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67-672: Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), also known as Saint Louis , was King of France from 1226 until his death in 1270. He is widely recognized as the most distinguished of the Direct Capetians . Following the death of his father, Louis VIII , he was crowned in Reims at the age of 12. His mother, Blanche of Castile , effectively ruled the kingdom as regent until he came of age and continued to serve as his trusted adviser until her death. During his formative years, Blanche successfully confronted rebellious vassals and championed

134-479: A heliport , the Chamber of Commerce of Yvelines-Val d'Oise , two hotels, a sports centre and a municipal technical centre are also located there. Poissy has ten public preschools, ten public elementary schools, two junior high schools, two senior high schools, a combined junior-senior high school, along with a private preschool and elementary school. Public secondary schools: Private elementary schools: Poissy

201-826: A delegate to the Khangan Güyük Khan ( r.  1246–1248 ) in Mongolia . However, Güyük's death preceded the arrival of the emissary, and his widow and acting regent, Oghul Qaimish , rejected the diplomatic proposition. Louis sent another representative, the Franciscan missionary and explorer William of Rubruck , to the Mongol court. Rubruck visited the Khagan Möngke ( r.  1251–1259 ) in Mongolia and spent several years there. In 1259, Berke ,

268-400: A fair and judicious ruler led to his being solicited to mediate disputes beyond his own kingdom. Louis' admirers through the centuries have celebrated him as the quintessential Christian monarch. His skill as a knight and engaging manner with the public contributed to his popularity, although he was occasionally criticized as being overly pious, earning the moniker of a " monk king". Louis was

335-513: A mortal sin." Louis authored and sent the Enseignements , or teachings, to his son Philip III . The letter outlined how Philip should follow the example of Jesus Christ in order to be a moral leader. The letter is estimated to have been written in 1267, three years before Louis's death. Louis and his followers landed in Egypt on 4 or 5 June 1249 and began their campaign with the capture of

402-568: A mother can love her child; but I would rather see you dead at my feet than that you should ever commit a mortal sin. His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227–85) was created count of Anjou , thus founding the Capetian Angevin dynasty. In 1229, when Louis was 15, his mother ended the Albigensian Crusade by signing an agreement with Raymond VII of Toulouse . Raymond VI of Toulouse had been suspected of ordering

469-650: A promise he made while praying for recovery from a grave illness, Louis led the ill-fated Seventh and Eighth Crusades against the Muslim dynasties that controlled North Africa, Egypt , and the Holy Land . He was captured and ransomed during the Seventh Crusade, and later succumbed to dysentery during the Eighth Crusade. His son, Philip III , succeeded him. Louis instigated significant reforms in

536-591: A recent French king. They were descended from the third son of Philip III , Charles, Count of Valois. The Plantagenets based their claim on being closer to a more recent French king, Edward III of England being a grandson of Philip IV through his mother, Isabella . The two houses fought the Hundred Years War to enforce their claims. The Valois were ultimately successful, and French historiography counts their leaders as rightful kings. One Plantagenet, Henry VI of England , enjoyed de jure control of

603-522: A staunch Christian and rigorously enforced Catholic orthodoxy . He enacted harsh laws against blasphemy , and he also launched actions against France's Jewish population , including ordering them to wear a yellow badge of shame, as well as the notorious burning of the Talmud following the Disputation of Paris . Louis IX holds the distinction of being the sole canonized king of France. Much of what

670-535: A three-year-long civil war that ended with the Treaty of Verdun , which divided Francia into three kingdoms, one of which ( Middle Francia ) was short-lived. Modern France developed from West Francia , while East Francia became the Holy Roman Empire and later Germany . By this time, the eastern and western parts of the land had already developed different languages and cultures. The Capetian dynasty

737-577: Is believed to have ordered the production of the Morgan Bible and the Arsenal Bible , both deluxe illuminated manuscripts . During the so-called "golden century of Saint Louis", the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. Saint Louis was regarded as " primus inter pares ", first among equals, among the kings and rulers of the continent. He commanded

