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54-547: Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft formed on April 30, 1908, from the assets of an experimental airship engine company located in Bitterfeld , Motorluftschiff Studiengesellscaft (MStG). Additional funding for the new enterprise was provided primarily by Krupp , AEG , and a local chemical company. The company's offices were located in Berlin along with the factory at Adlershof . Manufacture was transferred to Charlottenburg following

108-661: A triplane adaptation as the D.VI (also known as the Dr.I). The next major design from Roland were parasol monoplane designs, the D.XVI with the Siemens-Halske Sh.III or 170 hp Goebel Goe.IIIa rotary piston engines , and the otherwise similar D.XVII with the inline 185 hp BMW IIIa . Both were entered into the Second Fighter Competition at Adlershof, but lost to the Fokker D.VIII . After

162-402: A distinctive diamond shape. There are less common regional instances of planks being joined with treenails or by sewing, but iron fastening predominated. More modern boats generally use copper nails with an annular rove of the same material. Historically, particularly in the traditional Nordic tradition , clinker construction most commonly used cleft, or radially split, oak planks. This gives

216-670: A fire on 6 September 1916, allegedly caused by the British Secret Service . Their first project was an airship design by August von Parseval , a German airship designer. This entered service as the PL.II in 1910. During World War I , four were delivered to the German Army and Navy. In total some 25 "PL" airships were built, flown and delivered to various customers. The PL-26, one of the last, crashed on landing and burnt inside hangar Luftschiffhalle 2 with no fatalities. For

270-420: A hardwood wedge knocked into each end to spread it, after which, the surplus was then sawn off. In the last few years of wooden boat construction, glue and screws took over, but until the 1950s, the keel, hog, stem, apron, deadwoods, sternpost, and perhaps transom would be fastened together by bolts set in white lead and grease. There are three kinds of bolt used: Until well into the nineteenth century, this

324-520: A single square-rigged mast, a stern-post mounted pintle-and-gudgeon rudder and clinker sides. As part of the process of merging these two sets of traditions , carvel-built ships started to arrive in Northern waters. They were soon followed by shipwrights with the skills to build in carvel construction, with the first being built in this region in the late 1430s. The change is still not well understood. The frames of carvel could be made stronger to support

378-472: A skeleton basis, with hull planks being fixed to the frames and not to each other. At the same time, Northern European cogs were voyaging into the Mediterranean. The two maritime technological traditions had differences beyond the hull construction methods. Mediterranean ships were carvel-built, lateen rigged (using more than one mast on larger vessels) and still used side rudders. The visiting cogs had

432-466: A stronger piece of timber than with sawn material – not only is the grain continuous along the length of the piece, but the medullary rays are aligned in the same plane as the timber surface, so maximising the strength available. However, this timber conversion method does limit the maximum width of plank to slightly more than one third of the diameter of the tree from which it is split – the narrowest part (including any pith) and

486-555: A supporting framework of wooden formers and longerons . The "wrapping" technique of the long plywood strips for the outer fuselage surface led to this particular technique of manufacture being described in German as the Wickelrumpf (wrapped body) style of construction, and was subsequently patented by the firm, licensing the construction method to Pfalz in 1917 for construction of their own single-seat fighter designs. Although it

540-641: Is a method of boat building in which the edges of longitudinal (lengthwise-running) hull planks overlap each other. Where necessary in larger craft, shorter hull planks can be joined end to end, creating a longer hull plank ( strake ). The technique originated in Nordic shipbuilding, and was employed by the Anglo-Saxons , Frisians , and Scandinavians . It was also used in cogs , the other major ship construction type found in Northern Europe in

594-503: Is a town in the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld , Saxony-Anhalt , Germany. Since 1 July 2007 it has been part of the town of Bitterfeld-Wolfen . It is situated approximately 25 km south of Dessau , and 30 km northeast of Halle (Saale) . At the end of 2016, it had 40,964 inhabitants. The name Bitterfeld most likely comes from the Middle High German words bitter and Feld and so means "boggy land". Bitterfeld

