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58-662: The demonym for Lower Aragonese people is bajoaragonés or tierrabajino . The eastern fringes of the Lower Aragon natural region include some areas belonging as well to the Catalan-speaking strip in eastern Aragon known as La Franja and overlapping the historical Ilercavonia comarca. All the villages traditionally taking part in the characteristic and loud Drum and Bass drum Route during Holy Week processions are included in Lower Aragon historical region. In 1707, following King Philip's Nueva Planta decrees

116-494: A Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals ) Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon (1988), which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after demonymic , which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to

174-457: A clan, or gens ') is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place. Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, state, country, and continent). Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within

232-418: A few arquebuses; and they fight to the last yell, whose echoes will resound throughout the long war for independence. Whenever his army weakens, General Manuel Belgrano will shout those words which never fail to restore courage and spark anger. The general will ask his vacillating soldiers: ' Are the women of Cochabamba present? " To celebrate their bravery, Bolivia now marks May 27 as Mother's Day. In 1900,

290-499: A large enrollment of international students) and Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo". Other universities include Escuela Militar de Ingenieria "Antonio Jose de Sucre", Universidad Simón I. Patiño, Universidad de Aquino Bolivia, Universidad Adventista de Bolivia, Universidad Privada Domingo Savio and Universidad Privada Abierta Latinoamericana (UPAL). Cochabamba became the second recipient city of Brazilian students in Bolivia after

348-522: A large part of Lower Aragon became the Corregimiento de Alcañiz , a kind of large district. In 1812, as a result of Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet 's territorial division, the Province of Alcañiz (Provincia de Alcañiz) briefly unified the Lower Aragon region during French occupation. Since then, and despite the strong identity of its inhabitants, this historical region has not been able to achieve

406-603: A local cultural centre. In 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 the painting was done in the Villa Coronilla, and Geronimo de Osorio neighbourhoods. In 2019 the festival focused on the neighbourhood Esperanza, on the edge of the Alalay Lake . The festival has featured internationally renowned artists such as Blu (Italy) and Inti (Chile). Commensurate with other large cities in the Andean highlands of South America, Cochabamba

464-446: A monument erected by veterans of January's protest movement in honour of those killed and injured by government supporters was destroyed in the middle of the night, reigniting racial conflicts in the city. In August 2008, a nationwide referendum was held. The prefect of Cochabamba, Manfred Reyes Villa, was not confirmed by the voters, and he was removed from the position. Cochabamba is known for its "Eternal Spring". Neither experiencing

522-530: A native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person , a Briton or, informally, a Brit . Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym Macedonians may refer to the population of North Macedonia , or more generally to the entire population of the region of Macedonia , a portion of which is in Greece . In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as

580-490: A nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, Québécois , Québécoise (female) is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of Quebec (though Quebecer , Quebecker are also available). In English, demonyms are always capitalized . Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. Egyptian , Japanese , or Greek . However, they are not necessarily

638-446: A truncated form of the toponym , or place-name.) "-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list. -ene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. -ensian -ard -ese, -nese or -lese "-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety. Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese". Often used for Italian and East Asian, from

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696-581: A variety of departments comprising 950 functionaries. The 11-member municipal council is the legislative branch. The current mayor is Manfred Reyes Villa of the Súmate Movement, elected in 2021 for a 5-year term. The area where Cochabamba is situated is commonly referred to as the granary of Bolivia . Its climate is milder than that of the Altiplano region to the west and thus permits extensive agriculture, including grains, potatoes, and coffee in

754-659: Is a city and municipality in central Bolivia in a valley in the Andes mountain range . It is the capital of the Cochabamba Department and the fourth largest city in Bolivia , with a population of 630,587 according to the 2012 Bolivian census . Its name is from a compound of the Quechua words qucha "lake" and pampa , "open plain ." Residents of the city and the surrounding areas are commonly referred to as cochalas or, more formally, cochabambinos . It

812-476: Is a city of contrasts. Its central commercial districts, Zona Norte, is bounded by Plaza Colón and Plaza 14 de Septiembre , are generally equipped with modern urban amenities and are where the majority of the city's formal business and commercial industries are based. La Cancha, the largest open-air market in South America, is also an active place where locals can buy a range of items. An active nightlife

