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#17327726593251140-493: A variety of names for Korea. These included "Cauli" (Marco Polo's rendering of Goryeo ), Caule, Core, Cory, Caoli, and Corai as well as two spellings that survived into the 19th century, Corea and Korea. The modern spelling, "Korea", first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Company 's Hendrick Hamel . The terms "Chosunese" or "Chosonese" were first used to refer to
1235-559: Is a term used in the Vietnamese language to refer to a person who was born to a Vietnamese mother and a South Korean father during the Vietnam War . The births of these people occurred because of South Korean involvement in the Vietnam War ; approximately 350,000 South Korean soldiers were deployed to South Vietnam between 1964 and 1973. It is a politically significant term with regard to South Korea–Vietnam relations and carries
1330-534: Is an empire that rules the area of Three Kingdoms of Korea. This name was used to emphasize independence of Korea, because an empire cannot be a subordinate country. When the Korean Empire came under Japanese rule in 1910, the name reverted to Joseon (officially, the Japanese pronunciation Chōsen ). During this period, many different groups outside of Korea fought for independence, the most notable being
1425-668: Is called Hangukeo ( 한국어 , 韓國語 , referring to the Korean language) or Hangukmal ( 한국말 , 韓國말 , referring to spoken Korean only) in the South and Chosŏnŏ ( 조선어 , 朝鮮語 ) or Chosŏnmal ( 조선말 , 朝鮮말 ) in the North. The Korean script is called hangeul ( 한글 ) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl ( 조선글 ) in North Korea. The Korean Peninsula is called Hanbando ( 한반도 , 韓半島 ) in the South and Chosŏn Bando ( 조선반도 , 朝鮮半島 ) in
1520-446: Is called Hân-kok ( 韓國 "Hanguk") where North Korea is referred to as Pak-hân ( 北韓 "North Han") and South Korea as Lâm-hân ( 南韓 "South Han"). The above usage pattern does not apply for Korea-derived words. For example, Korean ginseng is commonly called Gāolì shēn ( 高麗參 , "Koryo ginseng"). In Japan , North Korea is called Kita-Chōsen ( 北朝鮮 ) and South Korea Kankoku ( 韓国 ). However, Japan-based North Koreans claim
1615-524: Is generally limited to ancient Korea. The Korean language is usually referred to as Hányǔ ( 韓語 ). Similarly, general usage in Hong Kong and Macau has traditionally referred to North Korea as Bak Hon ( 北韓 "North Han") and South Korea as Nam Hon ( 南韓 "South Han"). Under the influence of official usage, which is itself influenced by the official usage of the People's Republic of China government,
1710-641: Is increasingly used today. Zainichi ( 在日 ; "In Japan") itself is also often used colloquially. People with North Korean nationality are called Zainichi Chōsenjin , while those with South Korean nationality , sometimes including recent newcomers, are called Zainichi Kankokujin ( 在日韓国人 "Hanguk People in Japan"). Mongolian people have their own word for Korea: Солонгос ( Solongos ). In Mongolian , solongo may mean either " rainbow " or " mountain weasel ( Mustela altaica , heeriyn solongo "field/steppe solongo ") or Siberian weasel ( Mustela sibirica , oyn solongo "forest solongo ")." Another theory states that
1805-512: Is likened by some as sexual exploitation, yet South Korea had not done the same in regard to the rape perpetrated by Korean soldiers during the Vietnam War. The article said that Japanese nationalists said South Korea had a systematic rape operation during the Vietnam War which was similar to Japan's systematic comfort women operation during World War II. A June 16, 2016, article in the Daily Kos said that South Korea has been "very vocal" about
1900-458: Is often difficult to determine the original meanings or pronunciations of ancient names. Until 108 BC, northern Korea and part of Manchuria were controlled by Gojoseon . In contemporaneous Chinese records, it was written as 朝鮮 , which is pronounced in modern Korean as Joseon ( 조선 ). Historically, these characters have been read in the Korean language as 됴션 Dyosyen ; 조선 Joseon is a very recent spelling, reformed to reflect recent changes in
1995-480: Is thought to be either * Guru ("walled city, castle, fortress"; attested in Chinese historical documents, but not in native Korean sources) or * Gauri ("center, middle"; cf. Middle Korean *gaβɔndɔy and Standard Modern Korean gaunde 가운데 ). The theory that Goguryeo referenced the founder's surname has been largely discredited (the royal surname changed from Hae to Go long after the state's founding). In
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#17327726593252090-428: Is unknown. According to Busan Ilbo , there are at least 5,000 and as many as 30,000. According to Maeil Business, however, there are 1,000 at least. A 1998 paper which was cited in a 2015 paper said that the South Korean government put the number of Lai Dai Han at 1,500. There were estimated to be 800 mothers of Lai Dai Han conceived due to rape who were still alive in 2015, from a petition calling for an apology from
