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38-578: Veuillot was born of humble parents in Boynes ( Loiret ). When he was five years of age, his parents relocated to Paris. With little education, he gained employment in a lawyer's office, and was sent in 1830 to serve with a newspaper of Rouen , and afterwards to Périgueux . Initially, Veuillot supported the July Monarchy of Louis Phillippe criticizing both Republicans and supporters of the deposed Bourbon Dynasty . He returned to Paris in 1837, and

76-556: A comprehensive and valuable life, Louis Veuillot . After the First Vatican Council , Veuillot's influence began to wane. In 1879 Pope Pius IX released a letter praising him, but also regretting his "bitter zeal" in advocating his views. Among the lower clergy Veuillot retained influence. Politically he returned to advocating the restorations of the Bourbon Monarchy under Henri, Count of Chambord . Veuillot

114-532: A few Armenians . Only a few bishops appear to have had doubts about the dogma itself. On 24 April 1870, the dogmatic constitution on the Catholic faith Dei Filius was adopted unanimously. The draft presented to the council on 8 March drew no serious criticism, but a group of 35 English-speaking bishops, who feared that the opening phrase of the first chapter, " Sancta romana catholica Ecclesia " ('Holy Roman Catholic Church'), might be construed as favouring

152-429: A formal definition of papal infallibility as they were in strengthening papal authority and, because of this, were willing to accept the agenda of the fallibilists. A minority, some 10% of the bishops, McBrien says, opposed the proposed definition of papal infallibility on both ecclesiastical and pragmatic grounds, because, in their opinion, it departed from the ecclesiastical structure of the early Christian church. From

190-534: A monograph. Matthew Arnold said of him: M. Louis Veuillot is a polemic worthy of the golden age of polemics. He is singly devoted to ultramontanism; he lives on a small fixed salary from the proprietors of the Univers; he is a man of the purest and simplest domestic life; he is poor, and has a large family, but he has refused all offers of place and salary from the government, and maintains his entire independence. And Orestes Brownson wrote: [Veuillot] manifests

228-626: A pragmatic perspective, they feared that defining papal infallibility would alienate some Catholics, create new difficulties for union with non-Catholics, and provoke interference by governments in ecclesiastical affairs. Those who held this view included most of the German and Austro-Hungarian bishops, nearly half of the Americans, one third of the French, most of the Chaldaeans and Melkites , and

266-593: A prisoner in the Vatican, issued the bull Postquam Dei munere , adjourning the council indefinitely. While some proposed to continue the council in the Belgian city of Mechlin , it was never reconvened. The council was formally closed in 1960 by Pope John XXIII , prior to the formation of the Second Vatican Council . In reaction to the political implications of the doctrine of infallibility on

304-485: A year later visited Rome during Holy Week . There he embraced ultramontane sentiments, and became an ardent champion of Catholicism . The results of his conversion were published in Pélerinages en Suisse (1839), Rome et Lorette (1841) and other publications. Veuillot's embrace of Ultramontanism led to his violent rejection of Bourgeois society and norms. He had little regard for theological nuance and held fast to

342-611: Is according to your principles; when I am stronger than you, I take away your freedom because that is according to my principles", is quoted in Frank Herbert 's Children of Dune . Boynes Boynes ( French pronunciation: [bwan] ) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France . This Loiret geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . First Vatican Council The First Ecumenical Council of

380-466: The Anglican branch theory , later succeeded in having an additional adjective inserted, so that the final text read: " Sancta catholica apostolica romana Ecclesia " ('Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church'). The constitution thus set forth the teaching of the "Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church" on God, revelation and faith. There was stronger opposition to the draft constitution on the nature of

418-1110: The Bonn Agreement . The Union of Utrecht still exists to this day and includes the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands , the Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany , the Old Catholic Church of Austria , the Old Catholic Church of the Czech Republic , the Polish-Catholic Church of the Republic of Poland and the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland . The Union of Scranton , formed by more theologically conservative Old Catholics,

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456-744: The Mortara case to the point where it put him at odds with Napoleon III whom he had previously supported, causing the latter to temporarily suppress the journal. Veuillot's two-pronged assault on the Jews and liberalism would influence the anti-Semitism of Édouard Drumont , who worked for L'Univers in his youth. Drumont, who in his turn was an employer of Charles Maurras , was admired by Karl Lueger , whom Adolf Hitler acknowledged as an influence in Mein Kampf . A misattributed quote to Veuillot, "When I am weaker than you, I ask you for freedom because that