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648-401: Is as follows. In building such a boat (e.g., a simple pulling boat), workers assemble and securely set up the keel , hog stem , apron , deadwoods , sternpost and perhaps transom . In normal practice, this will be the same way up as they will be in use. From the hog, the garboard , bottom, bilge, topside and sheer strakes are planked up, held together along their ‘lands’ –

702-491: Is closely associated with Nordic countries, the same technique was used at an early stage in other parts of Northern Europe. The Saxon burial ship at Sutton Hoo in eastern England is an early ( c.  AD 630 ) example of this sort of ship occurring in the broader Northern European area. Other sites from the 7th century AD include Kvalsund , Norway, Gretstedbro in Jutland and Snape in eastern England. One difference from

756-607: Is dictated by the shaping of the planks, not by the underlying framing of the finished hull. There are precursors of clinker construction. The archaeological remains of a river boat dated to the first two centuries AD (described as Romano-Celtic), found in Pommeroeul in Belgium, had a single strake that overlapped the underlying plank – though it is not clear how it was fastened. Earlier finds have bevelled lap joints or other similar arrangements that do not have

810-471: Is in an extended logboat from Björke in Sweden. This dates to c.  310 AD . The Nydam boat is an almost complete example of a boat built with clinker construction. It has overlapping planks joined with iron nails driven through the lap. The nails are clenched over rove s on the inside of the planking. The boat was built shell-first. It dates to c.  320 AD . Though clinker construction

864-526: Is what held the great ships of the world together, though some such bolts may have been of iron. Until the late 1950s, the centre-line assembly of British Admiralty twenty-five foot motor cutters were fastened in this way. The Vikings used the clinker form of construction to build their longships from split wood planks. Clinker is the most common English term for this construction in both British and American English, though in American English

918-666: The Basque country ; the Newport Medieval Ship is an example of a clinker-built vessel that was built in the Basque region. By the 14th century, clinker-built ships and the cog represented the major construction methods in Northern Europe. Carvel construction was developed in the Mediterranean around the end of the Classical antiquity period. By the end of the 13th century AD, Mediterranean ships were being built on

972-502: The Gokstad ship . These show some development from earlier vessels, including a partial keelson which acted as the mast step. As well as these warship types, cargo vessels were built which were less extreme with greater beam and more emphasis on propulsion by sail, together with extra cross-beams to strengthen the hull for greater weight carrying. The cog is part of another ship-building tradition in Northern Europe that existed at

1026-402: The coble , sawn frames are used, assembled from floors and top timbers, joggled to fit the lands. (Sometimes the timbers in larger archaic craft were also joggled before being steamed in.) With the timbers all fitted, longitudinal members are bent in. The ones that run on the underside of the thwarts are called risings. They are fastened through the timbers. Bilge keels are often added to

1080-480: The Mediterranean, flush-planked hulls were produced by edge-to-edge joining of the hull planking with mortise and tenon joints. This was a shell-first technique , which started with a keel, stem and stern-post, to which planking was added. The hull was then reinforced by the addition of frame s. The shape of the individual planks generates the shape of the hull. In the Roman-occupied parts of Northern Europe,

1134-525: The Nydam boat is that individual planks in the later period are shorter and narrower. This suggests that large oak trees for ship-building had become a lot less common by the 7th century, so timber of smaller dimensions had to be used. The 8th, 9th and 10th centuries saw the use of Viking longships for raiding and settlement. Archaeological remains of these clinker-built ships include the Oseberg ship and

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1188-524: The Romano-Celtic tradition involved flush-planking that was not joined with mortise and tenon joints but was connected by framing elements. (This may be a building tradition that continued with the bottom planking of the medieval cog and then into the Dutch bottom-based building methods of the 17th century.) The Romano-Celtic method of construction is also a shell-first technique, in that the hull shape