870-611: Is centered around Calle España and along the broad, tree-lined boulevard, El Prado . In contrast, the Zona Sur, a remote area adjacent to the Wilstermann International Airport is visibly impoverished, with adobe homes and unpaved roads, which is often the first impression visitors acquire while commuting into the city. In 2009, the government under President Evo Morales created a new constitution that declared Spanish and 36 other indigenous languages as

928-590: Is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni , Helvetii ). -i.e. is rather used for English places. -iot or -iote Used especially for Greek locations. Backformation from Cypriot , itself based in Greek -ώτης . -k -asque Often used for Italian and French locations. -(we)gian -onian Cochabamba Cochabamba ( Aymara : Quchapampa ; Quechua : Quchapampa )

986-589: Is known as the "City of Eternal Spring" or "The Garden City" because of its spring-like temperatures all year round. It is also known as "La Llajta," which means "town" in Quechua. It is the largest urban center between the higher capital of La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra in the tropical plains of the east. It sits south-west of the Tunari mountains, and north of the foothills of the Valle Alto. In antiquity,

1044-547: Is mostly used by the natives in the province of Quezon , is also used for their local or native demonyms in English . -a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a Adaptations from the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)o (sometimes using a final -a instead of -o for a female, following the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)a ) Countries and regions Cities -ite -(e)r Often used for European locations and Canadian locations -(i)sh (Usually suffixed to

1102-561: Is presently included. In 1935, at the time of the Second Spanish Republic there was a feeble attempt to segregate the municipalities surrounding Alcañiz and Híjar from the Province of Teruel and merge them with Zaragoza Province . But so far the proposals to make a province out of the Lower Aragon region have not found much echo and the area finds itself in a state of administrative and economical neglect reflected in

1160-681: The A-68 highway issue. Lower Aragon was divided into the smaller administrative comarcas after the official delimitation of the Comarcas of Aragon in 1999. Its historical limits fall now within the Bajo Aragón , Bajo Aragón-Caspe , Bajo Martín , Andorra-Sierra de Arcos , Matarranya and Ribera Baja del Ebro comarcas, as well as some municipal terms of the Maestrazgo , Campo de Belchite , Bajo Cinca and Cuencas Mineras comarcas. Since

1218-529: The English language , there are many polysemic words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethnonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word Thai may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of Thailand , while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the Thai people . Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example,

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1276-988: The deme to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language . The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble Late Latin , Semitic , Celtic , or Germanic suffixes, such as -(a)n , -ian , -anian , -nian , -in(e) , -a(ñ/n)o/a , -e(ñ/n)o/a , -i(ñ/n)o/a , -ite , -(e)r , -(i)sh , -ene , -ensian , -ard , -ese , -nese , -lese , -i(e) , -i(ya) , -iot , -iote , -k , -asque , -(we)gian , -onian , -vian , -ois(e) , or -ais(e) . -(a)n Continents and regions Countries Constituent states, provinces and regions Cities -ian Countries Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities -anian -nian -in(e) -(h)in The Tayabas Tagalog suffix -(h)in , which

1334-456: The highways , bridges, and main roads, having days earlier set fire to the departmental seat of government, trying to force the resignation of Reyes Villa. Citizens attacked the protestors, breaking the blockade and routing them, while the police did little to stop the violence. Further attempts by the protestors to reinstate the blockade and threaten the government were unsuccessful, but the underlying tensions had not been resolved. In July 2007,

1392-490: The Cala Cala neighbourhood. The city, called Villa de Oropesa, was founded on 2 August 1571 by order of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa . It was to be an agricultural production centre to provide food and wood for the mining towns of the relatively nearby Altiplano region, particularly Potosí which became one of the largest and richest cities in the world during the 16th and 17th centuries — funding

1450-693: The Incas. The local population was possibly depleted during the Inca conquest and Huayna Capac imported 14,000 people, called mitimas , to work the land. The principal crop was maize which could not be grown in much of the high and cold heartland of the Inca Empire. The maize was stored in 2,400 storehouses ( qollqas ) in the hills overlooking the valley or transported by llama caravan to storage sites in Paria , Cusco , of other Inca administrative centres. Most of