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804-474: Is known of Louis's life comes from Jean de Joinville 's famous Life of Saint Louis . Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counselor to the king. He participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis's life that resulted in his canonization in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII . Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu , and his chaplain, William of Chartres . While several individuals wrote biographies in

871-624: Is named for Hugh Capet, a Robertian who served as Duke of the Franks and was elected King in 987. Except for the Bonaparte-led Empires, every monarch of France was a male-line descendant of Hugh Capet. The kingship passed through patrilineally from father to son until the 14th century, a period known as Direct Capetian rule. Afterwards, it passed to the House of Valois , a cadet branch that descended from Philip III . The Valois claim

938-756: The Cathedral of Monreale near Palermo . Louis's bones were carried overland in a lengthy processional across Sicily, Italy, the Alps, and France, until they were interred in the royal necropolis at Saint-Denis in May 1271. Charles and Philip III later dispersed a number of relics to promote Louis's veneration. Louis and Margaret's two children who died in infancy were first buried at the Cistercian abbey of Royaumont . In 1820 they were transferred and reinterred to Saint-Denis Basilica . Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed

1005-614: The Colloquy of Poissy . The area is known for hosting the Automobiles Gregoire successively, Matford , Ford SAF , Simca , Chrysler , Talbot factories and now hosts one of France's largest Peugeot factories. The " Simca Poissy engine " was made there. Poissy is the 165th most populated city in Metropolitan France . Poissy is located about 30 kilometres west of Paris , in the north-eastern part of

1072-593: The French legal system , creating a royal justice mechanism that allowed petitioners to appeal judgements directly to the monarch. He abolished trials by ordeal , endeavored to terminate private wars, and incorporated the presumption of innocence into criminal proceedings . To implement his new legal framework, he established the offices of provosts and bailiffs . Louis IX's reign is often marked as an economic and political zenith for medieval France , and he held immense respect throughout Christendom . His reputation as

1139-530: The July Revolution in 1830, the style " King of the French " ( roi des Français ) was used instead of " King of France (and Navarre )". It was a constitutional innovation known as popular monarchy which linked the monarch's title to the French people rather than to the possession of the territory of France. With the House of Bonaparte , the title " Emperor of the French " ( Empereur des Français )

1206-559: The Mongol rulers of his era. During his first crusade in 1248, he received envoys from Eljigidei , the Mongol military leader stationed in Armenia and Persia . Eljigidei proposed that Louis should launch an offensive in Egypt while he targeted Baghdad to prevent the unification of the Muslim forces in Egypt and Syria. In response, Louis sent André de Longjumeau , a Dominican priest, as

1273-752: The Napoleonic Wars . After the Napoleonic period followed two different royal governments, the Bourbon Restoration , which was ruled successively by two younger brothers of Louis XVI, and the July Monarchy , ruled by Louis Philippe I , a distant cousin who claimed descent from Louis XIII . The French Revolution of 1848 brought an end to the monarchy again, instituting a brief Second Republic that lasted four years, before its President declared himself Emperor Napoleon III , who

1340-583: The Quinze-Vingt for 300 blind men (1254), and hospitals at Pontoise, Vernon, and Compiègne. St. Louis installed a house of the Trinitarian Order at Fontainebleau , his chateau and estate near Paris. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains and was accompanied by them on his crusades. In his spiritual testament he wrote, "My dearest son, you should permit yourself to be tormented by every kind of martyrdom before you would allow yourself to commit

1407-576: The Third Order of St. Francis , which claims him as a member of the Order. When he became king, over a hundred poor people were served meals in his house on ordinary days. Often the king served these guests himself. His acts of charity, coupled with his devout religious practices, gave rise to the legend that he joined the Third Order of St. Francis, though it is unlikely that he ever actually joined