494-647: The University of Paris . In 1848, he became editor of the newspaper, which was suppressed in 1860, but revived in 1867, when Veuillot resumed his ultramontane propaganda, causing a second suppression of his journal in 1874. Veuillot then occupied himself by writing polemical pamphlets against liberal Catholics , the Second French Empire and the Italian government. His services to the papal see were recognized by Pope Pius IX , on whom he wrote (1878)

532-466: The cardinals resident in Rome to tender him their opinions as to the advisability of a council. The majority pronounced in favour of the scheme, dissenting voices being rare. After March 1865, the convocation of the council was no longer in doubt. Special bulls were reportedly issued with invitations to Eastern Orthodox and Protestant clerics as well as to other non-Catholics, but apparently none accepted

570-705: The sovereignty of secular states , some of the European kingdoms and republics took rapid action against the Catholic Church. The Austrian Empire annulled the Concordat of 1855 . In the Kingdom of Prussia , the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf broke out immediately afterwards, and in the French Third Republic the synod so accentuated the power of ultramontanism (an emphasis on the powers of

608-526: The Vatican , commonly known as the First Vatican Council or Vatican I , was the 20th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church , held three centuries after the preceding Council of Trent which was adjourned in 1563. The council was convoked by Pope Pius IX on 29 June 1868, under the rising threat of the Kingdom of Italy encroaching on the Papal States . It opened on 8 December 1869 and

646-620: The Vatican, hence its name. The object of the council was a mystery for a while. The first revelation was given in February 1869 by an article in La Civiltà Cattolica , a Jesuit periodical. It claimed, as the view of many Catholics in France, that the council would be of very brief duration, since the majority of its members were in agreement, and mentioned inter alia the proclamation of papal infallibility. Factions around

684-403: The best intentions on his part, is fitted only to bring about the very results he most deprecates. Notwithstanding his hostility to those who regret the loss of parliamentary freedom, and his devotion to Imperialism, he has not been able to save his journal from an avertissement ; and it would seem that, after having aided in erecting an Absolute government for his country, and in breaking down all

722-426: The church, which at first did not include the question of papal infallibility, but the majority party in the council, whose position on this matter was much stronger, brought it forward. It was decided to postpone discussion of everything in the draft except infallibility. The decree did not go forward without controversy; Cardinal Filippo Maria Guidi  [ it ] , Archbishop of Bologna, proposed adding that

760-434: The divine Redeemer willed his Church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals. None of the bishops who had argued that proclaiming the definition was inopportune refused to accept it. Some Catholics, mainly of German language and largely inspired by the historian Ignaz von Döllinger , formed the separate Old Catholic Church in protest; von Döllinger did not formally join the new group himself. Discussion of

798-676: The errors of rationalism , anarchism , communism , socialism , liberalism , materialism , modernism , naturalism , pantheism , and secularism . Its other concern was the doctrine of the primacy ( supremacy ) and infallibility of the Bishop of Rome (the Pope ), which it defined in the First Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ ( Pastor aeternus ). As early as late 1864, Pope Pius IX had commissioned

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836-599: The high prices in Rome. When Lord Houghton asked Cardinal Manning what had been going on, he answered: "Well, we meet, and we look at one another, and then we talk a little, but when we want to know what we have been doing, we read The Times ." Unlike the five earlier general councils held in Rome , which met in the Lateran Basilica and are known as Lateran councils , it met in Saint Peter's Basilica in

874-464: The invitations. The council was summoned by the pope by a bull on 29 June 1868. The first session was held in St. Peter's Basilica on 8 December 1869. Preliminary sessions dealt with general administrative matters and committee assignments. Bishop Bernard John McQuaid complained of rainy weather, inadequate heating facilities, and boredom. Bishop James Roosevelt Bayley of Newark, New Jersey, noted

912-639: The new order was that of Joseph H. Reinkens, who was made bishop in Germany by a sympathetic Jansenist bishop Johannes Heykamp of Utrecht . Such new group referred to itself as the Old Catholic Church (or the Christian Catholic Church in Switzerland). Old Catholics in Europe united into the Union of Utrecht in 1889, which entered into full communion with the Anglican Communion in 1931 through

950-507: The outcome would be, and some 60 members of the opposition left Rome so as not to be associated with approval of the document. The final vote, with a choice only between placet and non placet , was taken on 18 July 1870, with 533 votes in favour and only 2 against defining as a dogma the infallibility of the pope when speaking ex cathedra . The two votes in opposition were cast by Bishops Aloisio Riccio and Edward Fitzgerald . The dogmatic constitution states, in chapter 4:9, that