2185-545: Is why we intend to combine our strength and raise the Butterfly Fund to provide some small help to the victims." The Butterfly Fund was started on March 8, 2012, to help people who experience sexual violence during times of war. A 2015 article in The Hankyoreh said, "Now it's time for Seoul to sit down with Vietnamese authorities to find out the truth not only about the civilian massacres that took place during
2280-502: Is yet another name Koreans give their country. In Japan, those who moved to Japan usually maintain their distinctive cultural heritages (such as the Baekje-towns or Goguryeo-villages). Ethnic Korean residents of Japan have been collectively called Zainichi Chōsenjin ( 在日朝鮮人 "Joseon People in Japan"), regardless of nationality. However, for the same reason as above, the euphemism Zainichi Korian ( 在日コリアン ; "Koreans in Japan")
2375-755: The Daehan Minguk Imsi Jeongbu ( 대한민국 임시정부 ; 大韓民國臨時政府 ; lit. Provisional Government of the Great Han People's State), known in English as the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea ( 民國 = 民 'people' + 國 country/state' = 'republic' in East Asian capitalist societies). Korea became independent after World War II (1945) and the country was then divided . In 1948,
2470-631: The Three Kingdoms of Korea . According to the Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa , Silla implemented a national policy, "Samhan Unification" ( 삼한일통 ; 三韓一統 ), to integrate Baekje and Goguryeo refugees. In 1982, a memorial stone dating back to 686 was discovered in Cheongju with an inscription: "The Three Han were unified and the domain was expanded." During the Later Silla period,
2565-406: The transcription of phonetic English Korean ( コリアン , Korian ) may be used because a reference to a Chōsen national may be interpreted as a North Korean national instead. The Korean language is most frequently referred to in Japan as Kankokugo ( 韓国語 ) or Chōsengo ( 朝鮮語 ). While academia mostly prefers Chōsengo , Kankokugo became more and more common in non-academic fields, thanks to
2660-482: The "Pieta Vietnam" statue on October 11, 2016, along with 51 other items. These included thirty photographs about a South Korean movement called "An apology to Vietnam", books about the Vietnam War, documentary videos about the Vietnam War, and six pictures that memorialized people who were massacred by South Korean military forces during the Vietnam War. In June 2018 the Mother and Child by British artist Rebecca Hawkins
2755-728: The "US military command in Vietnam from 1968 to 1970". Stephen Epstein, Director of the Asian Studies Programme at the Victoria University of Wellington , said that "Korea's legacy in Vietnam encompasses feelings of guilt, especially in a very concrete manifestation: thousands of children of mixed Korean-Vietnamese descent, the Lai Dai Han, a significant proportion of whom were abandoned by their fathers." A 25 April 2015 article in The Hankyoreh said that Yoon Mi-hyang, president of The Korean Council for
2850-595: The Korean Peninsula. Possibly the Chinese characters phonetically transcribed a native Korean name, perhaps pronounced something like "Jyusin". Some speculate that it also corresponds to Chinese references to 肅愼 ( 숙신 , Suksin (ethnic group) ), 稷愼 ( 직신 , Jiksin) and 息愼 ( 식신 , Siksin), although these latter names probably describe the ancestors of the Jurchen people . Other scholars believe 朝鮮
2945-512: The Korean government. An August 16, 2013 article in PRI said that South Korean Defense Ministry spokesman, Kwon Ki-hyeon, stated that "Such intentional, organized and systemized civilian massacres by the Korean army are impossible. If such an incident did exist, it would have been exposed and made public a long time ago. The Republic of Korea fought in Vietnam to stop the Communization of
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3040-544: The Korean-Vietnamese Peace Foundation. This Vietnam Pieta statue would be used as a model for two statues: one statue that would go in Vietnam and one statue that would go in South Korea. The Vietnam Pieta statue depicted a mother holding a child, and the statue was reminiscent of the Pietà statue from the fifteenth century. The two artists said that the Vietnam Pieta statue was intended to convey
3135-442: The Lai Dai Han "were the product of war crimes of the South Korean troops, they do not have compensation and they never received a formal official apology". Names of Korea There are various names of Korea in use today that are all derived from those of ancient Koreanic kingdoms and dynasties. The choice of name often depends on the language, whether the user is referring to either or both modern Korean countries, and even
