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46-685: Simon Dach 's poem Anke van Tharaw was written in Low Prussian. Low Prussian is a Low German dialect formerly spoken in Prussia . It is separated from its only adjacent German dialect, High Prussian , by the Benrath line and the Uerdingen line , the latter dialect being Central German . This was once one of the, if not the hardest linguistic border within the German dialects . Plautdietsch

92-528: A fictitious relationship between a knight and his high-born lady". Initially imitating the lyrics of the French troubadours and trouvères, minnesang soon established a distinctive tradition. There was also a large body of medieval Galician-Portuguese lyric . Hebrew singer-poets of the Middle Ages included Yehuda Halevi , Solomon ibn Gabirol , and Abraham ibn Ezra . In Italy, Petrarch developed

138-439: A little horse, I also have a whip, And I have a green painted(?) slide, so that will be a slip! The first snow has fallen, swiftly, gray horse get in front of it! Now we are going to slide everywhere! The hat on the head, and the feet in the straw, Five bells are fixed to the slide, what a ringing! The whip in the fist and the leash in the hand, It is ringing so merrily. The children come running. And every one

184-455: A number of poems, and was considered the leading figure of the hymnists and poets of Königsberg. Lyric poetry Modern lyric poetry is a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person. The term for both modern lyric poetry and modern song lyrics derives from a form of Ancient Greek literature , the Greek lyric , which

230-404: A poem written so that it could be set to music—whether or not it actually was. A poem's particular structure, function, or theme might all vary. The lyric poetry of Europe in this period was created by the pioneers of courtly poetry and courtly love largely without reference to the classical past. The troubadors , travelling composers and performers of songs, began to flourish towards the end of

276-592: A rise of lyric poetry during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The Swedish "Phosphorists" were influenced by the Romantic movement and their chief poet Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom produced many lyric poems. Italian lyric poets of the period include Ugo Foscolo , Giacomo Leopardi , Giovanni Pascoli , and Gabriele D'Annunzio . Spanish lyric poets include Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer , Rosalía de Castro , and José de Espronceda . Japanese lyric poets include Taneda Santoka , Masaoka Shiki , and Ishikawa Takuboku . In

322-460: A standard pattern of rhythm. Although much modern lyric poetry is no longer song lyrics, the rhythmic forms have persisted without the music. The most common meters are as follows: Some forms have a combination of meters, often using a different meter for the refrain . For the ancient Greeks , lyric poetry had a precise technical meaning: Verse that was accompanied by a lyre , cithara , or barbitos . Because such works were typically sung, it

368-451: Is in many ways both the culmination of medieval courtly love poetry and the beginning of Renaissance love lyric. A bhajan or kirtan is a Hindu devotional song . Bhajans are often simple songs in lyrical language expressing emotions of love for the Divine . Notable authors include Kabir , Surdas , and Tulsidas . Chinese Sanqu poetry was a Chinese poetic genre popular from

414-496: Is included within Low Prussian by some observers. Excluding Plautdietsch, Low Prussian can be considered moribund due to the evacuation and forced expulsion of Germans from East Prussia after World War II . Plautdietsch, however, has several thousand speakers throughout the world, most notably in South America , Canada and Germany . In Danzig a German settlement (besides an existing Old Prussian-Kashubian settlement)

460-613: Is love. Notable authors include Hafiz , Amir Khusro , Auhadi of Maragheh , Alisher Navoi , Obeid e zakani , Khaqani Shirvani , Anvari , Farid al-Din Attar , Omar Khayyam , and Rudaki . The ghazal was introduced to European poetry in the early 19th century by the Germans Schlegel , Von Hammer-Purgstall , and Goethe , who called Hafiz his "twin". Lyric in European literature of the medieval or Renaissance period means

506-605: Is running to get a ride! Hey, boys! girls! Just look at that! My horse is joyfully going with "Hussa" and "Hop"! Oh my! Snowballs are flying by his head. Well, happily, children, come on my slide, Winter is here and we will ring to welcome it. Simon Dach Simon Dach (29 July 1605 – 15 April 1659) was a German lyrical poet and hymnwriter , born in Memel , Duchy of Prussia (now Klaipėda in Lithuania ). Although brought up in humble circumstances (his father

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552-531: The Black Mountain movement with Robert Creeley , Organic Verse represented by Denise Levertov , Projective verse or "open field" composition as represented by Charles Olson , and also Language Poetry which aimed for extreme minimalism along with numerous other experimental verse movements throughout the remainder of the 20th century, up into today where these questions of what constitutes poetry, lyrical or otherwise, are still being discussed but now in

