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147-621: From 2000 to 2010, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) researched potential extensions to LIBS technology, which focused on hazardous material detection. Applications investigated at ARL included the standoff detection of explosive residues and other hazardous materials, plastic landmine discrimination, and material characterization of various metal alloys and polymers. Results presented by ARL suggest that LIBS may be able to discriminate between energetic and non-energetic materials. Broadband high-resolution spectrometers were developed in 2000 and commercialized in 2003. Designed for material analysis,

294-432: A Senior Common Room , which is managed by elected representatives of the college's academic and administrative members. Other colleges however combine undergraduate and postgraduate representation together into student associations. The colleges are deliberately assigned undergraduates, postgraduate students and staff from a wide mixture of disciplines. The Sunday Times noted, "The colleges are tight-knit communities within

441-606: A competency-based organizational structure that realigned the laboratory's intramural and extramural research efforts to underscore the Army's targeted priorities in science and technology. In 2023, DEVCOM ARL established its fifth regional site, ARL Mid-Atlantic, in Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland . As of 2024, DEVCOM ARL consists of three directorates: the Army Research Directorate (ARD),

588-488: A fast, micro-destructive food analysis tool. It is considered a potential analytical tool for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, making it suitable as a PAT (Process Analytical Technology) or portable tool. Milk, bakery products, tea, vegetable oils, water, cereals, flour, potatoes, palm date and different types of meat have been analyzed using LIBS. Few studies have shown its potential as an adulteration detection tool for certain foods. LIBS has also been evaluated as

735-673: A federated laboratory that delegated research and development in digital technologies to newly established research centers in the private sector. Known as the Federated Laboratory, or FedLab, the approach entailed a closer working partnership between ARL and the private sector that couldn't be achieved through standard contractual processes. To overcome this issue, the U.S. Army granted ARL the authority to enter into research cooperative agreements in July 1994. ARL funded as many as 10 new research centers as part of FedLab and incorporated

882-448: A five-year-long degree in the subject. After 1972 the construction of Colleges ceased until 1990 with the foundation of James College . Initially James was intended to be a postgraduate only college. However, the university began to expand rapidly, almost doubling in size from 4,300 to 8,500 students. In 1993, therefore it was decided that the college should become open to undergraduates. The expansion of student numbers also resulted in

1029-564: A little less than a year, Vitali implemented foundational changes in ARL's management that would later shape the core operations of the laboratory. Inspired by a successful precedent in LABCOM, he established an advisory body of senior scientists and engineers known as the ARL Fellows to provide guidance to the director on various matters related to their field of expertise. Vitali also facilitated

1176-502: A major Army center for research and development in technologies related to weapon phenomena, armor, accelerator physics, and high-speed computing. The laboratory is perhaps best known for commissioning the creation of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), the first electronic general-purpose digital computer. The Electronics Technology and Devices Laboratory was a research facility under

1323-618: A major subordinate command under AMC on March 1, 2004. Positioned at the center of Army technology development, RDECOM was given authority over ARL, the RDECs, the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity, and a portion of the Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command. As a result, ARL, which had previously reported directly to AMC headquarters, henceforth reported to RDECOM instead. Throughout

1470-422: A number of new subjects such as law and dentistry. For a number of years, the university's expansion plans were limited by planning restrictions. The City of York planning conditions stipulate that only 20% of the land area may be built upon, and the original campus was at full capacity. In 2004, plans were finalised for a 117 hectare extension to the campus, initially called Heslington East, designed to mirror

1617-550: A plan to fully implement the recommendations made by the Packard Commission , a committee that had previously reported on the state of defense procurement in the government. As a result of this directive, the U.S. Army chartered a high-level Army study known as the LAB-21 Study to evaluate the future of Army in-house research, development, and engineering activities. Conducted from November 1989 to February 1990,

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1764-414: A plan to reduce and reshape the federal government. Taking advantage of this initiative to “reinvent the government,” Lyons saw an opportunity to address what he viewed as serious difficulties in the directorates’ operating environments that hindered their performance. His reform program for ARL included the consolidation of funding authority, the creation of an industrial fund and discretionary accounts, and

1911-712: A project that enhanced the battlefield forecasting capabilities of existing information systems, and the development of the Battlefield Combat Identification System . On September 14, 1993, John W. Lyons, a former director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), was installed as the first director of ARL. Following the end of the Cold War, the administration helmed by President William J. Clinton pushed for further cutbacks in defense spending as part of

2058-699: A promising elemental imaging technique in meat. In 2019, researchers of the University of York and of the Liverpool John Moores University employed LIBS for studying 12 European oysters ( Ostrea edulis , Linnaeus , 1758) from the Late Mesolithic shell midden at Conors Island ( Republic of Ireland ). The results highlighted the applicability of LIBS to determine prehistoric seasonality practices as well as biological age and growth at an improved rate and reduced cost than

2205-472: A result of a directive issued by the Army Chief of Staff to “digitize the battlefield” and enhance the U.S. Army's capabilities in the information sciences . Upon review, however, the Army realized that the private sector had far surpassed the military in the development and fielding of wireless digital communications , as evidenced by the prevalence of cellular phones in the commercial market. ARL lacked

2352-485: A result, the laboratories often did not share their findings or learn about the projects being performed at other facilities, which led to duplicated research and resource waste. Furthermore, the lack of central guidance produced research that distinguished the laboratories from each other but did not fulfill the most urgent or relevant needs of the Army. In the ensuing decades, the U.S. Army conducted various restructuring efforts to resolve this issue. The reorganization of

2499-406: A total income of £496.6 million in 2022–23 of which £96.8 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £497.0 million. York was one of the first of the plate glass universities established in the 1960s, and runs a distinctive collegiate system , which currently consists of eleven colleges. The eleventh college, David Kato, opened in 2022. The university

2646-526: Is I i j ( λ ) = 1 4 π n 0 A i j g i exp − E i / k B T U ( T ) I ( λ ) {\displaystyle I_{ij}(\lambda )={\frac {1}{4\pi }}n_{0}A_{ij}{\frac {g_{i}\exp ^{-E_{i}/k_{B}T}}{U(T)}}I(\lambda )} where : The partition function U ( T ) {\displaystyle U(T)}

2793-599: Is Central Hall, a half-octagonal concert hall used for convocations and examinations, as well as theatrical and musical performances. It is a Grade II-listed building, as is the West campus landscape. It has played host to the Wailers , George Melly , Soft Machine , Pink Floyd , and Paul McCartney . Performances by big-name acts have been rarer at the university following a 1985 the Boomtown Rats concert, during which