1242-434: The areas of overlap between neighbouring strakes – by copper rivets. At the stem and, in a double-ended boat, the sternpost, geralds are formed. That is, in each case, the land of the lower strake is tapered to a feather edge at the end of the strake where it meets the stem or stern-post. This allows the end of the strake to be screwed to the apron with the outside of the planking mutually flush at that point and flush with

1296-592: The beam, due to the light nature of the method, did not commensurately increase the vessel's survivability under the torsional forces of rolling waves, and greater beam widths may have made the resultant vessels more vulnerable. There is an upper limit to the size of clinker-built vessels, which could be and was exceeded by several orders of magnitude in later large sailing vessels incorporating carvel-built construction. Clinker building requires relatively wide planking stock compared to carvel, as carvel can employ stealers to reduce plank widths amidships, where their girth

1350-404: The crew's weight across the bottom structure. Inboard of the sheer strake the heavier gunwale is similarly bent in along the line of the sheer. This part of the work is finished by fitting the breast hook and quarter knees. Swivel or crutch chocks are fitted as appropriate to the gunwale, the thwarts fitted down onto the rising and held in position by knees up to the gunwale and perhaps down onto

1404-526: The early medieval period are seen in the traditional round-bottomed Thames skiffs , the larger (originally) cargo-carrying Norfolk wherries of England, and working craft like the yawls that were once common around the coasts of Britain and Ireland. The term clinker derives from a common Germanic word for clinch or clench , a word meaning “to fasten together”. In the first few centuries AD, several boat and ship-building systems existed in Europe. In

1458-700: The eastern front and in Macedonia. The fuselage to wing gap was further increased in the D.III, but the temperamental 180 hp Argus As.III limited production to only a handful. Six D.IIs were delivered in July 1917 to the Bulgarian Air Force, and six D.IIIs were delivered in May 1918. Although the Wickelrumpf style of wood-structure monocoque fuselage was extremely strong, it was also very difficult and time-consuming to build. A new method of construction

1512-566: The fastening is done. How thes steps are done is as follows. Once the shell of planking is assembled, transverse battens of oak, ash, or elm, called timbers, are steam-bent to fit the internal, concave side. As the timbers are bent in, they are fastened to the shell (e.g., via copper-riveting), through the lands of the planking. Alternatively, as on many clinker-built craft, e.g. in Scandinavia and in Thames skiffs and larger working craft like

1566-408: The first approval of a joint Nordic application. Clinker construction is a boat and ship-building method in which the hull planks overlap and are joined by nails that are driven through the overlap. These fastenings typically go through a metal rove over which the protruding end of the nail is deformed in a process comparable to riveting the planks together. This gives a distinctive appearance to

1620-635: The full lap of clinker. These include the Dover boat and Ferriby 1 (both dating to the middle of the second millennium BC) and the Hjortspring boat ( c.  300-350 BC ). In these cases, the planks are stitched or sewn together. The Hjortspring boat is built shell-first so suggesting some continuity with the Nordic tradition of clinker construction. The earliest example of ship and boat building using overlapped planking joined with metal fastenings

1674-507: The keel band will be shaped and drilled and the screw holes drilled in the wood of keel and stem then the band will be put aside while the varnishing is done. The fittings of a clinker boat, as described above (keel, stem band, etc.) are fixed with screws. The planks of the boat may be fastened together in several ways: Where suitable metal was not available, it was possible to use treenails (pronounced trennels), fasteners like clench bolts but made of wood; instead of being clenched, they had

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1728-430: The latter part of the medieval period. Carvel construction—where longitudinal hull planks abut edge to edge (instead of lapping)—supplanted clinker construction in large vessels as the demand for capacity surpassed the limits of clinker construction, such as in larger medieval transport ships ( hulks ). UNESCO named the Nordic clinker boat tradition to its List of Intangible Cultural Heritage on December 14, 2021, in

1782-443: The method is sometimes also known as lapstrake ; lapboard was used especially before the 20th century to side buildings, where the right angles of the structure lend themselves to quick assembly. The smoother surface of a carvel boat gives the impression at first sight that it is hydrodynamically more efficient. The lands of the planking are not there to disturb the stream line . This distribution of relative efficiency between