3230-580: The Land of the Morning Calm," published in 1885. In 1897, the nation was renamed Daehan Jeguk ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; lit. Great Han Empire, known in English as Korean Empire ). Han had been selected in reference to Samhan , specifically the Three Kingdoms of Korea, not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula. So, Daehan Jeguk ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ) means it
3325-402: The Morning Calm"; however, this interpretation is not often used in the Korean language, and is more familiar to Koreans as a back-translation from English. Only the interpretation as "morning freshness" is plainly viable, with "morning calm" and "morning radiance" being rather fanciful interpretations. The nickname "Land of the Morning Calm" was coined by Percival Lowell in his book, "Chosön,
3420-639: The North. In Chinese -speaking areas such as China , Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan , different naming conventions on several terms have been practiced according to their political proximity to whichever Korean government although there is a growing trend for convergence. In the Chinese language, the Korean Peninsula is usually called Cháoxiǎn Bàndǎo ( simplified Chinese : 朝鲜半岛 ; traditional Chinese : 朝鮮半島 ) and in rare cases called Hán Bàndǎo ( simplified Chinese : 韩半岛 ; traditional Chinese : 韓半島 ). Ethnic Koreans are also called Cháoxiǎnzú ( 朝鲜族 ), instead of Dàhán mínzú ( 大韓民族 ). However,
3515-430: The South Korean military during the Vietnam War have now been unearthed. Referring to South Korea's actions during the Vietnam War, the article said that South Korean president Park Geun-hye should admit to the "historical truths of her country's detestable behavior", and the article said that president Park should be "like Japan" and give an apology and compensation to the victims of what the South Korean military did during
3610-568: The South adopted the provisional government's name of Daehan Minguk ( 대한민국 ; 大韓民國 ; see above), known in English as the Republic of Korea, though commentators have noted that the English name is not a direct translation of the Korean one. Meanwhile, the North became Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk ( 조선민주주의인민공화국 ; 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國 ), translated in English as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Each component of
3705-492: The Tang dynasty, as evidenced by a Tang document that called Goguryeo generals "Mahan leaders" ( 마한추장 ; 馬韓酋長 ) in 645. In 651, Emperor Gaozong of Tang sent a message to the king of Baekje referring to the Three Kingdoms of Korea as Samhan. Epitaphs of the Tang dynasty, including those belonging to Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla refugees and migrants, called the Three Kingdoms of Korea "Samhan", especially Goguryeo. For example,
3800-584: The Three Kingdoms of Korea, not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula. Around the beginning of the Common Era , remnants of the fallen Gojoseon were re-united and expanded by the kingdom of Goguryeo , one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . It, too, was a native Korean word, probably pronounced something like "Guri", transcribed with various hanja characters: 高句麗 , 高勾麗 , or 高駒麗 ( 고구려 , Goguryeo), 高麗 ( 고려 , Goryeo), 高離 ( 고리 , Gori), or 句麗 ( 구려 , Guryeo). The source native name
3895-650: The Three Kingdoms of Korea. Samhan continued to be a common name for Korea during the Joseon period and was widely referenced in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty . In China, the Three Kingdoms of Korea were collectively called Samhan since the beginning of the 7th century. The use of the name Samhan to indicate the Three Kingdoms of Korea was widespread in the Tang dynasty . Goguryeo was alternately called Mahan by
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3990-667: The US military command in Saigon that appeared to have been written sometime from January 1969 to April 1969 . The article by Noriyuki Yamaguchi alleges that comfort stations were operated by South Koreans much in the same way that comfort women facilities were used by Japanese forces, and accused Park Geun-hye of hypocrisy for highlighting the human rights issues around comfort women while not paying attention to this fact. A September 4, 2016, opinion piece in The Korea Times discussed
4085-656: The Vietnam Veterans' Association of Korea (VVAK), was representing 831 plaintiffs in a defamation lawsuit against Ku Su-jeong [ vi ] for her 2014 interview in the Japanese newspaper Shūkan Bunshun , 2016 interview in The Hankyoreh and statements she made in a video. According to the article, the VVAK denied Ku's research of the South Korean military's conduct during the Vietnam War by saying that "all" of it had been "falsehoods and forgeries". The VVAK continued by saying its veterans have said that "all" of