2940-436: Is a collegiate university and has eleven colleges . All colleges have equal status, and each has its own constitution. Each college is governed by its own College Council, which contains a combination of university staff and elected student members and is chaired by a Senior College Fellow . The day-to-day running of the colleges is managed by administrative staff from the university's Student Life and Wellbeing unit, with all

3087-599: Is a member of regional research groups including the N8 Group and White Rose University Consortium as well as the national Russell Group . The first petition for the establishment of a university in York was presented to James I in 1617. In 1641, a second petition was drawn up but was not delivered due to the English Civil War in 1642. A third petition was created in 1647 but was rejected by Parliament . In

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3234-688: Is a public collegiate research university in York , England. Established in 1963, the university has expanded to more than thirty departments and centres, covering a wide range of subjects. South-east of the city of York , the university campus is about 500 acres (200 hectares) in size. The original campus, Campus West, incorporates the York Science Park and the National Science Learning Centre , and its wildlife, campus lakes and greenery are prominent. In May 2007

3381-410: Is also a growing population of black swans and a few great crested grebe . Grey herons have also been sighted on the lake. The southern end of the lake has been established as a bird sanctuary. Fishing is permitted in season, on purchase of a licence. On occasions the lake has been called Scullion's Lake. However, the use of this name varies, which challenges it's authenticity. It has been applied to

3528-399: Is as follows: A pulse interacting with a dense matter is considered to be short if during the interaction the threshold for the avalanche ionization is not reached. At the first glance this definition may appear to be too limiting. Fortunately, due to the delicately balanced behavior of the pulses in dense media, the threshold cannot be reached easily. The phenomenon responsible for the balance

3675-432: Is attributed to the lower density of the plasma in the case of short laser pulses due to the defocusing effects which limits the intensity of the pulse in the interaction region and thus prevents further multiphoton/tunnel ionization of the gas. For an optically thin plasma composed of a single, neutral atomic species in local thermal equilibrium (LTE), the density of photons emitted by a transition from level i to level j

3822-525: Is led by the University of Southern California and focuses on basic and applied research in immersive technology , simulation , human performance, computer graphics , and artificial intelligence. The Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies is led by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and focuses on the advancement of nanotechnology to create new materials, devices, processes, and systems to improve Army capabilities. Following

3969-460: Is the intensity clamping through the onset of filamentation process during the propagation of strong laser pulses in dense media. A potentially important development to LIBS involves the use of a short laser pulse as a spectroscopic source. In this method, a plasma column is created as a result of focusing ultrafast laser pulses in a gas. The self-luminous plasma is far superior in terms of low level of continuum and also smaller line broadening. This

4116-399: Is the statistical occupation fraction of every level k {\displaystyle k} of the atomic species : U ( T ) = ∑ j g j exp − E j / k B T {\displaystyle U(T)=\sum _{j}g_{j}\exp ^{-E_{j}/k_{B}T}} Recently, LIBS has been investigated as

4263-729: Is used for art displays. Not far from the King's Manor is the Minster Library , in Dean's Park . Students and staff of the university are able to use the Minster Library, which shares staff and cataloguing with the main university library, and holds the huge collection of early books belonging to the Dean and Chapter of York Minster . The university announced in 2024 that it would stop using King's Manor for teaching and research due to

4410-841: The Armor Survivability Kit for the M998 HMMWV , the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles, the Rhino Passive Infrared Defeat System , and the M1114 HMMWV Interim Fragment Kit 5. During this period of warfare, the laboratory strongly endorsed cross-directorate projects and funded high-risk, collaborative, and multi-disciplinary research in a bid to formulate more innovative science and technology capabilities that exceeded

4557-1077: The Harry Diamond Laboratories (HDL), the Human Engineering Laboratory (HEL), the Materials Technology Laboratory (MTL), and the Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory (VAL). In 1998, the Army Research Office (ARO) was also incorporated into the organization. As of 2024, DEVCOM ARL's mission statement is as follows: “Our mission is to operationalize science.” Headquartered at the Adelphi Laboratory Center in Adelphi, Maryland , DEVCOM ARL operates laboratories and experimental facilities in several locations around

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4704-941: The Higher Education Academy , the Digital Preservation Coalition , the National Non-Food Crops Centre , the York Neuroimaging Centre, the York JEOL Nanocentre, the IT office of VetUK , the UK head office of AlphaGraphics , the accelerated mass spectrometry specialists Xceleron Ltd, and the Leeds, York & North Yorkshire Chamber of Commerce. The Science Park is also home to some parts of

4851-772: The Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past . The Department of Politics hosts the Post-war Reconstruction and Development Unit and the Centre for Applied Human Rights. Campus West hosts the National Science Learning Centre which opened in March 2006, it serves as the hub for a £51 million national network of centres dedicated to revitalising science teaching in schools. It is operated by

4998-457: The Materials Technology Laboratory during the transition), and the Office of Missile Electronic Warfare (renamed the Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory during the transition). LABCOM's primary mission was to facilitate the transition of technologies from basic research to fielded application while also finding ways to improve their integration into mission areas across the Army. Once LABCOM

5145-752: The Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government gave the go-ahead in May 2007. In May 2008 the City of York planners approved the design for the residential college, Goodricke. In The Press on 28 July 2008, Shepherd Construction was named as the preferred contractor for the Goodricke College buildings. The proposal included landscaping the whole area, constructing a lake with marsh borders, planting light woodland and many specimen trees, and maximising biodiversity. Construction began in 2008, with

5292-507: The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) submitted the recommendations from the LAB-21 Study for the 1991 BRAC . Upon BRAC's endorsement, the laboratory consolidation plan was subsequently approved by President Bush and Congress. Once the plan was authorized, Congress tasked the Federal Advisory Commission on Consolidation and Conversion of Defense Research and Development Laboratories with making recommendations to improve

5439-517: The University of Chicago ’s Polsky Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation reflected the laboratory's goals to establish its presence in the Midwest region. The fourth regional site, ARL Northeast, was established in Burlington, Massachusetts , on April 9, 2018. Its placement at Northeastern University ’s George J. Kostas Research Institute for Homeland Security marked what was believed to be

5586-645: The White Rose University Consortium (which comprises the Universities of Leeds , Sheffield and York) together with Sheffield Hallam University . University of York Music Press (UYMP) was founded in 1995 by David Blake with Bill Colleran. UYMP maintains online catalogues for composers and their music. At present, there are a total of twenty-seven house composers and thirty-one associate composers. UYMP has so far published more than one thousand projects in twelve sections. Among

5733-486: The 1820s there were discussions about the founding of a university in York, but this did not come to fruition due to the founding of Durham University in 1832. In 1903, F. J. Munby and the Yorkshire Philosophical Society , among others, proposed a "Victoria University of Yorkshire". Oliver Sheldon a director of Rowntree's and co-founder of York Civic Trust , was a driving force behind