598-570: The Königsberger Dichtergruppe (loosely translated as the "Königsberg Poets' Association"). In 1639 he was appointed professor of poetry at Königsberg through the influence of his friend Roberthin. He sang the praises of the house of the Electors of Brandenburg in a collection of poems entitled Kurbrandenburgische Rose, Adler, Lowe und Scepter (1661), and also produced many occasional poems , several of which became popular;

644-492: The assimilation of the Old Prussians , many Old Prussian words were preserved in the Low Prussian dialect. In addition to the words of Old Prussian origin, another source of Baltic loans  [ lt ; lv ] was Lithuanian. After the migration of Lithuanians in the 15th century, many Lithuanian loanwords appeared in the Low Prussian dialect. The writer Erminia von Olfers-Batocki (1876-1954) from Natangia wrote

690-460: The sonnet form pioneered by Giacomo da Lentini and Dante 's Vita Nuova . In 1327, according to the poet, the sight of a woman called Laura in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon awoke in him a lasting passion, celebrated in the Rime sparse ("Scattered rhymes"). Later, Renaissance poets who copied Petrarch's style named this collection of 366 poems Il Canzoniere ("The Song Book"). Laura

736-489: The sonnet . In France, La Pléiade , a group including Pierre de Ronsard , Joachim du Bellay , and Jean-Antoine de Baïf , aimed to break with earlier traditions of French poetry, particularly Marot and the grands rhétoriqueurs , and began imitating classical Greek and Roman forms such as the ode . Favorite poets of the school were Pindar , Anacreon , Alcaeus , Horace , and Ovid . They also produced Petrarchan sonnet cycles . Spanish devotional poetry adapted

782-427: The 11th century and were often imitated in successive centuries. Trouvères were poet-composers who were roughly contemporary with and influenced by the troubadours but who composed their works in the northern dialects of France . The first known trouvère was Chrétien de Troyes ( fl.  1160s–80s). The dominant form of German lyric poetry in the period was the minnesang , "a love lyric based essentially on

828-476: The 12th-century Jin Dynasty through to the early Ming . Early 14th century playwrights like Ma Zhiyuan and Guan Hanqing were well-established writers of Sanqu. Against the usual tradition of using Classical Chinese , this poetry was composed in the vernacular. In 16th-century Britain, Thomas Campion wrote lute songs and Sir Philip Sidney , Edmund Spenser , and William Shakespeare popularized

874-407: The 1970s and 1980s and from Russia in the 1990s as so-called late repatriates ( Spätaussiedler ). Today, the language is almost extinct, as its use is restricted to communication within the family and gatherings of expellees, where they are spoken out of nostalgia. In Poland, the language of the few non-displaced people was subjected to severe repression after 1945, which meant that the active use of

920-556: The 19th century and came to be seen as synonymous with poetry. Romantic lyric poetry consisted of first-person accounts of the thoughts and feelings of a specific moment; the feelings were extreme but personal. The traditional sonnet was revived in Britain, with William Wordsworth writing more sonnets than any other British poet. Other important Romantic lyric writers of the period include Samuel Taylor Coleridge , John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley , and Lord Byron . Later in

966-529: The American New Criticism returned to the lyric, advocating a poetry that made conventional use of rhyme, meter, and stanzas, and was modestly personal in the lyric tradition. Lyric poetry dealing with relationships, sex, and domestic life constituted the new mainstream of American poetry in the middle of the 20th century, following such movements as the confessional poets of the 1950s and 1960s, who included Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton .

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1012-580: The German Romantic revival of the folk-song tradition initiated by Goethe , Herder , and Arnim and Brentano 's Des Knaben Wunderhorn . France also saw a revival of the lyric voice during the 19th century. The lyric became the dominant mode of French poetry during this period. For Walter Benjamin , Charles Baudelaire was the last example of lyric poetry "successful on a mass scale" in Europe. In Russia , Aleksandr Pushkin exemplified

1058-671: The University. Part of his official duties as Chair of Poetry was to create poems for various University celebrations, programs, debates and funeral services of his colleagues – all of these written either Latin or Greek. In 1644, he wrote the play Sorbuisa , which celebrated the centennial of the University of Königsberg. Dach became one of the prominent heads of the musical Kürbishütte, a group that included, among others, George Weissel , Valentin Thilo , and Johann Franck . The summer-house of organist and composer Heinrich Albert became

1104-546: The century, the Victorian lyric was more linguistically self-conscious and defensive than the Romantic forms had been. Such Victorian lyric poets include Alfred Lord Tennyson and Christina Rossetti . Lyric poetry was popular with the German reading public between 1830 and 1890, as shown in the number of poetry anthologies published in the period. According to Georg Lukács , the verse of Joseph von Eichendorff exemplified