4180-646: The Vietnam War, but also about the extent of military authorities' involvement in operating and managing "welfare stations" for their troops - and to take appropriate follow-up action." After the war, under communism The Lai Dai Han's mother were accused of being collaborators with enemy countries, and were confiscated, ideologically educated, and imprisoned. The Lai Dai Han community has been facing social exclusion due to their "mixed ethnicity". It has been reported that many cannot read or write, with most not having access to basic health and education services. In addition to living with " stigma , shame and prejudice ",
4275-409: The Vietnam War. A September 1, 2017, article on Justice for Lai Dai Han's website said, "In an audacious display of dishonesty and hypocrisy, Seoul is always quick to highlight the suffering of its own people during past conflicts, but develops a severe case of national amnesia when facing its own crimes in Vietnam." Another article posted on September 11, 2017, on the website mentions that although
4370-483: The Vietnamese people during the Vietnam War, stating "I am sorry about the fact that we took part in an unfortunate war and unintentionally created pain for the people of Vietnam." and pledged to continue support of Vietnam's national development by giving $ 19,600,000 of South Korea's Economic Development Cooperation Fund (EDCF) to the "solid waste treatment business". The International Policy Digest described Kim's statement as an "indirect apology". On October 14, 2015,
4465-519: The Vietnamese people or negatively affect the two countries' friendly relations," Vietnam's foreign ministry spokesperson Lê Thị Thu Hằng said in a statement. On June 10, 2019, some members of Justice for Lai Dai Han delivered a letter by hand to be delivered to Prime Minister Theresa May regarding the Lai Dai Han. A June 19, 2020, article in The Independent said that "the government of South Korea has never recognized or investigated
4560-494: The Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan , said the following while addressing the elderly Vietnamese women she had interviewed who said to have been sexually assaulted by the South Korean military during the Vietnam War, "I can't think of anything I can say to all of you. We were innocent victims too, but hearing now that Vietnamese women were victimized by us Koreans, we feel mortified and sorry as Koreans. That
4655-416: The agony Koreans endured from Japan during World War II, pressing for apology and compensation from Japanese prime ministers at different points in time for what Japan did to South Korea during World War II, and the article described this as being done "ironically" in light of what the South Korean military did to other countries' civilians. The article said that "brutal killings, rapes and heinous acts" done by
4750-490: The allegations of sexual violence made by the Lai Dai Han". A 2016 article in Daily Kos said that several Asian-American groups have asked California's Instructional Quality Commission to include what South Korea's military did during the Vietnam War into school textbooks, but it said that handling the issue of "sexual violence" would be a "delicate task". In the late 1990s after the story of Lai Dai Han emerged in Korea,
4845-541: The community also faces acute poverty as of 2020. A March 27, 2020, article in BBC News details some testimonies of the women of the Lai Dai Han community, who reported that their children "have faced a lifetime of abuse and discrimination , mocked for being Lai Dai Han". An April 27, 2016, article in Tuổi Trẻ said that artists Kim Seo-kyung and Kim Eun-sung would show their Vietnam Pieta statue on May 4, 2016, to
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#17327726593254940-543: The concepts of Samhan as the ancient confederacies and the Three Kingdoms of Korea were merged. In a letter to an imperial tutor of the Tang dynasty, Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn equated Byeonhan to Baekje, Jinhan to Silla, and Mahan to Goguryeo. By the Goryeo period, Samhan became a common name to refer to all of Korea. In his Ten Mandates to his descendants, Wang Geon declared that he had unified the Three Han (Samhan), referring to
5035-411: The conflict . A 2010 article in the academic journal Pacific Affairs followed the phrase "Lai Daihan" with the following in parentheses: "(the) children of South Korean fathers and Vietnamese women during the Vietnam War". The noun or adjective lai ( chữ Nôm : 𤳆) can mean any hybrid, including an animal or tree, but in this context is pejorative, meaning "mixed-blood". "Đại Hàn" ( chữ Hán : 大韓)
5130-479: The economic and cultural presence of South Korea. The language is also referred to as various combined terms, such as Kankoku-Chōsen-go ( 韓国朝鮮語 ), Chōsen-Kankoku-go ( 朝鮮・韓国語 ), "Kankokugo (Chōsengo)" ( 韓国語(朝鮮語) ), etc. Some people refer to the language as Koriago ( コリア語 ), using the European name for Korea. This term is not used in ordinary Japanese, but was selected as a compromise to placate both nations in