5880-506: The 19th highest in the UK. The university gives offers of admission to 78.5% of its applicants, the joint 15th lowest amongst the Russell Group . There are around 6.2 applications for every undergraduate place, and a completion rate of 93.2% with around 80% of graduates graduating with a First/2:1. 17.9% of York's undergraduates are privately educated , the joint 20th highest proportion amongst mainstream British universities. In

6027-448: The 2000s and early 2010s, ARL concentrated chiefly on addressing the operational technical challenges that arose during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom . Although long-term basic research traditionally represented the crux of ARL's work, heavy pressure from Army leadership redirected much of the laboratory's attention towards quick-fix solutions in response to urgent problems faced by troops in theater. Examples include

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6174-507: The 2016–17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 80:5:16 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 56:44. 56.2% of international students enrolled at the institution are from China, the third highest proportion out of all mainstream universities in the UK. In response to 'financial challenges' revealed in January 2024, the university will lower entrance requirements for international students to

6321-522: The 2022 Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities the top-ranked research disciplines at York were sociology (49th), atmospheric science and economics (both ranked in the range 51–75). Information for entry standards gathered from the 2014/15 academic year by the HESA shows that the average student at the University of York achieved a UCAS tariff of 430 (using the previous tariff points system),

6468-581: The Army Howard Callaway established the Army Materiel Acquisition Review Committee (AMARC), an ad hoc group consisting primarily of civilians from outside the government, to analyze the Army's materiel acquisition process. Upon review of AMC's management of its science and technology elements, AMARC highlighted how the wide spectrum of research, development, and commodity responsibilities shouldered by

6615-615: The Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center (AMMRC) in 1967 before it became the Materials Technology Laboratory in 1985. The Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory was a research facility under the U.S. Army Materiel Command that specialized in missile electronic warfare, vulnerability, and surveillance. Headquartered at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, VAL was responsible for assessing

6762-804: The Army Research Office (ARO), and the Research Business Directorate (RBD). The laboratory executes intramural and extramural foundational research that adheres to 11 research competencies chosen by DEVCOM ARL. The 11 competencies are Biological and Biotechnology Sciences; Electromagnetic Spectrum Sciences; Energy Sciences; Humans in Complex Systems; Mechanical Sciences; Military Information Sciences; Network, Cyber, and Computational Sciences; Photonics, Electronics, and Quantum Sciences; Sciences of Extreme Materials; Terminal Effects; and Weapons Sciences. ARD executes

6909-482: The Army Research Office and six technical directorates. The September 11 attacks against the United States and the subsequent launch of Operation Enduring Freedom induced a sense of urgency across the U.S. Army to do whatever possible to accelerate the mobilization of offensive U.S. military capabilities. General Paul J. Kern , the newly appointed commanding general of AMC, stressed the need to streamline

7056-496: The Army in 1962 discontinued the Technical Services and established the U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC) to manage the Army's procurement and development functions for weapons and munitions. Research facilities within both the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps and the U.S. Army Signal Corps , two major agencies of the Technical Services, were consolidated under AMC. This decision united the Army's combat materials research and

7203-402: The Army with new technologies. In particular, ARL remained responsible for conducting most of the Army's basic research, which served to meet the needs of the RDECs. Similar to the industry model where a corporate research and development laboratory provides support to multiple product divisions in the company, ARL was expected to bolster and accelerate higher-level product development performed by

7350-417: The Army's electronic materials research under a single command. Despite this change, the realigned research facilities continued to operate in an independent manner, and the problems remained unresolved. Later in the decade, AMC organized the former Ordnance Corps facilities into one group and the former Signal Corps facilities into a different group to foster closer working relationships within each group. While

7497-486: The Army's mission needs. In 2014, ARL launched the Open Campus pilot program as part of the laboratory's new business model, which placed greater focus on advancing collaborative fundamental research alongside prominent members in industry, academia, and other government laboratories. Designed to help ARL obtain new perspectives on Army problems and keep the laboratory connected with early-stage scientific innovations,

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7644-468: The Army's technological challenges. Its mission has remained largely the same since the organization's inception as a standalone Army entity in 1951. RBD manages the laboratory's business operations and procedures as well as the ARL regional sites. It oversees the business and managerial elements of the organization, which includes laboratory operations, strategic partnerships and planning, and budget synchronization. DEVCOM ARL manages five regional sites in

7791-612: The Arthur Sykes Rymer Auditorium and in some of the colleges. The University of York Library opened in 1965 two years after the university itself opened. The building was designed by Robert Mathews, Johnson-Marshall and partners. The primary site of library comprises a series of three linked buildings to the north side of the University of York's West Campus: the JB Morrell, the Raymond Burton, and

7938-649: The Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory was a research facility under the U.S. Army Materiel Command that specialized in artillery meteorology, electro-optical climatology, atmospheric optics data, and atmospheric characterization from 1965 to 1992. The Ballistic Research Laboratory was a research facility under the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps and later the U.S. Army Materiel Command that specialized in interior, exterior, and terminal ballistics as well as vulnerability and lethality analysis. Situated at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, BRL served as

8085-726: The Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) identified the Materials Technology Laboratory (MTL) in Watertown, Massachusetts , for closure due to its outdated facilities. In opposition to the planned closure of the laboratory, LABCOM examined alternative solutions that would allow MTL and its capabilities to remain intact in some form. In 1989, LABCOM introduced a proposal to establish a single physical entity that would consolidate all of its laboratories, including MTL, in one location. Around this time, President George H. W. Bush had directed Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to develop

8232-777: The Chemical Research, Development, and Engineering Center (CRDEC), a portion of the Army Air Mobility Research and Development Laboratory (AMRDL), a portion of the Tank-Automotive Command (TACOM) Research, Development, and Engineering Center, a portion of the Belvoir Research, Development, and Engineering Center, and a portion of the Night Vision and Electro-Optics Laboratory (NVEOL). The U.S. Army formally activated

8379-764: The DoD. As part of the program, the hosting university provides dedicated facilities to its partners to conduct joint basic and applied research. DEVCOM ARL manages three UARCs for the DoD: the Institute of Collaborative Biotechnologies, the Institute for Creative Technologies, and the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies. The Institute of Collaborative Biotechnologies is led by the University of California, Santa Barbara and focuses on technological innovations in systems biology , synthetic biology , bio-enabled materials, and cognitive neuroscience . The Institute for Creative Technologies

