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57-603: Before the foundation of Lovanium, the Catholic University of Louvain already operated multiple institutes for higher education in the Belgian Congo . The Fomulac (Fondation médicale de l'université de Louvain au Congo), was founded in 1926, with the goal of forming Congolese medical personnel and researchers specialized in tropical medicine. In 1932 the Catholic University of Louvain founded

114-427: A French-speaking social geographer suggested in a televised lecture that the city of Leuven should be incorporated into an enlarged bilingual 'Greater-Brussels' region. Mainstream Flemish politicians and students began demonstrating under the slogan Leuven Vlaams – Walen Buiten ("Leuven [is] Flemish – Walloons out"). Student demonstrations escalated into violence throughout the mid-1960s. Student unrest fueled by

171-505: A common governing structure. Flemish nationalists continued to demand a division of the university, and Dutch speakers expressed resentment at privileges given to French-speaking academic staff and the perceived disdain by the local French-speaking community for their Dutch-speaking neighbours. At the time, Brussels and Leuven were both part of the officially bilingual and now defunct Province of Brabant ; but unlike Brussels , Leuven had retained its Dutch-speaking character. Tensions rose when

228-520: A different charter. Nonetheless, the Catholic University of Leuven unofficially continued to claim to be a continuation of the older institution in Leuven, in spite of the liberal protests of the time. On 3 November 1859, the Catholic University celebrated the silver jubilee of its foundation. A banquet for more than five hundred guests offered by the students to the Rector and the faculty, took place

285-430: A four-year terminal secondary course. Kisantu offered a two-year day course, while the other three institutes provided one-year evening courses, particularly catering to those already engaged in daytime employment but eager to continue their education. Admission to these courses was open to people who had completed five years of secondary education or those who had completed four years and passed an entrance examination. By

342-471: A link exists between the officers' depth of feeling of spirituality & the officers' attitude toward the effectiveness traditional methods of social control; however, this research goes a step further & examines the impact of cultural dissonance on the stressors faced by Navajo police officers. The enforcement behavior of the Navajo officers was used as a proxy for the intensity of their feelings concerning

399-403: A list of eight. However, by 1962-63, all students preparing for this examination were required to take seven subjects, including Latin. Lovanium also revised the admission requirements for various scientific and medical degree courses, allowing students who passed the third central jury examination, which did not include Latin, to enter these courses for the first time. Languages continued to hold

456-542: A new "official" history. In 1914, during World War I , Leuven was looted by German troops. They set fire to a large part of the city, effectively destroying about half of it, including the university library (see below). In the early stages of the war, Allied propaganda capitalized on the German destruction as a reflection on German Kultur . From its beginning in 1834, the university provided lectures only in French . Latin

513-664: A new university in 1816 in Leuven as a state university ( Dutch : Rijksuniversiteit ) which was a secular university and where several professors from the old university continued their teaching. In 1830, the Southern Provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands became the independent state of Belgium. This university was closed in 1835. With the closing of the State University of Leuven ,

570-820: A paper for the Journal of Sport and Social Issues . In it she wrote: ...This research investigates issues of cultural diversity & inclusiveness in women's netball in Australia using the rhetoric of exclusion. Women & girls from culturally diverse backgrounds spoke of reinforced difference & cultural assimilation in their netball experiences. Women born in other English-speaking countries recalled feelings of inclusion & limited cultural dissonance & indicated that netball helped them feel as part of their new community & gain social capital via participation. Although experiences of explicit exclusion or racial discrimination were virtually nonreported, some women felt

627-461: A prominent place in the pre-university curriculum. In the 1962-63 academic year, over half of the total time allocated to required subjects in the courses leading to the first, second, and fourth central jury examinations was devoted to English, French, and, where offered, Latin. If the course in African culture and linguistics was included, this proportion rose to 70 percent for the courses leading to

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684-500: A strong sense of cultural conformity to Anglo-centric expectations of behavior. The women's stories & experiences suggest that women from culturally diverse backgrounds have found few opportunities to express their cultural distinctiveness through mainstream Australian sports such as netball. The conclusion reached after this examination is that the rhetoric of exclusion is pervasive in Australian netball & unlikely to change in