5225-535: The epitaph of Go Hyeon ( 고현 ; 高玄 ), a Tang dynasty general of Goguryeo origin who died in 690, calls him a "Liaodong Samhan man" ( 요동 삼한인 ; 遼東 三韓人 ). The History of Liao equates Byeonhan to Silla, Jinhan to Buyeo, and Mahan to Goguryeo. The "Han" in the names of the Korean Empire , Daehan Jeguk , and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), Daehan Minguk or Hanguk , are named in reference to
5320-1365: The ethnonym for the people of Silla, appearing [...] as Solgo or Solho in the language of the medieval Jurchens and their later descendants, the Manchus respectively. The plural of Solho ("Korea, Korean; a Korean") in the Manchu language is Solhoso (" Koreans , Korean people"), similar to Solongos in Mongolian. Manchu also has solohi or silihi for certain kinds of weasel (specifically, suwayan solohi "yellow solohi " for Mustela sibirica ), but nioron for "rainbow." The Mongolian and Manchu names for Korea and Koreans also resemble Old Japanese Siraki ~ Siragi (" Silla ") and Old Korean * Syerapeur "Gyeongju; capital city of Silla" > Late Middle Korean Syeveulh "capital city (of Joseon)" > Modern Korean Seoul "capital city (of South Korea)." In Vietnam, people call North Korea Triều Tiên ( 朝鮮 ; "Chosŏn") and South Korea Hàn Quốc ( 韓國 ; "Hanguk"). Prior to unification, North Vietnam used Bắc Triều Tiên ( 北朝鮮 ; Bukchosŏn) and Nam Triều Tiên ( 南朝鮮 ; Namjoseon) while South Vietnam used Bắc Hàn ( 北韓 ; Bukhan) and Nam Hàn ( 南韓 ; Namhan) for North and South Korea, respectively. After unification,
5415-690: The expression "The Land of the Morning Calm" for Korea, which parallels the expression "The Land of the Rising Sun" for Japan. While the wording is fanciful, the essence of the translation is valid. Around the time of Gojoseon's fall, various chiefdoms in southern Korea grouped into confederacies, collectively called the Samhan ( 삼한 ; 三韓 ; lit. Three Han). Han is a native Korean root for "leader" or "great", as in maripgan ("king", archaic), hanabi ("grandfather", archaic), and Hanbat ("Great Field", archaic name for Daejeon ). Han
5510-431: The full name, followed by Asahi , Mainichi , and Nikkei . For Korea as a whole, Chōsen ( 朝鮮 ; "Joseon") is commonly used. The term Chōsen, which has a longer usage history, continues to be used to refer to the Korean Peninsula, the Korean ethnic group, and the Korean language, which are use cases that would not cause confusion between Korea and North Korea. When referring to both North Korean and South Koreans,
5605-505: The hands of South Korean soldiers, is one of the great untold tragedies of the Vietnam War". On June 9, 2017, the Vietnamese government lodged an official protest with the South Korea Embassy regarding President Moon Jae-in honored veterans those who fought in the Vietnam War in a speech on South Korea's Memorial Day, June 8, 2017. "We request the government of South Korea not to take actions or make statements that could hurt
5700-499: The interlayer region Letters Digits Hyphen rule in RFCs defining DNS : RFC 1034, RFC 1035, RFC 1123, RFC 3696, RFC 5890 Human Rights League (France) (French: Ligue des droits de l'homme ) LDH (company) , Japanese entertainment company Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title LDH . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
5795-533: The interviews of ten elderly Vietnamese women who said to be victims of sexual assaults perpetrated by the South Korean military during the Vietnam War in Bình Định Province. One stated that, "Four people took turns doing it to me one at a time ", and another was quoted as saying, "They'd put one person at a time in the trench, keep me there all day and night and just rape me again and again". An October 30, 2016, article in The Hankyoreh said that Jang Ui-seong, head of
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#17327726593255890-422: The invention of hangul , Koreans generally recorded native Korean names with hanja, by translation of meaning, transliteration of sound, or even combinations of the two. Furthermore, the pronunciations of the same character are somewhat different in Korean and the various Korean dialects, and have changed over time. For all these reasons, in addition to the sparse and sometimes contradictory written records, it
5985-423: The issue of whether or not there were Vietnamese "comfort women" during the Vietnam War, focusing on the term "comfort women" in its analysis. The article said that despite reports of sexual assaults done to South Vietnamese women by the South Korean military during the Vietnam War, the situation is not analogous as there had been no reports of "recruitment, transportation, housing and supplies, management, payment and