8526-419: The Fairhurst buildings. Originally just consisting of the JB Morrell, in 2003 the Raymond Burton library was added to the site, designed by Leach Rhodes Walker architects and houses both the Humanities research reading room and the Borthwick institute for archives. The Raymond Burton Library was also recently nominated for a SCONUL Design award. In 2012 the Library had a £20 million renovation incorporating

8673-426: The FedLab concept. The establishment of the FedLab structure led to several major changes in the organization of ARL's directorates. Beginning in April 1995, the bulk of the Sensors, Signatures, Signal and Information Processing Directorate (S I) merged with portions of the Electronics and Power Sources Directorate (EPSD) to form the Sensors Directorate (SEN). The remaining Information Processing Branch of S I joined

8820-590: The LAB-21 Study made recommendations that aligned with LABCOM's proposal for a single, centralized flagship laboratory. A second study known as the Laboratory Consolidation Study took place in June 1990 and endorsed the Army's plan to consolidate the laboratories under LABCOM. However, the proposal was modified to establish the centralized laboratory at two major sites— Adelphi, Maryland and Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland —accompanied by elements at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico and at NASA facilities in Hampton, Virginia , and Cleveland, Ohio . In April 1991,

8967-411: The Low Observable Technology and Application (LOTA) Office, the Survivability Management Office (SMO), a portion of the Signatures, Sensors, and Signal Processing Technology Organization (S TO), the Advanced Systems Concepts Office (ASCO), the Army Institute for Research in Management Information Communications and Computer Sciences (AIRMICS), a portion of the Systems Research Laboratory (SRL), a portion of

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9114-496: The Military Computer Science Branch of the Advanced Computational and Information Sciences Directorate (ACIS), the bulk of the Battlefield Environment Directorate (BED), and portions of EPSD to create the Information Science and Technology Directorate (IST). While the rest of EPSD became the Physical Sciences Directorate (PSD), the remainder of ACIS was reorganized into the Advanced Simulation and High-Performance Computing Directorate (ASHPC). BED's Atmospheric Analysis and Assessment team

9261-507: The Open Campus program prioritized the development of a sophisticated collaborative network that ARL could leverage to accelerate technology transfer. ARL's Open Campus initiative also facilitated the creation of the ARL regional sites, which established research outposts at strategic university campus locations across the continental United States. The ARL regional sites stationed Army research and development personnel close to local and regional universities, technical centers, and companies for

9408-447: The RDECs focused primarily on engineering development. The laboratories, which reported directly to LABCOM instead of AMC headquarters, were expected to work together to support the technological growth of the Army. As part of their duties, significant emphasis was placed on the pursuit of technology transfers and the sharing of information so that they could both exploit the advancements made by others and avoid duplication of research. ARO,

9555-442: The RDECs. As a result, ARL was commonly referred to as the Army's “corporate laboratory.” The architects behind ARL's formation envisioned that the cutting-edge scientific and engineering knowledge generated by the laboratory would provide the Army with the technological edge to surpass its competition. As acting director of ARL, Richard Vitali oversaw the integration of various Army elements into ARL. Even though his tenure lasted

9702-437: The Registrar, John West-Taylor. The new structures were assembled using the CLASP system of prefabricated construction, hence York's inclusion among the so-called plate glass universities . The buildings are connected by numerous covered walkways and bridges. Most of the university's arts departments occupy premises in the college buildings, while many of the science departments have their own buildings. A landmark building

9849-425: The School of Physics, Engineering and Technology. The Department of Electronic Engineering's Recording studios are located in the park and in summer 2011, the Department of Physics moved its Plasma Physics and Fusion Group to the Genesis buildings in the Science Park at the newly created York Plasma Institute, and moved its Physics of Life group to the Science Park in winter 2019. York Conferences are located on

9996-480: The Sensors, Signatures, Signal and Information Processing Directorate; the Advanced Computational and Information Sciences Directorate; the Battlefield Environment Directorate; the Vehicle Propulsion Directorate; the Vehicle Structures Directorate; the Weapons Technology Directorate; the Materials Directorate; the Human Research and Engineering Directorate; and the Survivability/Lethality Analysis Directorate. Other Army elements that ARL absorbed at its inception included

10143-435: The Students' Union for postgraduate students, which follows normal SU functions such as representing postgraduates on university committees and Council. Each college has its own JCRC or students' association which provide a variety of services, including college events and student welfare services; they also organise the Freshers' Fortnight activities in their college. Non-partisan political societies are well represented at

10290-446: The U.S. Army Laboratory Command (LABCOM) to manage seven Army laboratories and an eighth research entity known as the Army Research Office (ARO). The seven laboratories assigned to LABCOM were the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory , the Ballistic Research Laboratory , the Electronics Technology and Devices Laboratory , the Harry Diamond Laboratories , the Human Engineering Laboratory , the Materiel and Mechanics Research Center (renamed

10437-436: The U.S. Army Materiel Command that specialized in the development and integration of critical electronic technologies, from high-frequency devices to tactical power sources, into Army systems. Located at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey , ETDL served as the U.S. Army's central laboratory for electronics research from 1971 to 1992. The Harry Diamond Laboratories was a research facility under the National Bureau of Standards and later

10584-421: The U.S. Army Research Laboratory on October 2, 1992 with Richard Vitali, the former LABCOM Director of Corporate Laboratories, as acting director and Colonel William J. Miller as deputy director. ARL was permanently established one month later on November 2, 1992. Having inherited LABCOM's primary mission, the newly established U.S. Army Research Laboratory was entrusted with conducting in-house research to equip

10731-421: The U.S. Army Research Laboratory was a product of a decades-long endeavor to address a critical issue facing the Army's independent research laboratories. Due to a surge of technological advancements set off by World War I and World War II , the early 20th century introduced major developments in the study and practice of warfare. The rapid growth and diversification of military science and technology precipitated

10878-645: The U.S. Army. Formerly known as the Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories, the organization conducted research and development in electronic components and devices and was at one point the largest electronics research and development laboratory in the U.S. Army. HDL also acted as the Army's lead laboratory in nuclear survivability studies and operated the Aurora Pulsed Radiation Simulator , the world's largest full-threat gamma radiation simulator. The laboratory

11025-1128: The United States that collaborate with nearby universities and businesses to advance the Army's scientific and technological goals. ARL West, located in Playa Vista, California , has technical focus areas in human-information interaction, cybersecurity , embedded processing, and intelligent systems. ARL Central, located in Chicago, Illinois , has technical focus areas in high performance computing , impact physics , machine learning and data analytics, materials and manufacturing, power and energy, propulsion science, and quantum science . ARL South, located in Austin, Texas , has technical focus areas in artificial intelligence and machine learning for autonomy, energy and power, cybersecurity, materials and manufacturing, and biology . ARL Northeast, located in Burlington, Massachusetts , has technical focus areas in materials and manufacturing, artificial intelligence and intelligent systems, and cybersecurity. ARL Mid-Atlantic,

