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26-750: LDU may refer to: Politics [ edit ] Alliance of Independents (German: Landesring der Unabhängigen ), a 1936–1999 political party in Switzerland Lahu Democratic Union , a political and insurgent group in Myanmar Liberal and Democratic Union , a 1906–1910 South Australian political party National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary (German: Landesselbstverwaltung der Ungarndeutschen ) Science and mathematics [ edit ] Land disposal unit ,

52-564: A Canadian postal code Luke Davies-Uniacke (born 1999), Australian rules footballer Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title LDU . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LDU&oldid=1255463007 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing German-language text Short description

78-404: A Catholic assemblies subordinate to the legislative cantonal assembly (Grosser Rat). The constitution was revised again in 1831, introducing elements of direct democracy. The constitution of 1831 divided the canton into 15 districts ( Bezirke ), reduced to 14 in 1918 (fusion of Tablat district with St. Gallen district). Due to continuing confessional squabbles over the organisation of schools,

104-654: A breakaway of leading figures from the party in 1943. These ran as Unabhängig-freie Liste (Eng: Independent- Free List ) and won one seat in the National Council of Switzerland elections the following autumn. However, this breakaway did not last long. During the era of Duttweiler, the party always won around 5% of the vote. However, the party was never successful in Switzerland or central Switzerland's French or Italian-speaking regions (except in Lucerne ). After

130-647: A term in bioremediation LDU decomposition , a factorization of matrices found in linear algebra Linear Drive Unit, a type of orbital replacement unit used on the International Space Station Other uses [ edit ] Lahad Datu Airport (IATA code), Sabah, Malaysia Lawrence Debate Union, the official debate team of the University of Vermont Liga Deportiva Universitaria (disambiguation) , several Ecuadorian football clubs Local Delivery Unit, last three digits of

156-469: Is a canton of Switzerland . Its capital is St. Gallen . Located in northeastern Switzerland , the canton has an area of 2,026 km (782 sq mi) (5% of Switzerland) and a resident population close to half a million as of 2015 (6% of Switzerland). It was formed in 1803 as a conflation of the city of St. Gallen , the territories of the Abbey of St. Gall and various former subject territories of

182-455: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Alliance of Independents Gottlieb Duttweiler – the founder of Migros , a retail business and consumer cooperative – was dissatisfied with Swiss politics in the 1930s and, therefore, founded the Alliance of Independents with a group of like-minded people. According to its statute, it

208-540: Is located in the north east of Switzerland. It is bounded to the north by Lake Constance ( Bodensee ). To the east lies the Rhine valley. Over the Rhine are Austria (state of Vorarlberg ) and Liechtenstein . To the south, the canton of St. Gallen is bounded by the cantons of Graubünden , Glarus and Schwyz . To the west lie the cantons of Zürich and Thurgau . The two half cantons Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden are completely surrounded by lands of

234-505: Is used for farming. 278.6 km (107.6 sq mi) of the farm land is alpine pastures. Of the rest of the canton, 259.1 km (100.0 sq mi) is considered unproductive while 176 km (68 sq mi) is filled with housing or roads. The altitude above the sea-level varies from 398 m (1,306 ft) (the lake of Constance) to 3,251 m (10,666 ft) (the Ringelspitz). The canton includes portions of

260-592: The Act of Mediation , the area joined the Swiss Confederation as the Canton of St. Gallen. The cantonal constitution of 1803 was revised in 1814. Because of the confessional heterogeneity of the canton's population, the 1814 constitution did unusually organise matters of religion, marriage and education not on a cantonal level but introduced a twofold division (confessional dualism), with separate Protestant and

286-624: The National Council of Switzerland elections in 1935 (although the seats were won in only three cantons of 26: five in Zürich , one each in St. Gallen and Bern ). Since the original plan to unite the best politicians of all parties in one group did not work, the Alliance of Independents was transformed into a political party on December 30, 1936. Duttweiler's authoritarian style of leadership, combined with his vague political positions, led to

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312-500: The Old Swiss Confederacy . The canton of St. Gallen is an artificial construct of various historical territories, defined by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Act of Mediation in 1803. About half of the canton's area corresponds to the acquisitions of the abbey of St. Gallen over centuries. The city of St. Gallen became independent of the abbey in 1405. At the same time, the abbey lost control of Appenzell . Conversely,

338-649: The Toggenburg was acquired by the Abbey in 1468. Both the city and the abbey were associates ( Zugewandte Orte ) of the Old Swiss Confederacy , but unlike Appenzell never joined as full members. The territories at Lake Zürich , Walensee and Rheintal remained independent until 1798. In the Helvetic Republic, the northern parts of the modern canton together with Appenzell became the canton of Säntis , while its southern parts together with Glarus became