6080-484: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LDH&oldid=1255231675 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing French-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lai %C4%90%E1%BA%A1i H%C3%A0n Lai Đại Hàn ( [laːi ɗâˀi hâːn] ; Korean : 라이따이한 )
6175-626: The mainland practice of naming the two Koreas differently has become more common. In the Chinese language used in Singapore and Malaysia , North Korea is usually called Cháoxiǎn ( 朝鲜 "Chosŏn") with Běi Cháoxiǎn ( 北朝鲜 "North Chosŏn") and Běihán ( 北韩 "North Han") less often used, while South Korea is usually called Hánguó ( 韩国 "Hanguk") with Nánhán ( 南韩 "South Han[guk]") and Nán Cháoxiǎn ( 南朝鲜 "South Chosŏn") less often used. In Hokkien speaking areas of chinese communities in countries like Taiwan and around Southeast Asia , Korea
6270-433: The name Kita-Chōsen is derogatory, as it only refers to the northern part of Korean Peninsula, whereas the government claims sovereignty over its whole territory. Pro-North people such as Chongryon use the name Kyōwakoku ( 共和国 ; "the Republic") instead, but the ambiguous name is not popular among others. In 1972, Chongryon campaigned to get the Japanese media to stop referring to North Korea as Kita-Chōsen . This effort
6365-579: The name Marco Polo used when mentioning the country in his Travels, derived from the Chinese form Gāolí . In 1392, a new dynasty established by a military coup revived the name Joseon ( 조선 ; 朝鮮 ; Chosŏn ), after the ancient state Gojoseon. The alternative name for this nation could have been Hwaryeong, but in the end, Taejo of Joseon decided to go with Joseon. The hanja for Joseon have been translated into English as "morning calm" and sometimes rather as "morning freshness" or "morning radiance" and Korea's English nickname became "The Land of
6460-583: The name "Korea" when referring to their countries in English. North Korea is sometimes referred to as "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (DPRK) and South Korea is sometimes referred to as the "Republic of Korea" (ROK). The official names of both entities are also used by organizations such as United Nations , International Olympic Committee and media such as the Associated Press , China Global Television Network (CGTN), and several others. As with other European languages, English historically had
6555-532: The name is probably derived from the Solon tribe living in Manchuria, a tribe culturally and ethnically related to the Korean people. North and South Korea are, accordingly, Хойд Солонгос ( Hoid Solongos ) and Өмнөд Солонгос ( Ömnöd Solongos ). The authors of an article published in the year 2023 have related Mongolian Solongos for "Korea" to the Mongolic word * solagaï ( cf. Khalkh Mongolian солгой "left-handed,
6650-674: The name of the country became the "Korea(n) Democratic People's Republic" in Korean and "Korean People's-Democratic Republic" in Russian so that both parties could claim that they were behind the coining. Today, South Koreans use Hanguk ( 한국 , 韓國 ) to refer to just South Korea or Korea as a whole, Namhan ( 남한 , 南韓 ; "South Han") for South Korea, and Bukhan ( 북한 , 北韓 ; "North Han") for North Korea. South Korea less formally refers to North Korea as Ibuk ( 이북 , 以北 ; "The North"). South Koreans often refer to Korea as "uri nara" ( 우리나라 ), meaning "our nation" or "our country". In addition,
6745-526: The name was carefully selected. Chosŏn was the natural choice for the short form, "Korea", since it had been used throughout the colonial period to denote the Peninsula. For the long form of the name, Konghwaguk was used for republic because of its leftist connotations over Minguk . North Koreans wanted to adopt something that had already been used in the Eastern Bloc to borrow legitimacy. A choice
6840-587: The north, although it may be found in pre-war sources, such as the Song of General Kim Il Sung . In the 1970s, Kim Il Sung suggested that in the event of a North Korean takeover of South Korea, "Koryo" ( Korean : 고려 ) could become the Korean name of the country. In the tourist regions in North Korea and the official meetings between South Korea and North Korea, Namcheuk ( 남측 , 南側 ) and Bukcheuk ( 북측 , 北側 ), or "southern side" and "northern side", are used instead of Namjosŏn and Bukhan . The Korean language
6935-469: The northern Vietnamese terminology persisted until the 1990s. When South Korea reestablished diplomatic relations with Vietnam in 1993, it requested that Vietnam use the name that it uses for itself, and Hàn Quốc gradually replaced Nam Triều Tiên in usage. In the Vietnamese language used in the United States, Bắc Hàn and Nam Hàn are most common used. Both South and North Korea use