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1474-513: The Treaty of Corbeil to end areas of contention between them. By this treaty, Louis renounced his feudal overlordship over the County of Barcelona and Roussillon , which was held by the King of Aragon. James in turn renounced his feudal overlordship over several counties in southern France, including Provence and Languedoc . In 1259 Louis signed the Treaty of Paris , by which Henry III of England

1541-610: The Yvelines , 8 kilometres west of Saint-Germain-en-Laye , and 23 kilometres north-west of Versailles , the departmental prefecture. The city is limited to the east by the forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and to the west by the Seine . Poissy is served by Poissy station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. Technoparc is a Business Park created in 1990, with

1608-481: The "Direct Capetians". The death of Charles IV started the Hundred Years' War between the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet , whose claim was taken up by the cadet branch known as the House of Lancaster , over control of the French throne. The Valois claimed the right to the succession by male-only primogeniture through the ancient Salic Law , having the closest all-male line of descent from

1675-698: The Ayyubid sultan died, and the sultan's wife Shajar al-Durr set in motion a shift in power that would make her Queen and eventually result in the rule of the Egyptian army of the Mamluks . On 8 February 1250, Louis lost his army at the Battle of Fariskur and was captured by the Egyptians. His release was eventually negotiated in return for a ransom of 400,000 livres tournois (roughly US$ 80 million today) and

1742-659: The Capetian cause in the Albigensian Crusade , which had been ongoing for the past two decades. As an adult, Louis IX grappled with persistent conflicts involving some of the most influential nobles in his kingdom, including Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux . Concurrently, England's Henry III sought to reclaim the Angevin continental holdings , only to be decisively defeated at the Battle of Taillebourg . Louis expanded his territory by annexing several provinces, including parts of Aquitaine , Maine , and Provence . Keeping

1809-529: The Cathars and others reached its highest levels in the years before his first crusade and slowed upon his return to France in 1254. In 1250, Louis headed a crusade to Egypt and was taken prisoner. During his captivity, he recited the Divine Office every day. After his release against ransom, he visited the Holy Land before returning to France. In these deeds, Louis IX tried to fulfill what he considered

1876-510: The English had been mostly expelled from France and Henry's claim has since been considered illegitimate; French historiography commonly does not recognize Henry VI of England among the kings of France. The Carolingians were a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The family consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making

1943-678: The Frankish kingdom expanded deep into Central Europe , conquering Italy and most of modern Germany . He was also crowned " Emperor of the Romans " by the Pope, a title that was eventually carried on by the German rulers of the Holy Roman Empire . Charlemagne was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), who eventually divided the kingdom between his sons. His death, however, was followed by

2010-530: The Franks ( r.  507–511 ), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of West Francia , after the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century. The kings used the title "King of the Franks" ( Latin : Rex Francorum ) until the late twelfth century; the first to adopt the title of "King of France" ( Latin : Rex Franciae ; French : roi de France )

2077-566: The French throne following the Treaty of Troyes , which formed the basis for continued English claims to the throne of France until 1801. The Valois line ruled France until the line became extinct in 1589, in the backdrop of the French Wars of Religion . As Navarre did not have a tradition of male-only primogeniture, the Navarrese monarchy became distinct from the French with Joan II , a daughter of Louis X. The Valois line looked strong on

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2144-519: The Venetian merchant Niccolo Quirino, for which Baldwin had pledged the Crown of Thorns as collateral. Louis IX paid the exorbitant sum of 135,000 livres to clear the debt. In 1230, the King forbade all forms of usury , defined at the time as any taking of interest and therefore covering most banking activities. Louis used these anti-usury laws to extract funds from Jewish and Lombard moneylenders, with

2211-639: The assassination of Pierre de Castelnau , a Roman Catholic preacher who attempted to convert the Cathars . On 27 May 1234, Louis married Margaret of Provence (1221–1295); she was crowned in the cathedral of Sens the next day. Margaret was the sister of Eleanor of Provence , who later married Henry III of England . The new queen's religious zeal made her a well-suited partner for the king, and they are attested to have gotten along well, enjoying riding together, reading, and listening to music. His closeness to Margaret aroused jealousy in his mother, who tried to keep