11172-931: The United States: Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland ; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina ; White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico ; Graces Quarters, Maryland; NASA's Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio ; and NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia . DEVCOM ARL also has the following five regional sites to facilitate partnerships with universities and industry in the surrounding area: ARL West in Playa Vista, California ; ARL Central in Chicago, Illinois ; ARL South in Austin, Texas ; ARL Mid-Atlantic in Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; and ARL Northeast in Burlington, Massachusetts . The formation of

11319-449: The University of York Liberal Democrat Society, the University of York Conservative and Unionist Association and the University of York Green Party Society; campaigning on issues both on and off campus, as well as organising debates and talks by high-profile speakers. There is also a branch of People and Planet , which campaigns on environmental and ethical issues. Provisions for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer ( LGBT ) students at

11466-557: The University of York that "it must be collegiate in character, that it must deliberately seek to limit the number of subjects and that much of the teaching must be done via tutorials and seminars ". Due to the influence of Graeme Moodie , founding head of the Politics Department, students are involved in the governance of the university at all levels, and his model has since been widely adopted. York's first two Colleges, Derwent and Langwith , were founded in 1965, as

11613-796: The Vehicle Propulsion Directorate and the Vehicle Structures Directorate. SEN and PSD were merged to form the Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate (SEDD), and ASHPC became the Corporate Information and Computing Center (CICC). By 1997, ARL managed only five technical directorates (WMRD, IST, SEDD, HRED, and SLAD) and two centers (VTC and CICC). In 1998, ARL officially incorporated the Army Research Office (ARO) into its organization. Until this point, ARO had existed separately from

11760-591: The York Sports Village and a new purpose built £1.1 million Olympic-sized outdoor velodrome , the only one in Yorkshire or the North East of England. The university owns several other properties including Catherine House, Constantine House, 54 Walmgate, and Fairfax House. The university publishes an annual code of practice for student accommodation to help students living off-campus. York

11907-707: The activities of three existing university centers of excellence: the Army High Performance Computing Research Center at the University of Minnesota , the Information Sciences Center at Clark Atlanta University , and the Institute for Advanced Technology at the University of Texas at Austin . ARL eventually discontinued the FedLab model in 2001 and adopted Collaborative Technology Alliances (CTAs) and Collaborative Research Alliances (CRAs) as successors to

12054-407: The campaign to found the university. John Bowes Morrell was the driving force behind the university's establishment. York accepted its first students the year of Morrell's death, 1963, opening with 216 undergraduates, 14 postgraduates, and 28 academic and administrative staff. The university started with six departments: Economics, Education, English, History, Mathematics, Politics. At the time,

12201-611: The changes in the organization's acquisition and readiness practices. In January 1978, the U.S. Army discontinued ECOM and formally activated three major subordinate commands under DARCOM: the Communications and Electronics Materiel Readiness Command (CERCOM), the Communications Research and Development Command (CORADCOM), and the Electronics Research and Development Command (ERADCOM). As

12348-414: The colleges coordinated by an administrative Senior Colleges Manager. In 2023, the university substituted the academic role of College Principal for the unrenumerated post of Senior College Fellow. Most colleges have a Junior Common Room for undergraduate students, which is managed by the elected Junior Common Room Committee. Some colleges retain a Graduate Common Room for postgraduate students, as well as

12495-630: The composers whose music is published by UYMP are David Blake and Anthony Gilbert . QS placed York at 162 for 2023 and at 167 in 2024. The University of York is ranked 29th globally in the QS Sustainability Rankings for 2024. All three major national rankings place York in the top 21, with The Times placing it at 17, The Guardian at 21 and The Complete University Guide at 20 for 2023. In The Sunday Times 10-year (1998–2007) average ranking of British universities based on consistent league table performance, York

12642-641: The cost of maintaining the property and problems with accessibility, with the departments moving to the main Heslington campus. Several departments have purpose-built facilities on Campus East, including Law and the York Management School. In October 2010, several departments moved into new facilities on Campus East including the Department of Theatre, Film and Television and the Department of Computer Science. Campus East also includes

12789-494: The cover of the orchestra pit was damaged. A ban on pop performances, and in particular dancing, in Central Hall was imposed by the university, although it has occasionally been relaxed. Central Hall is still used for classical concerts and since a rock concert was held there on 13 March 2010 it has been available again for full booking. Public concerts are regularly held in the music department's Sir Jack Lyons Concert Hall,

12936-408: The creation of more accommodation by the university, which was named 'Halifax Court'; the members of Halifax Court were members of other colleges, however, soon formed their own Junior Common Room . In 2002, Halifax Court was made a full college of the university and was renamed Halifax College . In 2003, the university set out plans to create a campus for 5,000 additional students, and to introduce

13083-488: The creation of numerous research facilities by the U.S. Army to ensure that the country remained competitive on the international stage, especially as Cold War tensions reached new heights. The high demand for greater and more sophisticated military capabilities led to a proliferation of Army laboratories that not only advanced competing military interests but also operated in an independent fashion with minimal supervisory control or coordination from U.S. Army headquarters. By

13230-458: The detection of material mix-ups, analysis of inclusions in steel, analysis of slags in secondary metallurgy, analysis of combustion processes, and high-speed identification of scrap pieces for material-specific recycling tasks. Armed with data analysis techniques, this technique is being extended to pharmaceutical samples. Following multiphoton or tunnel ionization the electron is being accelerated by inverse Bremsstrahlung and can collide with

13377-468: The early 1960s, the Army recognized a significant flaw in this approach to pursuing in-house research and development. Competition for government funding led to fierce rivalries between the research facilities that ultimately eroded communication between the Army laboratories. Research installations began to prioritize the survival and longevity of their own operations over the overarching Army goals and engaged in turf disputes to protect their own interests. As

13524-431: The eighth element placed in LABCOM, retained its original functions of managing grants and contracts with individual scientists, academia, and nonprofit entities to promote basic research relevant to the U.S. Army. Despite the significant changes made to the structure of the command, none of the dispersed research facilities were physically relocated for the formation of LABCOM. Although centralized oversight addressed some of

13671-501: The equivalent of BBC at A Level or the equivalent of a 2:2 degree for postgraduate courses. The students' union is the University of York Students' Union and is referred to as YUSU. Its membership is currently the entire student population of the university. In 2008 YUSU was able to open its first Union-run licensed venue The Courtyard. In addition to the students' union, there is the Graduate Students' Association (GSA),