741-654: Is a sense of discord, disharmony, confusion, or conflict experienced by people in the midst of change in their cultural environment. The changes are often unexpected, unexplained or not understandable due to various types of cultural dynamics. Studies into cultural dissonance take on a wide socio-cultural scope of analysis that inquire into economics , politics , values , learning styles , cultural factors, such as language , tradition , ethnicity , cultural heritage , cultural history , educational formats, classroom design, and even socio-cultural issues such as ethnocentrism , racism and their respective historical legacies in

798-453: Is a reflection of the Allied victory against Germany , and it is one of the largest university buildings in the city. The library's collections were rebuilt with donations from all around the world, outraged by the barbaric act which it had suffered. In 1940, during the second German invasion of Leuven, the building largely burnt down, with the loss of 900,000 manuscripts and books. The building

855-643: The Cadulac (Centres agronomiques de l'université de Louvain au Congo) in Kisantu . Cadulac was specialized in agricultural sciences and formed the basis for what was later to become Lovanium. The university was established in 1954 on the Kimwenza plateau, near Léopoldville (now Kinshasa ). Lovanium was founded by the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, from which it derived its name, with Lovanium being

912-697: The Latinized form of Leuven . The university maintained close ties with its founding university in Belgium through the establishment of the Higher Academic Council, comprising rectors and professors from both institutions, which played a consultative role in shaping Lovanium's academic and administrative policies. Lovanium consisted of several faculties including Agriculture , Engineering , Law , Medicine , Philosophy and Letters , Political , Social and Economic Sciences, Psychology and Pedagogy , Sciences , and Theology . Its early growth

969-575: The University of Kinshasa , Kisangani University , and the University of Lubumbashi . Throughout its early years, Lovanium University relied heavily on external financial backing to sustain its functions and extend its infrastructure. The Belgian government provided an annual subsidy of 61,680,000 Congolese francs , which constituted a substantial portion of the university's operational budget. West Germany extended support to Lovanium University through hard currency grants, specifically designated for

1026-746: The history of discrimination against Flemings eventually brought down the Belgian government in February 1968. The dispute was resolved in June 1968 by turning the Dutch-language section of the university into the independent Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , which remained in Leuven. The French-speaking university, called the Université catholique de Louvain , was moved to a greenfield campus called Louvain-la-Neuve ("New Leuven"), farther south in

1083-457: The "...alienated refugees from war-torn Central America..." as they worked through their own adjustment issues, and concluded that Central Americans had to deal with more cultural dissonance than their Cuban counterparts. Larry A. Gould wrote a paper for Northern Arizona University : his research reports on the link between feelings of spirituality & how Navajo police officers tend to enforce European-based law. Previous research suggests that

1140-409: The 1954-55 academic year, Lovanium experienced consistent growth, awarding a total of 228 diplomas and certificates during 1958-63. This included 134 first-degree diplomas for undergraduate programs lasting at least four years, and 94 additional awards encompassing special or postgraduate certificates. Africa's first nuclear reactor, TRIGA I , was established at Lovanium in 1958 in conjunction with

1197-409: The 1961-62 academic year, 83% of the full-time faculty were Belgian, while only 5% were Congolese. This stark disparity in faculty composition engendered tensions between staff and students, exacerbated by divergent political ideologies and cultural dissonances . The student body, many of whom were anti-clerical and pro- Patrice Lumumba , frequently clashed with the predominantly clerical leadership of

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1254-572: The 1963-64 academic year, the preparatory institutes had expanded to offer evening courses to approximately 200 students, although the Stanleyville institute had ceased operations after the 1962-63 academic year. The curriculum encompassed a wide array of subjects, including biology, chemistry, English, French, geography, history, mathematics, physics, and religion or moral education. While these courses were primarily intended to prepare students for graduate programs, they did not entirely correspond to

1311-588: The 23 November 1859, in the great festival hall of the Music Academy of Louvain. In the year 1884, the Catholic University of Louvain celebrated solemnly its 50th anniversary. In 1909, the Catholic University celebrated its 75th anniversary, and struck a medal where for the first time it officially used the French word "réinstallation" (resettlement), and the Dutch word "herstelling" (restoration) beginning of