1150-445: The division developed by Aristotle among three broad categories of poetry: lyrical, dramatic , and epic . Lyric poetry is one of the earliest forms of literature. Much lyric poetry depends on regular meter based either on number of syllables or on stress – with two short syllables typically being exchangeable for one long syllable – which is required for song lyrics in order to match lyrics with interchangeable tunes that followed

1196-571: The earlier years of the 20th century rhymed lyric poetry, usually expressing the feelings of the poet, was the dominant poetic form in the United States, Europe, and the British colonies . The English Georgian poets and their contemporaries such as A. E. Housman , Walter de la Mare , and Edmund Blunden used the lyric form. The Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore was praised by William Butler Yeats for his lyric poetry; Yeats compared him to

1242-837: The following poem in Low Prussian: Ek häbb e kleen Perdke, ek häbb ok e Pitsch, Un e jrinlachtje Schleede, jewt dat e Jejlitsch! Erscht Schnee is jefalle, rasch, Schimmelke vör! Nu foahre wi Schleede, de kriez un de quer! De Mitz uppe Kopp un de Feet mangket Stroh, Fief Klingere am Schleede, dat bimmelt man so! De Pitsch inner Fust un de Lien inne Händ, Klinglustig! Doa kome de Kinder jerennt. Un jederer schorrt, dat he upspringe kann! He, Junges! Marjelles! Nu kick eener an! Min Schemmel jait lustig met „Hussa“ un „Hopp!“ Juch! Schneeballkes suse em äwere Kopp. Nu lustig, ju Kinder, inne Schleede krupt rin, To Gast kimmt de Winder, dem klingre wi in. I have

1288-770: The language was even lower than in Germany. In both countries, the High Prussian dialects were not transmitted to the next generation, therefore, few elderly speakers remain. The German minority in Poland, recognized since 1991, uses Standard German. It shares some features with High Prussian, differentiating it from neighbouring Low German dialects. Those Borussisms are: According to one summary of Low German dialects , words very characteristic of Low Prussian are doa ('dor', there), joa ('jo', yes), goah ('goh', go) and noa ('nober', neighbor), which feature "oa" instead of

1334-567: The lyric for religious purposes. Notable examples were Teresa of Ávila , John of the Cross , Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz , Garcilaso de la Vega , Francisco de Medrano and Lope de Vega . Although better known for his epic Os Lusíadas , Luís de Camões is also considered the greatest Portuguese lyric poet of the period. In Japan, the naga-uta ("long song") was a lyric poem popular in this era. It alternated five and seven-syllable lines and ended with an extra seven-syllable line. Lyrical poetry

1380-677: The meeting place of this group of poets, hymnists and musicians, who met in to create new hymns as well as to give readings of their own poetry. This group published eight books of poems and songs from 1638 to 1650, the books meeting with great success. Of the approximately 200 poems and songs contained within the books, Dach had the lion's share, with 125 being his compositions. The songs and hymns contained in these books, especially those of Dach, were sung throughout Germany and frequently appeared in pirated editions. In Königsberg he became friends with and collaborated with Heinrich Albert (1604–1651) and Robert Roberthin (1600–1648) and with them formed

1426-541: The most famous of them is "Anke von Tharaw öss, de my geföllt" Anke van Tharaw (rendered from Low Saxon by Herder into Standard German as " Ännchen von Tharau "), composed in 1637 in honor of the marriage of a friend. Among Dach's best-known hymns, many of which are still sung, are the following: "Ich bin ja, Herr, in deiner Macht", "Ich bin bei Gott in Gnaden durch Christi Blut und Tod", and "O, wie selig seid ihr doch, ihr Frommen." In all, he wrote over 150 hymns, and

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1472-425: The period include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Novalis , Friedrich Schiller , and Johann Heinrich Voß . Kobayashi Issa was a Japanese lyric poet during this period. In Diderot's Encyclopédie , Louis chevalier de Jaucourt described lyric poetry of the time as "a type of poetry totally devoted to sentiment; that's its substance, its essential object". In Europe, the lyric emerged as the principal poetic form of

1518-630: The period is Martin Opitz ; in Japan, this was the era of the noted haiku -writer Matsuo Bashō . In the 18th century, lyric poetry declined in England and France. The atmosphere of literary discussion in the English coffeehouses and French salons was not congenial to lyric poetry. Exceptions include the lyrics of Robert Burns , William Cowper , Thomas Gray , and Oliver Goldsmith . German lyric poets of

1564-647: The rest of his life. After earning his degree, Dach was a private tutor for a time, then was appointed Kollaborator (teacher) in 1633 and co-rector of the Domschule (cathedral school) in Königsberg in 1636. In 1639 he was appointed by Adrian Brauer to the Chair of Poetry at the Albertina University in Königsberg. This was a post he held until his death. Also, in 1640 he received a doctorate from