7030-406: The official name for the Republic of Korea in the Korean language is "Daehan Minguk" ( 대한민국 , 大韓民國 ; which is usually translated as "The Republic of Korea"). North Koreans use Chosŏn , Namjosŏn ( 남조선 , 南朝鮮 ; "South Chosŏn"), and Pukchosŏn ( 북조선 , 北朝鮮 ; "North Chosŏn") when referring to Korea, South Korea, and North Korea, respectively. The term Pukchosŏn , however, is rarely used in
7125-410: The other hand, uses the South Korean names, referring to North Korean as Běihán ( 北韓 "North Han") and South Korean as Nánhán ( 南韓 "South Han"). The Republic of China previously maintained diplomatic relations with South Korea, but has never had relations with North Korea. As a result, in the past, Hánguó ( 韓國 ) had been used to refer to the whole Korea, and Taiwanese textbooks treated Korea as
7220-737: The other hand, was associated with Mao Zedong 's concept of New Democracy , which influenced Kim Tu-bong of the New People's Party of Korea . After his party merged with the Workers' Party of North Korea , the concept found its way to Kim Il Sung 's parlance. Kim began to speak of a "Democratic People's Republic". This was echoed by what the true authorities of the country, the Soviet Civil Administration , prescribed, albeit in different order: "People's-Democratic Republic" ( Russian : Народно-Демократическая Республика ). Thus
7315-526: The people of Joseon in the late 19th century but were eventually phased out. Both major English-speaking governments in the 19th and 20th centuries (the United States and the United Kingdom and its empire ) used both "Korea" and "Corea" until the early part of the period of Japanese occupation . English-language publications in the 19th century generally used the spelling Corea, which
7410-581: The phonology of the Korean language. The prefixing of Go- ( 古 ), meaning "old" or "ancient," is a historiographical convention that distinguishes it from the later Joseon Dynasty . The name Joseon is also now still used by North Koreans and Koreans living in China and Japan to refer to the peninsula, and as the official Korean form of the name of Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Joseon) . Cognates of 朝鮮 Joseon are also used in many Asian languages, such as Japanese, Vietnamese, and Chinese, to refer to
7505-524: The post-war dealings with victims" of a comfort women operation as part of a "formal military policy". Because what South Korea did during the Vietnam War did not meet this criterion, the article classified South Korea as not having done a "comfort women" operation during the Vietnam War. The August 16, 2013, PRI news article said that far-right Japanese nationalists were accusing South Korea of hypocrisy, because Japan had paid and apologized for their comfort women system it perpetrated during World War II, which
7600-655: The south, the Samhan resolved into the kingdoms of Baekje and Silla , constituting, with Goguryeo, the Three Kingdoms of Korea . In 668, Silla unified the three kingdoms, and reigned as Later Silla until 935. The name Samhan became synonymous with the Three Kingdoms of Korea beginning in the 7th century, and by the Goryeo period it became a common name to refer to all of Korea. The succeeding dynasty called itself Goryeo ( Korean : 고려 ; Hanja : 高麗 ; MR : Koryŏ ), and regarded itself as
7695-552: The successor to Goguryeo ( Korean : 고구려 ; Hanja : 高句麗 ; MR : Koguryŏ ). The name Goryeo was the shortened form of Goguryeo and was first used during the reign of Jangsu in the 5th century. Through the Silk Road trade routes, Persian and Arab merchants brought knowledge about Silla and Goryeo to India and the Middle East . Goryeo was transliterated into Italian as "Cauli",
7790-472: The systematic rape and sexual assault done by South Korean soldiers to Vietnamese women during the Vietnam War. An October 27, 2015, news article said that United States politician Norm Coleman requested on October 13, 2015, for South Korean president Park Geun-hye to make a public apology for the Vietnamese women who were raped by the South Korean military during the Vietnam War. Coleman said, "What happened to these women, so many of whom lost their innocence at
7885-402: The term Hánguó ren ( 韩国人 ) may be used to specifically refer to South Koreans. Before establishing diplomatic relations with South Korea, the People's Republic of China tended to use the historic Korean name Cháoxiǎn ( 朝鲜 "Joseon" or "Chosŏn"), by referring to South Korea as Nán Cháoxiǎn ( 南朝鲜 "South Joseon"). Since diplomatic ties were restored, China has used the names that each of
7980-483: The two artists said that "The South Korean government must demand and it must receive an exact apology from the Japanese government about the issue of the comfort women. Likewise, it must make an exact apology for the massacre of civilians during the Vietnam War. The government isn't fulfilling its role on either of these things right now". An October 12, 2016 news article reported that the Danang Museum received