1368-693: The French-speaking part of the Province of Brabant. Acrimony about the split was long-lasting. Currently, however, research collaborations and student exchanges between the two "sister universities" take place with increasing frequency. The library of the Catholic University dating from 1834 was housed in the University Hall , a building which in its oldest parts dated back to 1317. This was destroyed in August 1914 by invading German forces, with

1425-464: The U.S. Atoms for Peace program. In June 1960, just before the country's independence , newly promulgated statutes significantly restructured Lovanium's governance, relocating the administrative council from Brussels to Léopoldville to enhance Congolese participation in the institution's administration. Despite initial challenges, such as a decline in student enrollment post-independence, with total enrollment plummeting from 485 to 413 students due to

1482-464: The United States. Suarez Orozco found that second-generation Hispanics face more acute forms of cultural dissonance than their first generation parents. They also noticed that second-generation individuals also face "special difficulties" that lead to "three general patterns of adjustment" Suárez-Orozco also compared the experience of exiles from Cuba being reunited with family members with

1539-527: The University, organized efforts to restore the carillon began. The restoration fell to Eijsbouts and the bell count increased to 63. The newly restored carillon was rededicated in October 1983, with a series of lectures, concerts, statements from diplomats including Ronald Reagan, and European carillon keyboard standardization agreements. The library's collections were again restored after the war, and by

1596-618: The basis of authorisation in a papal brief of 13 December 1833, from Pope Gregory XVI , the Belgian bishops founded the Catholic University of Belgium ( Latin : Universitas catholica Belgii ) in Mechelen . About this first year, it is generally referred to as "Catholic University of Mechelen". The bishops aimed to create a university "to accommodate any doctrine from the Holy Apostolic See and to repudiate anything that does not flow from this august source". The announcement of

1653-527: The bishops' founding of the new university in Mechelen was met with demonstrations and disturbances in the cities of Ghent , Leuven and Liège . The first rector was the priest and historian Pierre de Ram . The university was short-lived in Mechelen, as the bishops already moved the university to Leuven on 1 December 1835, where it took the name "Catholic University of Leuven". This outraged Belgian liberal opinion, which depicted it as an attempt to usurp

1710-409: The broader community, including those who might not have had the opportunity to pursue formal education at the university level. Through its Institute of Social and Economic Research, the university provided in-service training for Congolese managerial personnel of private companies. These individuals were selected for advancement under their companies' Africanization programs, which aimed to increase

1767-411: The country. These initiatives aimed at individuals who, due to various reasons, were unable to finish their secondary education but sought advanced learning opportunities. The first of these initiatives was a full-time, one-year course of scientific and general training at Kisantu , designed to prepare students with five years of secondary education for both graduate and pre-university courses. This effort

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1824-399: The cultures. Research topics in cultural dissonance tend to be interdisciplinary drawing from a wide range of disciplines and applying the findings to equally diverse fields and industries. Winifred L. Macdonald concluded in her thesis that, "... shared markers of language and ethnicity were not sufficient to ensure that the cultural differences in education systems were not experienced by

1881-412: The development and equipping of key university facilities. In 1962, West Germany allocated $ 950,000 for the construction and equipping of a student dormitory and $ 1,300,000 for a hospital clinic, along with $ 8,000 for eight scholarships. The United States , through its Agency for International Development , contributed $ 409,000 for one-third of the student dormitory construction expenses and $ 330,000 for

1938-625: The exodus of nearly all non-African students, Lovanium's population rebounded, with enrollment rising from 413 in the 1960-61 academic year to 1,087 in 1963-64. Financial support from the Congolese government and USAID facilitated the construction of a three-wing dormitory , which enabled the institution to accommodate a larger student body. By the 1963-64 academic year, the Congolese student population had increased to 743, alongside 211 non-Congolese Africans and 133 non-African students, with representation from 14 countries, including nine where English