2278-690: The burning of 12,000 Talmudim, along with other important Jewish books and scripture. The edict against the Talmud was eventually overturned by Gregory IX's successor, Innocent IV . Louis also expanded the scope of the Inquisition in France. He set the punishment for blasphemy to mutilation of the tongue and lips. The area most affected by this expansion was southern France, where the Cathar sect had been strongest. The rate of confiscation of property from

2345-616: The canonization of Louis in 1297; he is the only French king to be declared a saint . Louis IX is often considered the model of the ideal Christian monarch. Named in his honour, the Sisters of Charity of St. Louis is a Roman Catholic religious order founded in Vannes , France, in 1803. A similar order, the Sisters of St Louis, was founded in Juilly in 1842. He is honoured as co-patron of

2412-487: The couple apart as much as she could. While his contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, historians generally believe Louis began ruling personally in 1234, with his mother assuming a more advisory role. She continued to have a strong influence on the king until her death in 1252. Louis's patronage of the arts inspired much innovation in Gothic art and architecture . The style of his court

2479-456: The death of Henry II , who left four male heirs. His first son, Francis II , died in his minority. His second son, Charles IX , had no legitimate sons to inherit. Following the premature death of his fourth son Hercule François and the assassination of his third son, the childless Henry III , France was plunged into a succession crisis over which distant cousin of the king would inherit the throne. The best claimant, King Henry III of Navarre ,

2546-407: The decades following the king's death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king and of the events they describe, and all three are biased favorably to the king. The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Parthus's 19th-century biography, which he wrote using material from the papal inquest mentioned above. Louis

2613-568: The distantly related House of Bourbon , which descended through the Direct Capetian Louis IX . The Bourbons ruled France until deposed in the French Revolution , though they were restored to the throne after the fall of Napoleon. The last Capetian to rule was Louis Philippe I , king of the July Monarchy (1830–1848), a member of the cadet House of Bourbon-Orléans . The House of Capet are also commonly known as

2680-702: The duty of France as "the eldest daughter of the Church" ( la fille aînée de l'Église ), a tradition of protector of the Church going back to the Franks and Charlemagne , who had been crowned by Pope Leo III in Rome in 800. The kings of France were known in the Church by the title "most Christian king" ( Rex Christianissimus ). Louis founded many hospitals and houses: the House of the Filles-Dieu for reformed prostitutes;

2747-475: The events of the Hundred Years Wars. The House of Bourbon was overthrown during the French Revolution and replaced by a short-lived republic . The period known as the "long nineteenth century" was a tumultuous time in French politics. The period is generally considered to have begun with the French Revolution , which deposed and then executed Louis XVI . Royalists continued to recognize his son,

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2814-487: The hopes that it would help pay for a future crusade. Louis also oversaw the Disputation of Paris in 1240, in which Paris's Jewish leaders were imprisoned and forced to admit to anti-Christian passages in the Talmud, the major source of Jewish commentaries on the Bible and religious law. As a result of the disputation, Pope Gregory IX declared that all copies of the Talmud should be seized and destroyed. In 1242, Louis ordered

2881-553: The intention to facilitate the economic diversification of the city. It occupies about 66 acres on the northeast of Stellantis plant , bordering the neighbouring commune Achères. The Park welcomes 150 companies employing a total of 2,000 employees. It also hosts The Charles-de-Gaulle High School and The Training Centre for the Employees in Pharmacy ( ACPPAV ) gathering 1,500 high school students and students. Two business incubator ,

2948-581: The largest army and ruled the largest and wealthiest kingdom, the European centre of arts and intellectual thought at the time. The foundations for the notable college of theology, later known as the Sorbonne , were laid in Paris about the year 1257. The prestige and respect felt by Europeans for King Louis IX were due more to the appeal of his personality than to military domination. For his contemporaries, he