1836-408: The outside of the hull as the overlaps are obvious in the stepped nature of the hull surface. Clinker construction is a shell-first technique (in contrast to the frame-based nature of carvel ). The construction sequence begins with the joining of the keel , stem and sternpost (or transom ) and setting these in place in the build area. Thereafter, the shape of the hull is determined by

1890-408: The outside of the land on which the boat would lie on a hard surface to stiffen it and protect it from wear. A stringer is usually fitted round the inside of each bilge to strengthen it. In a small boat, this is usually arranged to serve also as a means of retaining the bottom boards. These are removable assemblies, shaped to lie over the bottom timbers and be walked upon. They spread the stresses from

1944-476: The poor forward view proved to be a problem. A fire at the factory severely constrained production, and only 20 were built. A newer version with a more conventional layout, the Roland D.II , followed, whose fuselage was reduced in height to leave a gap with the upper wing but was otherwise similar overall. The competing Albatros D.I was preferred, and only about 230 examples were built, which were then mostly used on

1998-713: The rest of the war the hangars were used mostly for repairs of observation balloons . In 1913 LFG started producing new designs under the trade name Roland to avoid confusion with the Luftverkehrsgesellschaft (L.V.G.) firm. In 1916 the company developed a floatplane version of the Albatros C.Ia as the LFG W. Some parts were built in Bitterfeld , but final assembly and checkout was carried out in new factories in Stralsund . Their first successful design

2052-428: The same time that the purely Nordic-tradition clinker vessels were being built. Though the classic cog construction uses flush planking for the bottom, the sides are constructed in a clinker method – with the difference that the nails that passed through overlapping planks were simply bent over and driven back into the plank, rather than using roves. Clinker-built vessels were constructed as far South as

2106-549: The sapwood are cut off. The slightly uneven surface found on cleft timber is the reason why caulking is laid in the overlap between the hull planks during construction, often using animal hair. Early examples of clinker-built boats include the longships of the Viking raiders and traders, and the trading cogs of the Hanseatic League . Modern examples of clinker-built boats that are directly descended from those of

2160-503: The shaping and fitting of the hull planking that forms the waterproof exterior of the hull. Any reinforcing frame s, thwart s or beams are added after the joining of the hull planks. This may involve completely finishing the exterior planking first, or just some planking may be fitted with, for instance, floor s being added whilst that part of the hull is accessible before planking is continued. Medieval clinker construction used iron nails and roves – the latter being

2214-402: The stem. This means that the boat's passage through the water will not tend to lift the ends of the planking away from the stem. Before the next plank is laid up, the face of the land on the lower strake is bevelled to suit the angle at which the next strake will lie in relation with it. This varies all along the land. Gripes are used to hold the new strake in position on the preceding one before

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2268-515: The stringer. The structure of gunwale, rising, thwart and thwart knees greatly stiffens and strengthens the shell and turns it into a boat. There are several ways of fixing the rubbing strake, but, in a clinker boat, it is applied to the outside of the sheer strake. Fittings such as swivels or crutch plate, painter ring, stretchers, keel and stem band are fitted. In a sailing dinghy, there would be more fittings, such as fairleads , horse, shroud plates, mast step, toe straps and so on. At stages along

2322-525: The two forms of construction is an illusion because for given hull strength, the clinker boat is lighter. Additionally, the clinker building method as used by the Vikings created a vessel which could twist and flex relative to the line extending length of the vessel, bow to stern. This gave it an advantage in North Atlantic rollers so long as the vessel was small in overall displacement. Increasing

2376-566: The vicinity. Owing to its pleasant situation and accessibility, it became a favoured residence of businessmen of Leipzig and Halle. During the East German (GDR) era, it gained notoriety for its chemical industry complex which caused remarkably severe pollution, even by GDR standards. On 24 April 1959, it also was a scene for the Bitterfeld Conference, locally known as the "Bitterfelder Weg". This conference sought to connect