8075-497: The two sides prefer, by referring to North Korea as Cháoxiǎn and to South Korea as Hánguó ( 韩国 "Hanguk"). The Korean language can be referred to as either Cháoxiǎnyǔ ( 朝鲜语 ) or Hánguóyǔ ( 韩国语 ). The Korean War is officially called the Kàngměi Yuáncháo Zhànzhēng ( 抗美援朝战争 "War to Resist America and Aid Korea") although the term Cháoxiǎn Zhànzhēng ( 朝鲜战争 ) is also used in unofficial contexts. Taiwan , on
8170-558: The user's political views on the Korean conflict . The name Korea is an exonym , derived from Goryeo or Koryŏ. Both North Korea and South Korea use the name in English. However, in the Korean language , the two Koreas use different terms to refer to the nominally unified nation: Joseon or Chosŏn ( 조선 ; 朝鮮 ) in North Korea and Hanguk ( 한국 ; 韓國 ) in South Korea. The earliest records of Korean history are written in Chinese characters called hanja . Even after
8265-440: The victims were "Viet Cong disguised as civilians" and that "no sexual violence occurred". Ku's research is backed by interviews of Vietnamese people, "documentation from several investigations by the Vietnamese government", 60 Vietnam War victim memorials in Vietnam, and three Vietnam War "memorials of hatred to South Korean troops". The article said that Ku had as evidence "33 different official documents", several of which were from
8360-539: Was a translation (like Japanese kun'yomi ) of the native Korean Asadal ( 아사달 ), the capital of Gojoseon: asa being a hypothetical Altaic root word for "morning", and dal meaning "mountain", a common ending for Goguryeo place names (with the use of the character 鮮 "fresh" to transcribe the final -dal syllable possibly having been based on the pronunciation of the ancient ancestor of Middle Korean dɔl- > Modern Korean 달 dal- "sweet"). An early attempt to translate these characters into English gave rise to
8455-483: Was a staff sergeant at Bình Khê in Bình Định Province , South Vietnam from May 1971 to June 1972 said, "Some of the units didn't cause any problems because they were strictly instructed not to do harm to civilians. However, I heard a lot of talk about brutal sexual assaults taking place throughout the operation zones, and my understanding is that there's a definite possibility it was true." The article also reported quotes from
8550-724: Was also used at the founding of the UK's embassy in Seoul in 1890. However, at the turn of the century, the then U.S. minister and consul general to Korea, Horace Newton Allen , used "Korea" in his works published on the country. At the official Korean exhibit at the World's Columbian Exhibition in Chicago in 1893 a sign was posted by the Korean Commissioner saying of his country's name that "'Korea' and 'Corea' are both correct, but
8645-517: Was not successful, but as a compromise most media companies agreed to refer to the nation with its full official title at least once in every article, thus they used the lengthy Kita-Chōsen (Chōsen Minshu-shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ( 北朝鮮(朝鮮民主主義人民共和国) ; "North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)"). By January 2003, this policy started to be abandoned by most newspapers, starting with Tokyo Shimbun , which announced that it would no longer write out
8740-598: Was presented between a " People's Republic " and a " Democratic Republic ", because they had been used in the names of the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets and the Finnish Democratic Republic , respectively. "People's Republic" was favored by Pak Hon-yong of the Communist Party of Korea and it had already been used by the temporary People's Republic of Korea (PRK) formed in Seoul after liberation. "Democratic Republic", on
8835-561: Was the standard Vietnamese term for South Korea (the Sino-Vietnamese equivalent of Korean : 대한 ; RR : Daehan ), although today "Hàn Quốc" ( Hanguk in Korean) is more common. Since "lai" is offensive the term "lai Đại Hàn" itself does not appear in official Vietnamese sources, except in relation for example to the name of the South Korean film "Lai Đại Hàn." The number of Lai Dai Han that were born as
8930-449: Was transliterated in Chinese records as 韓 ; hán ( 한 ), 幹 ; gàn ( 간 ), 刊 ; kān ( 간 ), and 干 ; gān ( 간 ). The Korean name Han is etymologically disconnected from both the Chinese state 韓; hán, despite sharing the same Chinese character, and the Han (漢; hàn) dynasty along with the associated ethnicity. Beginning in the 7th century, the name " Samhan " became synonymous with
9025-555: Was unveiled in Church House, Westminster and is sited in St James's Square to stand and speak for the women and their children of the Lai Dai Han, and all victims of sexual violence in conflict around the world. The sculpture was commissioned by the campaign, Justice for Lai Dai Han. On August 23, 2001, South Korean President Kim Dae-jung expressed his condolences for violence that South Korea unintentionally committed against
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