3015-523: The leader of the Golden Horde , demanded Louis's submission. In contrast, Mongol emperors Möngke and Khubilai 's brother, the Ilkhan Hulegu , sent a letter to the French king, soliciting his military aid; this letter, however, never reached France. In a parliament held at Paris, 24 March 1267, Louis and his three sons "took the cross." On hearing the reports of the missionaries, Louis resolved to land at Tunis , and he ordered his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, to join him there. The crusaders, among whom

3082-407: The legitimate monarch of France, rejecting the claims of the president of France and of one another. These groups are: Poissy Poissy is one of the oldest royal cities of Île-de-France, birthplace of Louis IX of France and Philip III of France , before being supplanted from the 15th century by Saint-Germain-en-Laye . In 1561, it was the site of a fruitless Catholic – Huguenot conference,

3149-403: The lord arrested and brought to the Louvre by his sergeants. Enguerrand demanded judgment by his peers and trial by battle, which the king refused because he thought it obsolete. Enguerrand was tried, sentenced, and ordered to pay 12,000 livres. Part of the money was to pay for masses to be said in perpetuity for the souls of the men he had hanged. In 1258, Louis and James I of Aragon signed

3216-422: The lower house of the French Parliament at the time, the French equivalent at the time of the UK House of Commons. Louis Philippe did not do this, in order to increase his own chances of succession. As a consequence, and because the French parliamentarians were aware of his liberal policies and of his popularity at the time with the French population, they proclaimed Louis Philippe as the new French king, displacing

3283-451: The offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the real powers behind the Merovingian kings . The dynasty is named after one of these mayors of the palace, Charles Martel , whose son Pepin the Short dethroned the Merovingians in 751 and, with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy, was crowned King of the Franks . Under Charles the Great (r. 768–814), better known as " Charlemagne ",

3350-505: The order. The Catholic Church and Episcopal Church honor him with a feast day on 25 August. Many countries in which French speakers and Catholicism were prevalent named places after King Louis: France United States King of France France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I , king of

3417-399: The port of Damietta . This attack caused some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan, Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub , was on his deathbed. However, the march of Europeans from Damietta toward Cairo through the Nile River Delta went slowly. The seasonal rising of the Nile and the summer heat made it impossible for them to advance. During this time,

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3484-423: The putative king Louis XVII , as ruler of France. Louis was under arrest by the government of the Revolution and died in captivity having never ruled. The republican government went through several changes in form and constitution until France was declared an empire, following the ascension of the First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor Napoleon I. Napoleon was overthrown twice following military defeats during

3551-469: The royal palace complex (now the Paris Hall of Justice ), on the Île de la Cité in the centre of Paris. The Sainte Chapelle , a prime example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture , was erected as a shrine for the crown of thorns and a fragment of the True Cross , precious relics of the Passion of Christ. He acquired these in 1239–41 from Emperor Baldwin II of the Latin Empire of Constantinople by agreeing to pay off Baldwin's debt to

3618-438: The senior branch of the House of Bourbon. The French Second Republic lasted from 1848 to 1852, when its president, Charles-Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte , was declared Emperor of the French under the regnal name of Napoleon III . He would later be overthrown during the events of the Franco-Prussian War , becoming the last monarch to rule France. Various pretenders descended from the preceding monarchs have claimed to be

3685-511: The surrender of the city of Damietta. Upon his liberation from captivity in Egypt, Louis IX devoted four years to fortifying the Kingdom of Jerusalem , focusing his efforts in Acre , Caesarea , and Jaffa . He used his resources to aid the Crusaders in reconstructing their defenses and actively engaged in diplomatic endeavors with the Ayyubid dynasty . In the spring of 1254, Louis and his remaining forces made their return to France. Louis maintained regular correspondence and envoy exchanges with

3752-414: Was Philip II in 1190 (r. 1180–1223), after which the title "King of the Franks" gradually lost ground. However, Francorum Rex continued to be sometimes used, for example by Louis XII in 1499, by Francis I in 1515, and by Henry II in about 1550; it was also used on coins up to the eighteenth century. During the brief period when the French Constitution of 1791 was in effect (1791–1792) and after