13818-609: The establishment of the ninth college, named Constantine College after the Roman emperor Constantine the Great , who was proclaimed Augustus in York in 306 AD. Work began in December 2019 to build two new colleges on Campus East. These will comprise around 1,400 new student bedrooms as well as new social spaces. The university says that "development has been designed to optimise the beautiful landscape and will be built with respect for

13965-407: The existing Heslington West campus. They are now known as Campus East and Campus West. The plans set out that the new campus would be built on arable land between Grimston Bar park and ride car park and Heslington village. The land was removed from the green belt especially for the purpose of extending the university. After a lengthy consultation and a public inquiry into the proposals in 2006,

14112-527: The existing ecological diversity around the lake". In 1964, work began on the campus facilities in the grounds of Heslington Hall. The marshy land was drained, the winding lake that dominates the campus was built, and the area was landscaped. The original buildings were designed by architects Sir Andrew Derbyshire and Sir Stirrat Johnson-Marshall , with input also from the Vice-Chancellor Lord James , Professor Patrick Nuttgens and

14259-680: The first buildings, including Goodricke college, coming into use in October 2009. It was decided that rather than create a new college that an existing college should be moved. Goodricke College was selected for this and moved onto the new campus in 2009 with James taking over its building on Campus West. Goodricke was officially opened by the Duke of York in April 2010. In 2012, the same process took place with Langwith moving to Campus East and Derwent taking over its previous buildings. In 2014 Campus East saw

14406-572: The former Ordnance Corps facilities became known as AMC laboratories and reported directly to AMC headquarters, the former Signal Corps facilities reported to a major subordinate command in AMC called the Electronics Command (ECOM). Although AMC had hoped that this arrangement would encourage research sharing and foster cooperation, the lack of progress on this issue prompted the U.S. Army to change its approach. In December 1973, Secretary of

14553-527: The hall was given Grade II* listed building status. When the university was founded, Sir Bernard Feilden supervised its conversion into the administrative headquarters of the university. The hall and University were at that time in the East Riding of Yorkshire although they are now part of the City of York. Next door to the university on the York Science Park are organisations including

14700-575: The identity of the centralized laboratory began to take shape. Although the proposed centralized laboratory was originally referred to as the Combat Materiel Research Laboratory in the LAB-21 Study, the name was ultimately changed to the Army Research Laboratory. In addition, the Army decided to have a civilian director occupy the top management position with a general officer as deputy, as opposed to

14847-464: The laboratory's final extended campus location. On July 1, 2018, the Army formally established the U.S. Army Futures Command (AFC) as the Army's fourth major command alongside the U.S. Army Materiel Command , the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command , and the U.S. Army Forces Command . The reorganization came in response to criticisms from Secretary of the Army Mark Esper regarding

14994-592: The laboratory's intramural research and manages DEVCOM ARL's flagship research efforts. ARO executes the laboratory's extramural research programs in scientific disciplines tied to the laboratory's research competencies. ARO administers funding for Army-relevant research conducted at universities and businesses across the United States. Located at Research Triangle Park in North Carolina, ARO engages in partnerships with members of academia and industry to promote high-risk yet high-payoff research in an effort to address

15141-475: The lack of unity among the laboratories. General Richard H. Thompson , the new Commanding General of AMC, proposed an initiative to consolidate and centralize the management of all the AMC laboratories under a single major subordinate command. This concept of a Laboratory Command was quickly adopted by the Army despite receiving unfavorable reviews that cited the likelihood of increased bureaucratic layering and overhead expenses. In July 1985, AMC officially activated

15288-418: The management problems that the Army sought to resolve, the geographic separation between the laboratories considerably hindered LABCOM's research synergy. To the Army's dismay, competition among the laboratories and duplicated research persisted. The idea behind a centralized Army laboratory for basic research emerged in response to U.S. military downsizing following the end of the Cold War. In December 1988,

15435-399: The money, time, and manpower to help the U.S. Army catch up to the rapid pace at which commercial wireless devices were evolving, much less incorporate the newest advancements into military applications. The Army determined that the solution was to join ARL's in-house capabilities with those of commercial businesses and university laboratories. This decision led to the transformation of ARL into

15582-415: The nearby molecules and generate new electrons through collisions. If the pulse duration is long, the newly ionized electrons can be accelerated and eventually avalanche or cascade ionization follows. Once the density of the electrons reaches a critical value, breakdown occurs and high density plasma is created which has no memory of the laser pulse. So, the criterion for the shortness of a pulse in dense media

15729-507: The neighbouring Fairhurst building, now housing the majority of libraries study spaces including the postgraduate study lounge. A secondary site of the library is located in the King's Manor building. The campus lake is the largest plastic-bottomed lake in Europe. The decision by Sir Andrew Derbyshire and Stirrat Johnson-Marshall to give the university a lake had two motivations: one, to give

15876-487: The newest regional site in Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, has technical focus areas in high-performance computing, autonomous systems, human-agent teaming, cybersecurity, materials and manufacturing, power and energy, extreme materials, and quantum systems. A University Affiliated Research Center (UARC) is a university-led collaboration among universities, industry, and Army laboratories that serve to strengthen and maintain technological capabilities that are important to

16023-410: The operation of the laboratories. Based on their guidance, implementation of the laboratory consolidation plan was delayed to January 1992. The Federal Advisory Commission also communicated that, in order to address the laboratories’ deep-rooted competition problem, the centralized laboratory should be free from financial pressure and should not have to compete for research funds. As planning continued,

16170-498: The original plan of having a major general serve as a military commander alongside a civilian technical director. In accordance with the requirements established by BRAC 91, the Army discontinued LABCOM and provisionally established the U.S. Army Research Laboratory on July 23, 1992. The seven LABCOM laboratories were subsequently consolidated to form ARL's 10 technical directorates: the Electronics and Power Sources Directorate;

16317-460: The other former LABCOM elements. As a part of this change, ARO's director became the ARL deputy director for basic research. Following Lyons’ retirement in September 1998, Robert Whalin, the former director of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station , was assigned as ARL's second director in December 1998. Shortly thereafter, the Corporate Information and Computing Center

16464-486: The process behind how the Army developed technology for its troops. Believing that AMC did not deliver its products to the desired recipients quickly enough, Kern directed the unification of all of AMC's laboratories and RDECs under one command in order to foster synergy. In October 2002, he created the U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM) to consolidate these research facilities under one command structure. The Army officially established RDECOM as