1995-778: The expansion of the medical school . Moreover, USAID dispensed scholarship grants in several academic years: $ 400,000 in 1961-62, $ 240,000 in 1962-63, and $ 400,000 in 1963-64. Lovanium University consisted of several faculties including: This article on an institution of tertiary education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Catholic University of Leuven (1834%E2%80%931968) The Catholic University of Leuven or Louvain ( French : Université catholique de Louvain , Dutch : Katholieke Hogeschool te Leuven , later Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven )

2052-755: The families." Macdonald also observed that cultural dissonance is sometimes said to inhibit socio-cultural adaptation. Susan Black, an education research consultant, wrote an article in the American School Board Journal of the National School Board Association that summarized some of the actions recommended by some researchers in education-related cultural dissonance. The recommendations for educators included: Other general findings include: In their book Children of Immigration , Carola and Marcelo Suárez-Orozco discuss dissonance as it relates to Latinos in

2109-437: The first and fourth examinations. In contrast, mathematics was allocated 60 percent of the time dedicated to required subjects in the course leading to the third examination. In August 1971, the university merged with two other universities in the Congo to form the federalized National University of Zaire ( Université Nationale du Zaïre ; UNAZA). Between 1980 and 1991, the universities were again divided into three institutions,

2166-416: The humanities programs offered in secondary schools. Lovanium extended its educational services through a variety of extension programs aimed at reaching a broader audience. These programs were administered by the University's autonomous department of University Extension, established in 1962 with the express purpose of making the university's intellectual assets accessible to a wider populace. This department

2223-447: The institution. By 1963, however, the council's composition had dramatically shifted, with 10 of the 17 members being Congolese. Lovanium's student body exceeded 1,000 during the 1963-64 academic year. In its quest to extend education beyond conventional university limits and address the educational deficiencies prevalent in the then- Republic of the Congo , Lovanium instituted a range of preparatory and outreach programs distributed across

2280-656: The loss of approximately 230,000 books, 950 manuscripts, and 800 incunabula. Materials lost included the Easter Island tablet bearing Rongorongo text E and the oldest Czech Bible . After the First World War, a new library was built on the Mgr. Ladeuzeplein , designed by the American architect Whitney Warren in a neo-Flemish-Renaissance style. Construction took place between 1921 and 1928. Its monumental size

2337-745: The more prominent in Europe. Once formally integrated into the French Republic , the law of 15 September 1793, had decreed the suppression of all the colleges and universities in France and it was abolished by Decree of the Departement of the Dijle on 25 October 1797. The region next became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830), and William I of the Netherlands founded

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2394-412: The new Catholic University of Mechelen moved its seat to Leuven, adjusted its name and declared itself as a "re-founding" of the 1425 University of Leuven. This claim to continuity with the older institution was challenged in the courts, with Belgium's highest court issuing rulings (in 1844, 1855 and 1861) that as a matter of law the Catholic University of Leuven was a different institution created under

2451-580: The past of the former Old University of Leuven . It also reinvigorated demands for the foundation of a secular university in Brussels which would lead to the foundation of the Free University of Brussels . An earlier University of Leuven was founded in 1425 by John IV, Duke of Brabant and chartered by a papal bull of Pope Martin V . It flourished for hundreds of years as the most prominent university in what would become Belgium, and one of

2508-781: The representation of Africans in leadership positions. The Institute organized several residential seminars in business administration , with durations ranging from one week to four months. The inaugural seminar was convened prior to Congo's independence, and the program subsequently expanded in the ensuing years. During the 1962-63 academic year, the Institute planned to offer seminars on an array of pertinent topics, including economic issues, management functions, enterprise management, public administration organization, administrative work organization, technical services organization, and personnel administration. Lovanium implemented several changes in its pre-university courses . One significant change

2565-487: The strictness of the enforcement of European-based laws. In other words, the more spiritual the officer, the less likely the officer is to rely solely on European-based laws, & the greater the reliance on other methods of problems solving. The finding also suggest that in addition to the stressors normally encounter by all police officers, Navajo officers faced additional stressors that are specific to indigenous officers policing in indigenous communities. Tracy Taylor wrote