3819-404: Was a Protestant, and thus unacceptable to much of the French nobility. Ultimately, after winning numerous battles in defence of his claim, Henry converted to Catholicism and was crowned as King Henry IV, founding the House of Bourbon. This marked the second time the thrones of Navarre and France were united under one monarch, as different inheritance laws had caused them to become separated during

3886-422: Was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy , near Paris, the son of Louis the Lion and Blanche of Castile , and was baptized there in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his father's side was Philip II , king of France; his grandfather on his mother's side was Alfonso VIII , king of Castile . Tutors of Blanche's choosing taught him Latin , public speaking, writing, military arts, and government. He

3953-403: Was confirmed in his possession of territories in southwestern France, and Louis received the provinces of Anjou , Normandy (Normandie), Poitou , Maine, and Touraine . The perception of Louis IX by his contemporaries as the exemplary Christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal. Louis was an extremely devout Catholic, and he built the Sainte-Chapelle ("Holy Chapel"), located within

4020-423: Was deposed and replaced by the Third Republic , and ending monarchic rule in France for good. The Bourbon Restoration came to an end with the July Revolution of 1830 which deposed Charles X and replaced him with Louis Philippe I , a distant cousin with more liberal politics. Charles X's son Louis signed a document renouncing his own right to the throne only after a 20-minute argument with his father. Because he

4087-415: Was disputed by Edward III , the Plantagenet king of England who claimed himself as the rightful king of France through his French mother Isabella . The two houses fought the Hundred Years' War over the issue, and with Henry VI of England being for a time partially recognized as King of France . The Valois line died out in the late 16th century, during the French Wars of Religion , to be replaced by

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4154-430: Was influential throughout Europe, both because of artwork purchased from Parisian masters for export, and by the marriage of the king's daughters and other female relatives to foreigners. They became emissaries of Parisian models and styles elsewhere. Louis's personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, which was known for its intricate stained-glass windows, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis

4221-404: Was never crowned he is disputed as a genuine king of France. Louis's nephew Henry was likewise considered by some to be Henry V, but the new regime did not recognise his claim and he never ruled. Charles X named Louis Philippe as  Lieutenant général du royaume , a regent to the young Henry V, and charged him to announce his desire to have his grandson succeed him to the Chamber of Deputies ,

4288-458: Was nine years old when his grandfather Philip II died and his father became King Louis VIII. Louis was 12 years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king on 29 November 1226 at Reims Cathedral , officiated by the bishop of Soissons . His mother, Blanche, ruled France as regent during his minority. Louis's mother instilled in him her devout Christianity. She is once recorded to have said: I love you, my dear son, as much as

4355-543: Was the English prince Edward Longshanks , landed at Carthage 17 July 1270, but disease broke out in the camp. Louis died at Tunis on 25 August 1270, during an epidemic of dysentery that swept through his army. According to European custom, his body was subjected to the process known as mos Teutonicus prior to his remains being returned to France. Louis was succeeded as King of France by his son, Philip III . Louis's younger brother, Charles I of Naples , preserved his heart and intestines, and conveyed them for burial in

4422-476: Was the quintessential example of the Christian prince and embodied the whole of Christendom in his person. His reputation for fairness and even saintliness was already well established while he was alive, and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in quarrels among the rulers of Europe. Shortly before 1256, Enguerrand IV, Lord of Coucy , arrested and without trial hanged three young squires of Laon, whom he accused of poaching in his forest. In 1256 Louis had

4489-447: Was used in 19th-century France , during the first and second French Empires, between 1804 and 1814, again in 1815, and between 1852 and 1870. From the 14th century down to 1801, the English (and later British) monarch claimed the throne of France , though such claim was purely nominal excepting a short period during the Hundred Years' War when Henry VI of England had control over most of Northern France, including Paris. By 1453,

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