988-419: The overall philosophies of Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald , the original Catholic counter-revolutionary thinkers. Veuillot viewed all issues through the prism of their relationship to the Church and thought any disruption of the faith was a catastrophe. For this reason, he expressed surprise when he learned that his friend Joseph-Théophile Foisset was working on a new edition of Blaise Pascal since he

1026-449: The pope has "full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the whole Church" (chapter 3:9); and that, when he: speaks ex cathedra , that is, when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which

1064-488: The pope is assisted by "the counsel of the bishops manifesting the tradition of the churches". Pius IX rejected Guidi's view of the bishops as witnesses to the tradition, maintaining: "I am the tradition." On 13 July 1870, a preliminary vote on the section on infallibility was held in a general congregation: 451 voted simply in favour ( placet ), 88 against ( non placet ), and 62 in favour but on condition of some amendment ( placet iuxta modum ). This made evident what

1102-478: The pope), that Republican France took steps to curb it by revoking the Concordat of 1801 , and therefore completely separating the Church from the state . The dogma of papal infallibility raised considerable opposition in some liberal theological circles in the Netherlands , Austria , Germany and Switzerland ; the most notable theologian opposing the formulation of the dogma was Ignaz von Döllinger , who

1140-549: The proposal arose across Europe, and some Italians even proposed setting up a rival council in Naples . However, before the council met all became quiet in view of the studied vagueness of the invitation. Pope Pius defined as dogma the Immaculate Conception of Mary, the mother of Jesus , in 1854. However, the proposal to define papal infallibility itself as dogma met with resistance, not because of doubts about

1178-521: The rest of the document on the nature of the church was to continue when the bishops returned after a summer break. In the meanwhile, the Franco-Prussian War broke out. With the swift German advance and the capture of Emperor Napoleon III , French troops protecting papal rule in Rome withdrew from the city. On 20 October 1870, one month after the newly founded Kingdom of Italy had occupied Rome , Pope Pius IX, who then considered himself

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1216-567: The safeguards established by constitutionalism to freedom of thought, freedom of speech, and public discussion, the police have had the cruelty to take him at his word, and give him a taste of the despotism he has been willing to fasten upon others. Some of his papers were collected in Mélanges Religieux, Historiques et Littéraires (12 vols., 1857–1875), and his Correspondance (7 vols., 1883–85) has great political interest. His younger brother, Eugène Veuillot, published (1901–1904)

1254-405: The substance of the proposed definition, but because some considered it inopportune to take that step at that time. Richard McBrien divides the bishops attending Vatican I into three groups. The first group, which McBrien calls the "active infallibilists", was led by Henry Edward Manning and Ignatius von Senestrey . According to McBrien, the majority of the bishops were not so much interested in

1292-420: The temper and breeding of a fanatic, and seems to act on the principle that whoever differs on any important point in history, politics, or philosophy, from himself, must needs be a bad Catholic, or no Catholic at all. We question not his sincerity, we question not his personal piety; but we do question his qualification to be a Catholic leader. His mind is too narrow and one-sided for that, and his leadership, with

1330-416: Was a Jansenist . In 1840, Veuillot joined the staff of the newspaper Univers Religieux , a journal created in 1833 by Abbé Migne , and soon helped make it the leading organ of ultramontane propaganda as L'Univers . His methods of journalism, which made great use of irony and ad hominem criticism, had already provoked more than one duel, and he was imprisoned for a brief time for his polemics against

1368-487: Was a virulent anti-Semite. As early as the 1840s, he wrote articles in L'Univers defaming Jews, portraying them as alien vagabonds, accusing them of blood libel , and asserting that the Talmud commanded Jews to hate all Christians. He contemptuously dismissed Jews who criticized him as "the deicide people", claiming they were a foreign element which plotted to control all of French society. Veuillot's hatred intensified during

1406-614: Was adjourned on 20 September 1870 after the Italian Capture of Rome . Its best-known decision is its definition of papal infallibility . The council's main purpose was to clarify Catholic doctrine in response to the rising influence of the modern philosophical trends of the 19th century. In the Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith ( Dei Filius ), the council condemned what it considered

1444-541: Was excommunicated in 1871 by Archbishop Gregor von Scherr of Munich and Freising , for refusing to accept the council's decision. Following the council's decision, a minority of clergy and laity opposed to the newly proclaimed dogma united with the Jansenists , which had maintained a somewhat precarious existence in separation from Rome since the 18th century but had preserved an episcopal succession recognized by Rome as valid though illicit . The first consecration of

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