2622-447: The time of the split in 1968 had approximately four million books. The separation of the university into distinct French-language and Dutch-language institutions in 1968 entailed a division of the central library holdings. This was done on the basis of alternate shelfmarks (except in cases where a work clearly belonged to one section or the other, e.g. was written by a member of faculty or bequeathed by an alumnus whose linguistic allegiance

2679-416: The usefulness of traditional vs European-based forces of social control; the underlying assumption being tested is that self-determination is not only a state of law but a state of psychological being. A snowball method of sample development was used to select officers for intensive interviews. The findings suggest that the officers' feeling of spiritual connectedness to his/her culture is inversely related to

2736-629: Was clear). This gave rise to the factoid that encyclopedias and runs of periodicals were divided by volume between the two universities, but actually such series bear single shelfmarks. The building on the Mgr. Ladeuzeplein is now the central library of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. 50°40′11″N 4°36′44″E  /  50.66972°N 4.61222°E  / 50.66972; 4.61222 Cultural dissonance In sociology and cultural studies , cultural dissonance

2793-487: Was founded in 1834 in Mechelen as the Catholic University of Belgium, and moved its seat to the town of Leuven in 1835, changing its name to Catholic University of Leuven. In 1968, it was split into two universities , the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Université catholique de Louvain , following tensions between the Dutch and French-speaking student bodies. On 8 November 1834, on

2850-785: Was heavily reliant on financial support from various international sources, including substantial subsidies from the colonial government, as well as funding from the Ford Foundation , the Rockefeller Foundation , and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and was lauded as the best university in Africa. Lovanium's student demographic was notably cosmopolitan, with a considerable representation of non-Congolese and non-African students. Despite an initial enrollment of only 33 students in

2907-425: Was offered in the four courses that prepared students for the central jury examinations, but by the 1961-62 academic year, it had been completely phased out. The curriculum for pre-university courses also underwent revisions in subject requirements. For example, in 1939-60, students preparing for the first central jury examination were required to study French, Latin, and philosophy, along with four other subjects from

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2964-523: Was rebuilt after the war in accordance with Warren's design. The library's tower included a 48-bell Gillett and Johnston carillon installed in 1928, and dedicated to the memory of the engineers of the United States who died in all wars. After having fallen into complete disrepair and neglect, efforts began in the early 1980s to restore the carillon. With the cooperation of the Belgian American Educational Foundation and

3021-494: Was sometimes used in the theology faculty, but it was essentially a French-language institution. Lectures in Dutch , the other official language of Belgium and the language spoken in Leuven, had begun to be provided in 1930 in the Catholic University of Leuven in the meantime. In 1962, in line with constitutional reforms governing official language use, the French and Dutch sections of the Catholic University became autonomous within

3078-596: Was soon followed by the establishment of three additional institutes in Bukavu , Léopoldville, and Stanleyville (now Kisangani ) during the 1962-63 academic year. These institutes were funded by a $ 100,000 grant from the Ford Foundation. These preparatory institutes, colloquially referred to as the "junior college program" (though not entirely aligned with the academic rigor typically associated with junior colleges ), primarily targeted individuals who had completed

3135-659: Was tasked with overseeing the preparatory institutes, summer sessions, and various other activities. One of the key components of the University Extension's activities was the publication of educational materials. Among the most notable was Antennes, Chroniques Culturelles Congolaises , a bimonthly review first issued in 1961. This publication aimed to introduce the contemporary world of ideas and events to Congolese readers. The University Extension also organized conferences , radio broadcasts , study weeks , and cultural weekends. These activities were designed to engage

3192-407: Was the introduction of English as a compulsory second language in these courses. Before independence, only students preparing for engineering were required to study English. However, by the 1961-62 academic year, English had become a mandatory subject for all students in the five pre-university courses. Another notable change was the removal of Flemish from the curriculum. Before independence, Flemish

3249-475: Was the primary language of instruction. As Lovanium expanded and became more deeply integrated into the Congolese educational framework, the proportion of Congolese students steadily increased, ultimately comprising the majority of the student body. Nonetheless, despite the growing Congolese influence in Lovanium's administration, it stayed predominantly Belgian for several years post-independence. For instance, in

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