16611-559: The purposes of developing partnerships and fostering interest in Army-relevant research. The first regional site, ARL West, was established in Playa Vista, California , on April 13, 2016. Its placement at the University of Southern California ’s Institute for Creative Technologies reflected the laboratory's goals to collaborate with organizations located in and around the Los Angeles region. The second regional site, ARL South,

16758-492: The reconfiguration of ARL as an open laboratory in order to increase the number of staff exchanges. These changes, which made ARL resemble NIST, were endorsed by AMC Commander General Jimmy D. Ross in December 1993. Around the same time, the Under Secretary of Defense chartered a task force on defense laboratory management, which recommended a change in approach to ARL's operations in 1994. This recommendation came as

16905-510: The research facilities contributed to a lack of responsiveness in addressing the Army's modern, mission-oriented needs. The advisory committee recommended separating the development of communications and automatic data processing from the development of electronic warfare capabilities. Following the guidance given by AMARC, AMC redesignated itself as the Material Development and Readiness Command (DARCOM) in January 1976 to reflect

17052-446: The slow speed of Army technology development, testing, and fielding. The formation of AFC served to consolidate the Army's modernization efforts under a single command. As a result, the Army transitioned RDECOM from AMC to AFC on February 3, 2019, and renamed it to the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC). Although ARL retained its position as an element of CCDC during this transition, one of ARL's directorates, SLAD,

17199-749: The sole major subordinate command responsible for the Army's combat electronics materiel, ERADCOM handled the development of all noncommunications and nonautomatic data-processing electronics materiel for the Army. Elements that constituted ERADCOM included the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory , the Electronics Technology and Devices Laboratory , the Electronic Warfare Laboratory, and the Harry Diamond Laboratories . In 1981, duplication of effort between CERCOM and CORADCOM led DARCOM to combine

17346-537: The spectrometer allowed the LIBS system to be sensitive to chemical elements in low concentration. ARL LIBS applications studied from 2000 to 2010 included: ARL LIBS prototypes studied during this period included: LIBS is one of several analytical techniques that can be deployed in the field as opposed to pure laboratory techniques e.g. spark OES . As of 2015, recent research on LIBS focuses on compact and (man-)portable systems. Some industrial applications of LIBS include

17493-621: The student network to the Staff LGBTI+ Matters Forum, which offers largely similar provision to staff members of the university. The university's Students' Union run a number of bars and venues across both campuses, namely The Courtyard, The Kitchen, The Glasshouse, The Lounge and Vanbrugh Arms. Additionally, the Union also ran a venue known as D-Bar (located in Derwent College) but had to temporarily close it due to

17640-952: The termination of the FedLabs model in 2001, DEVCOM ARL continued to collaborate with private industry and academia through Collaborative Technology Alliances (CTAs) and Collaborative Research Alliances (CRAs). CTAs represent partnerships that focus on the rapid transition of new innovations and technologies found in academia to the U.S. manufacturing base through cooperation with private industry. CRAs represent partnerships that seek to further develop innovative science and technology in academia that pertains to Army interests. The laboratory also engaged in International Technology Alliances (ITAs) that facilitate collaborations for research and development with foreign government entities alongside academia and private industry. Located at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico,

17787-465: The transition of existing LABCOM research and development activities into a new environment. Despite the relocation of Army personnel from different research facilities across the country, ARL's first year of operation witnessed the continuation of ongoing LABCOM research without significant setbacks. Lines of effort conducted by ARL that year included the Warrior's Edge virtual reality simulation program,

17934-561: The two major subordinate commands to create the Communications-Electronics Command (CECOM). Not long after DARCOM carried out its reorganization, however, the Army launched another review that scrutinized its structure, indicating that the changes failed to resolve the existing issues. DARCOM later changed its name back to AMC in August 1984. In 1984, the U.S. Army initiated a different strategy to address

18081-535: The university a distinct image and identity while also creating areas to foster community; and two, more practically to create a drainage basin for the relatively flat agricultural site as it was feared the construction of the new buildings would increase the risk of flooding. The lake has attracted a large population of wild and semi-wild waterfowl , including greylag , Canada , barnacle and snow geese , coots , moorhens and large numbers of ducks , including mallards , tufted ducks , and common pochards . There

18228-439: The university and enjoy a healthy rivalry." The colleges share practical features of the halls of residence of other UK universities, as well as the traditional Oxbridge and Durham colleges. In recent years, the university has built three new colleges on Campus East. The ninth college was founded in 2014 and was named Constantine after the Roman emperor Constantine I , who was proclaimed Augustus in York in 306 AD. The tenth

18375-533: The university are divided among two distinct organisations. YUSU LGBTQ+ is a liberation network built into the students' union, which represents LGBTQ+ students by campaigning for issues on campus, offering welfare & support and running events for all LGBTQ+ students to attend, such as cabaret evenings and chilled mixers. The LGBTQ Social Society also organises social events aimed at LGBTQ+ students and their friends. While remaining separate, these two groups generally have strong links to each other as well as links from

18522-651: The university campus. Located in York city centre, about 2 miles (3 km) from the main Heslington West campus, the historic King's Manor began as the Abbot's House of St Mary's Abbey and went on to become the headquarters of the Council of the North following the dissolution of the monasteries . For many years after 1966, the King's Manor housed the Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies (IoAAS). The IoAAS

18669-484: The university consisted of three buildings, principally the historic King's Manor in the city centre and Heslington Hall , which has Tudor foundations and is in the village of Heslington on the edge of York. A year later, work began on purpose-built structures on the Heslington Campus, which now forms the main part of the university. Baron James of Rusholme , the university's first Vice-Chancellor, said of

18816-410: The university was granted permission to build an extension to its main campus, on arable land just east of the nearby village of Heslington . The second campus, Campus East, opened in 2009 and now hosts five colleges and three departments as well as conference spaces, a sports village and a business start-up 'incubator'. The institution also leases King's Manor in York city centre. The university had

18963-487: The university, with the York Student Think Tank – which produces research in collaboration with national policy organisations such as IPPR, New Generation Society – an informal debating society, and The York Union Society – which competes in inter-varsity debating tournaments against other universities. There are also very active party political societies on campus with the University of York Labour Club,

19110-421: The vulnerability of Army weapons and electronic communication systems to hostile electronic warfare as well as coordinating missile electronic countermeasure efforts for the U.S. Army. 39°01′47″N 76°57′53″W  /  39.0296°N 76.9647°W  / 39.0296; -76.9647 University of York The University of York (abbreviated as Ebor or York for post-nominals )

19257-615: The whole lake, to the Derwent fish pond, and to the end of the lake around Wentworth. No historic use of the term has been found to add support to any of these terms use. Other parts of the campus support a large rabbit population. On at least one occasion, students have been cautioned by the university for hunting rabbits. Campus West has both indoor and outdoor sports facilities, including an all-weather AstroTurf pitch and County standard cricket pitch. A large, tent-like structure allows for indoor sport, gymnastics and dance. In 2013 it