364-426: The canton of Linth . Before the 1798 French invasion , the territory of the modern canton consisted of the free city of St. Gallen , the territories of the Abbey of St. Gallen (including Fürstenland and Toggenburg ), the free city of Rapperswil , Pfäfers Abbey , Sargans and the independent lordships (bailiwicks) of Rheintal , Sax-Forstegg , Hohensax , Werdenberg , Windegg and Uznach . In April 1798,

390-548: The 1990s, the party tried unsuccessfully to win back these voters by returning to its social liberal roots. Following numerous election losses and prominent politicians' defections to other parties, the LdU disbanded on December 4, 1999. Works cited Canton of St. Gallen The canton of St. Gallen or St Gall (German: Kanton St. Gallen [saŋkt ˈɡalən] ; Romansh : Chantun Son Gagl ; French : Canton de Saint-Gall ; Italian : Canton San Gallo )

416-445: The canton eventually placed education under its authority in 1861. The constitution was revised again in 1890, with a stronger emphasis on direct democracy. The 1890 constitution remained in effect, with numerous later changes, until 2001, the date of the latest revision of the cantonal constitution, when the division into districts was replaced by a division into eight constituencies ( Wahlkreise ), effective 1 January 2003. The canton

442-430: The canton is subdivided into 8 constituencies ( Wahlkreise ) replacing the districts ( Bezirke ). There are 77 municipalities in the canton (As of 2017 ). 88% of the population is German-speaking. The main centres of population are the capital St. Gallen (69,700 inhabitants), Rapperswil-Jona (27,000), Wil (17,500) and Gossau (17,000). As of 2007 , the population included 97,461 foreigners, or about 20.9% of

468-530: The canton of St. Gallen. The main rivers of the canton are the Rhine , Thur , Linth and Seez . The topography changes from the plains, near river Rhine and Lake Constance, towards the mountainous areas of the Alps in the south ( Appenzell Alps and Glarus Alps ). About one third (619.7 square kilometers (239.3 sq mi)) of the canton is wooded, while nearly half is 9,790.6 km (3,780.2 sq mi)

494-653: The closing of the Abbey caused unrest throughout the area. When the War of the Second Coalition broke out in 1799, an Austrian army marched into eastern Switzerland and returned the Prince-Abbot to his throne at the Abbey. However, his victory was short-lived. The Austrian and Russian armies were defeated outside Zürich and the French Army returned to St. Gallen driving the Prince-Abbot out. In 1803, as part of

520-469: The death of longtime chairman Duttweiler in 1962, the party established itself as a social liberal alternative between the left and the right. It won 9.1% and 16 seats out of 200 in the 1967 elections to the National Council of Switzerland, thus becoming the strongest opposition party. The LdU was mainly voted for by urban middle-class voters (blue-collar workers and civil servants). Several new local affiliates in different cantons were founded at this time. In

546-486: The ecological wing of the party, it massively reduced its donations to the party. Due to financial problems, the daily party newspaper Die Tat (The Deed) had to be converted into a weekly newspaper. The party lost its profile, and its voters switched to new parties and protest groups ( Green Party , Car Party ). The party continued to lose more of its voters to the Social Democratic and Green parties. In

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572-481: The lake of Constance (54 km (21 sq mi)), of the Walensee (rather over 18 km (6.9 sq mi)), and of the lake of Zürich (10 km (3.9 sq mi)), and several small lakes wholly within its limits. The mountains of the canton include part of a thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site , under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona , in 2008. Since 2003

598-430: The late 1970s, a conflict over policy broke out in the party. A new ecologist wing of the party confronted the traditional opponents of the social market economy . In the mid-1980s, the ecologist wing of the party became the most dominant. Already in 1982, members of the green and social liberal wings of the party had resigned. Since the most significant financial backer of the party, Migros had ideological problems with

624-594: The territories of the later canton of St. Gallen were divided between the cantons of Säntis and Linth of the Helvetic Republic , along with Appenzell , Glarus and parts of Schwyz . However, the two new Cantons had immediate financial problems and were forced to institute a number of unpopular taxes and laws. The Abbey was secularized on 17 September 1798 and the Prince-Abbot Pankraz Vorster fled to Vienna. The unpopular laws and

650-416: The total population. The majority of the population (as of 2000 ) is Roman Catholic (52%) while a large minority is Protestant (28%). The historical population is given in the following table: Agricultural activity consists predominantly of dairy farming and cattle breeding in the mountainous areas. In the plains fruit and wine production are important, but there is also mixed farming. Industries of

676-542: Was not meant to be a political party but an association to help reconcile capitalists and workers. From the beginning, the LdU also served the interests of the Migros cooperative, successfully lobbying against legislation that impeded its business model by restricting networks of general stores or sales by trucks (one of Migros' marketing strategies). The political scientist D.L. Seiler has called it "a commercial enterprise continued by other means". The party won seven seats in

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