2430-710: The war all aircraft production in Germany was banned, and the company was forced to close the Bitterfeld plant and reopen in Seddin , producing airplanes, balloons and life boats. In 1933, aircraft production shut down. Three additional Parseval pattern airships were also built during this period. This is a list of aeroplane produced, taken from Nowarra, Heinz: Flugzeuge 1914–1918, München 1959 and Emmanuel Gustin's list of German military aircraft. Bitterfeld Bitterfeld ( German pronunciation: [ˈbɪtɐfɛlt] )

2484-454: The way, painters will have been called in to prime the timber, particularly immediately before the timbering is done. The boatbuilder will clean up the inside of the planking and the painter will prime it and probably more, partly because it is easier that way and partly so as to put some preservative on the planking behind the timbers. Similarly, it is best to have the varnishing done after the fittings are fitted but before they are shipped. Thus,

2538-401: The weight of the guns that ships were starting to carry and allowed gun-ports to be cut in the hull. Carvel construction may have solved the shortage of large cleft oak planks from which to make larger clinker vessels. Despite the large-scale move over to carvel construction for large vessels, clinker construction remained prominent throughout Northern Europe. The Nordic clinker boat tradition

2592-574: The working class with the artists of the day to form a socialist national culture. In the 21st century Bitterfeld is still an industrial town and it stages the annual United Metal Maniacs metal festival. The former brown-coal open cast mine of Goitzsche, south-east of Bitterfeld, is a source of numerous fossils in Bitterfeld amber . (from 1840 to 2006) : 51°37′26″N 12°19′48″E  /  51.62389°N 12.33000°E  / 51.62389; 12.33000 Clinker (boat building) Clinker -built, also known as lapstrake -built,

2646-595: Was also patented by the firm. A further adaptation of the D.IV with the 185 hp Benz Bz. III resulted in the Roland D.VI , which was entered in the First Fighter Competition trials at Adlershof in early 1918. Although the Fokker D.VII won that contest, the D.VI was also ordered into production as it used a different engine, and by the end of the war about 350 had been delivered. A large number of different versions using various engines were built as prototypes without entering production, as well as

2700-620: Was built by a colony of Flemish immigrants in 1153. The first documentary mention is from 1224. It was captured by the landgrave of Meissen in 1476, and belonged thenceforth to Saxony , until it was ceded to Prussia in 1815. By 1900, Bitterfeld station was an important junction of the Berlin–Halle and the Magdeburg–Leipzig railways. The population at that time was 11,839; it manufactured drainpipes, paper roofing, and machinery, and had sawmills. There were also several coal mines in

2754-543: Was inscribed to the UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage on December 14, 2021, as the first joint Nordic application to the list. In the clinker- (lapstrake- ) method of boat building , the edges of longitudinal hull planks overlap each other. Where necessary in larger craft, shorter planks can be joined end to end, creating a longer strake or hull plank. How this is done

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2808-444: Was introduced that used spruce planking running the length of the aircraft in place of the formed plywood, and the D.III was adapted using this technique to produce D.IV triplane and D.V biplane, both powered by the D.III's 160 hp Mercedes. The fuselage shell's construction technique for these aircraft resembled a clinker-planked boat hull in appearance when finished, and was named Klinkerrumpf (clinker body) construction, and

2862-478: Was said to have tricky handling, the Roland C.II had excellent performance, and was also used on long-range missions as a bomber escort. A version with the 200 hp Benz Bz.IV engine and new wing struts was built as the D.III, but only one prototype was ever built, as was the case for the 160 hp Mercedes D.III -powered C.V. The C.II was adapted to the pure fighter role as the Roland D.I , but in this role

2916-451: Was the Roland C.II Walfisch (whale), a two-seat reconnaissance biplane . It had a semi-monocoque fuselage, skinned with two layers of long plywood strips glued at opposing diagonal angles around a mold and skinned with fabric both inside and outside. The fuselage filled the full gap between the wings, leaving the pilot and observer/gunner over the top wings with an excellent view upward. The fuselage "half-shells" were each fitted onto

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