19404-534: Was a postgraduate institute primarily specialising in providing mid-career education for architects and others. In particular, it became well known for its one-year Diploma Course in Conservation Studies. It is now home to the Archaeology , Medieval Studies and Eighteenth Century Studies departments, and is regularly used by other related departments such as History. It has a public restaurant and

19551-597: Was a research facility under the U.S. Army Materiel Command that specialized in metallurgy and materials science and engineering for ordnance and other military purposes. Located in Watertown, Massachusetts , MTL was originally known as the Watertown Arsenal Laboratories and represented one of many laboratory buildings erected at Watertown Arsenal. WAL was renamed the Army Materials Research Agency (AMRA) in 1962 and then

19698-822: Was also transitioned into the Survivability/Lethality Analysis Directorate (SLAD). In 1996, ARL underwent further restructuring in response to calls by the U.S. Army to decrease the number of directorates. The laboratory formed the Weapons and Materials Research Directorate (WMRD) by combining the Weapons Technology Directorate and the Materials Directorate. It also created the Vehicle Technology Center (VTC) by combining

19845-652: Was constructed in 1568 for Sir Thomas Eynns , the Secretary and Keeper of the Seal to the Council of the North ; and his wife Elizabeth. At the outbreak of the Second World War , the house was vacated by the family, allowing it to be taken over by the Royal Air Force as the headquarters of No. 4 Group RAF , part of RAF Bomber Command . The hall was not re-occupied by the family after the war. In 1955

19992-516: Was established in Austin, Texas , on November 16, 2016. Its placement at the University of Texas at Austin ’s J.J. Pickle Research Center reflected the laboratory's goals to partner with organizations in Texas as well as surrounding areas in New Mexico , Louisiana , and Oklahoma . The third regional site, ARL Central, was established in Chicago, Illinois , on November 10, 2017. Its placement at

20139-496: Was established in 1992 to unify the activities of the seven corporate laboratories of the U.S. Army Laboratory Command (LABCOM) as well as consolidate other Army research elements to form a centralized laboratory. The seven corporate laboratories that merged were the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory (ASL), the Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL), the Electronics Technology and Devices Laboratory (ETDL),

20286-410: Was established, the term “laboratories” became reserved exclusively for the research facilities under LABCOM. The research facilities that did not transfer to LABCOM became known as Research, Development, and Engineering Centers (RDECs). This naming distinction highlighted a major shift in the roles that both groups adopted. As part of the change, the laboratories took charge of AMC's basic research, while

20433-507: Was founded in 2021 and named after Anne Lister . The eleventh was founded in 2022 and named after David Kato . The university hosts a number of interdisciplinary research centres, including the Borthwick Institute for Archives , Centre for Renaissance and Early Modern Studies , the Centre for Eighteenth-Century Studies, the Centre for Modern Studies, the Centre for Medieval Studies, the Institute for Effective Education and

20580-608: Was most notably known for its work on the proximity fuze . The Human Engineering Laboratory was a research facility under the U.S. Army Materiel Command that specialized in human performance research, human factors engineering , robotics, and human-in-the-loop technology. Located at Aberdeen Proving Ground, HEL acted as the Army's lead laboratory for human factors and ergonomics research from 1951 to 1992. Researchers at HEL investigated methods to maximize combat effectiveness, improve weapons and equipment designs, and reduce operation costs and errors. The Materials Technology Laboratory

20727-724: Was moved out of the laboratory and integrated into the newly established Data & Analysis Center under CCDC. The “CCDC” designation was also appended in front of the names of the eight research facilities assigned to the new major subordinate command: CCDC Armaments Center , CCDC Aviation & Missile Center , CCDC Army Research Laboratory, CCDC Chemical Biological Center , CCDC C5ISR , CCDC Data & Analysis Center, CCDC Ground Vehicle Systems Center , and CCDC Soldier Center . In 2020, CCDC changed its abbreviation to DEVCOM, resulting in CCDC ARL becoming DEVCOM ARL. In 2022, DEVCOM ARL discontinued its technical directorates and adopted

20874-653: Was named the eighth best university under 50 years old in the world, and first within the United Kingdom. In the Times Higher Education rankings York is listed as 34th for Life Sciences & Biomedicine in 2015. In 2018 CWTS Leiden recorded there to have been 2833 publications by York between 2013 and 2016 which placed it at 425 in the world by quantity and 128 in terms of its proportion of top 10% publications. Overall world rankings for York by ARWU placed it between 401 and 500 for 2021. In

21021-894: Was previously achievable. United States Army Research Laboratory The U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory ( DEVCOM ARL ) is the foundational research laboratory for the United States Army under the United States Army Futures Command (AFC). DEVCOM ARL conducts intramural and extramural research guided by 11 Army competencies: Biological and Biotechnology Sciences; Humans in Complex Systems; Photonics, Electronics, and Quantum Sciences; Electromagnetic Spectrum Sciences; Mechanical Sciences; Sciences of Extreme Materials; Energy Sciences; Military Information Sciences; Terminal Effects; Network, Cyber, and Computational Sciences; and Weapons Sciences. The laboratory

21168-610: Was ranked 6th overall in the UK. In 2000, the Sutton Trust named York as a leading university in the United Kingdom, placing it 6th overall. On 25 November 2010 York was named " University of the Year " at the Times Higher Education Awards, achieving praise from the judges for its "success in combining academic excellence with social inclusion, as well as its record in scientific discovery". In 2014 York

21315-626: Was renamed to the Corporate Information and Computing Directorate, and the Vehicle Technology Center was renamed to the Vehicle Technology Directorate. In May 2000, ARL combined the Information Science and Technology Directorate and the Corporate Information and Computing Directorate to form the Computational and Information Sciences Directorate (CISD). With this change, ARL administered, in total,

21462-456: Was reported that the university was planning a major redevelopment of Campus West, which would also result in the creation of a tenth college. Heslington Hall is a Grade II* listed rebuilt manor house consisting of a central nine-bay two-storey block with attics and two two-storey wings at each end. It is built of brick in English bond with sandstone ashlar dressings. The original Manor house

21609-466: Was the University of York Library . These were the first residential colleges. They were followed by Alcuin and Vanbrugh in 1967 and Goodricke in 1968. In 1972 this was followed by Wentworth College . The university was noted for its inventive approach to teaching. It was known for its early adoption of joint honours degrees which were often very broad such as history and biology. It also took an innovative approach to social science introducing

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