1610-514: The thematic ancestor of much medieval, Renaissance, Romantic, and modern lyric poetry, but these works were composed in elegiac couplets and so were not lyric poetry in the ancient sense. During China 's Warring States period , the Songs of Chu collected by Qu Yuan and Song Yu defined a new form of poetry that came from the exotic Yangtze Valley , far from the Wei and Yellow River homeland of

1656-471: The traditional four-character verses collected in the Book of Songs . The varying forms of the new Chu Ci provided more rhythm and greater latitude of expression. Originating in 10th century Persian , a ghazal is a poetic form consisting of couplets that share a rhyme and a refrain . Formally, it consists of a short lyric composed in a single meter with a single rhyme throughout. The subject

1702-422: The troubadour poets when the two met in 1912. The relevance and acceptability of the lyric in the modern age was, though, called into question by modernist poets such as Ezra Pound , T. S. Eliot , H.D. , and William Carlos Williams , who rejected the English lyric form of the 19th century, feeling that it relied too heavily on melodious language, rather than complexity of thought. After World War II,

1748-508: The usual "o" or "a". Words are often shortened, in a manner similar to that of the neighboring East Pomeranian dialect, giving beet (beten, little bit) and baakove ('bakåben', bake oven). Low Prussian also has a number of words in common with Plautdietsch, such as Klemp (cow), Klopps (lump, ball of earth) and Tsoagel (tail). Some other words are: Węgorzewo and Tilsit (Sovetsk) Low Prussian had patalization of /g/, /k/, which Latvian had since its contact to Low German. After

1794-721: Was a poorly paid court interpreter for Lithuanian in Memel ), he received a classical education in the Domschule of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad , Russia) and in the Latin schools of Wittenberg and Magdeburg , and entered the University of Königsberg in 1626 where he was a student of theology and philosophy . In 1626, he left Magdeburg to escape both the plague and the Thirty Years' War , and returned to his Prussian homeland, settling in Königsberg, where he remained for

1840-565: Was also known as melic poetry. The lyric or melic poet was distinguished from the writer of plays (although Athenian drama included choral odes, in lyric form), the writer of trochaic and iambic verses (which were recited), the writer of elegies (accompanied by the flute, rather than the lyre) and the writer of epic. The scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria created a canon of nine lyric poets deemed especially worthy of critical study. These archaic and classical musician-poets included Sappho , Alcaeus , Anacreon and Pindar . Archaic lyric

1886-468: Was characterized by strophic composition and live musical performance. Some poets, like Pindar extended the metrical forms in odes to a triad, including strophe , antistrophe (metrically identical to the strophe) and epode (whose form does not match that of the strophe). Among the major surviving Roman poets of the classical period, only Catullus ( Carmina 11 , 17 , 30 , 34 , 51 , 61 ) and Horace ( Odes ) wrote lyric poetry, which

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1932-413: Was defined by its musical accompaniment, usually on a stringed instrument known as a kithara , a seven-stringed lyre (hence "lyric"). It is not equivalent to song lyrics, though song lyrics are often in the lyric mode, and it is also not equivalent to Ancient Greek lyric poetry, which was principally limited to song lyrics, or chanted verse. The term owes its importance in literary theory to

1978-470: Was established in the 12th century. In the later Middle Ages, Middle Low Saxon in a Low Prussian form was the written and everyday language in Danzig. At the end of the 16th century, there was a switch to High German as a written language. This led to the formation of Danziger Missingsch , which shaped the everyday language in Danzig until 1945. In Königsberg in 1924, the use of Low German as everyday language

2024-659: Was instead read or recited. What remained were the forms, the lyric meters of the Greeks adapted to Latin. Catullus was influenced by both archaic and Hellenistic Greek verse and belonged to a group of Roman poets called the Neoteroi ("New Poets") who spurned epic poetry following the lead of Callimachus . Instead, they composed brief, highly polished poems in various thematic and metrical genres. The Roman love elegies of Tibullus , Propertius , and Ovid ( Amores , Heroides ), with their personal phrasing and feeling, may be

2070-430: Was restricted to the working class, and even among the working class Low German was more and more replaced by (a corrupted) High German. Almost all Low Prussian speakers were evacuated or expelled from Prussia after 1945. Since the expellees scattered throughout Western Germany the dialects are now moribund . Most of the Low Prussian speakers not expelled after World War II relocated from Poland to Western Germany in

2116-427: Was the dominant form of 17th century English poetry from John Donne to Andrew Marvell . The poems of this period were short. Rarely narrative, they tended towards intense expression. Other notable poets of the era include Ben Jonson , Robert Herrick , George Herbert , Aphra Behn , Thomas Carew , John Suckling , Richard Lovelace , John Milton , Richard Crashaw , and Henry Vaughan . A German lyric poet of

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