1508-620: The Italian suffix -ese , which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis , designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for Francophone locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e) , which is at least in part a relative (< lat. -ensis or -iscus , or rather both). -i(e) or -i(ya) Countries States, provinces, counties, and cities Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales. -i

1566-548: The area featured numerous lakes, which gave the city its name. Many of these lakes have since disappeared to urban development, but Coña Coña and Alalay lakes are extant examples. It has been a populated settlement since the Pre-Inca period, and is today an important cultural, educational, political, and commercial centre. The valley of Cochabamba has been inhabited for thousands of years due to its fertile productive soils and mild climate . Archaeological evidence suggests that

1624-421: The city of Santa Cruz, due to the affordable and good living conditions of the city. Also, Cochabamba is the home of one of the best schools of Bolivia, Colegio San Agustín . Cochabamba is served by the modern Jorge Wilstermann International Airport ( IATA code CBB), which handles domestic and international flights. It houses the headquarters of Boliviana de Aviación ( BOA ) Bolivia's national airline and, in

1682-588: The city the 'loyal and valiant' Villa of Cochabamba. This was done to commend the city's pivotal role in suppressing the indigenous rebellions of 1781 in Oruro by sending armed forces to Oruro to quell the uprisings. Since the late 19th century it has again been generally successful as an agricultural centre for Bolivia. The 1793 census shows that the city had a population of 22,305 persons. There were 12,980 mestizos , 6,368 Spaniards, 1,182 indigenous natives, 1,600 mulattos and 175 African slaves . In 1812, Cochabamba

1740-591: The current Bajo Aragón administrative division is only a small fraction of the historical territory, the name Bajo Aragón histórico is now commonly used in order to distinguish it from the homonymous small comarca. 41°25′00″N 0°7′00″W  /  41.41667°N 0.11667°W  / 41.41667; -0.11667 Demonym A demonym ( / ˈ d ɛ m ə n ɪ m / ; from Ancient Greek δῆμος ( dêmos )  'people, tribe' and ὄνυμα ( ónuma )  'name') or gentilic (from Latin gentilis  'of

1798-505: The department and the capital are: In the capital and throughout the department there are many television channels that broadcast on local, provincial, national or international all day or part of it. The transmission towers that transmit channels nationally and internationally are in the high Cala Cala, Villa Moscu or Villa Taquiña. The city is the home of the University of San Simón (UMSS, for "Universidad Mayor de San Simón"), one of

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1856-400: The districts. There are almost 70 bus and minibus lines, from A to Z, and dozens of minibuses and fixed-route trufis (T.RU.FI, or "taxi con ruta fija") taxi lines. Most lines have GPS system for monitoring and regulation of hour (line 1, line 16, line L, Line 3V, line 20, line 30, etc.). The T.RU.FI service has at least 60 lines; they are identified by signs on the roof of the vehicle showing

1914-434: The globe, English is increasingly spoken and understood, particularly among business-minded indigenous and repatriated Cochabambinos. English-language instruction has become incorporated into some private schools and universities but is not taught universally, therefore a vast majority of the population does not speak English. About four-fifths of the population of Bolivia identifies as Catholic. Like other cities that share

1972-525: The grounds of Jorge Wilstermann Airport in Cochabamba. In Cochabamba construction has been rapidly increasing in the last couple of years with more than 750 construction sites per year. Narcotrafic is now controlled in Cochabamba, which used to be related to cocaine dealers several years ago. The metropolitan area of Cochabamba (Vinto, Tiquipaya, Quillacollo, Colcapirhua, Cochabamba and Sacaba) has an extensive transportation system, which cover all

2030-463: The heart of Bolivia and the gastronomic capital. Traditional cuisine includes: salteñas, chuño, tucumanas, pique macho, silpancho, anticucho, sopa de mani, chicharrón, charke, fricasé, rellenos de papa and many more dishes. The international street art festival known as the BAU (Bienal de Arte Urbano) has been hosted in Cochabamba every two years since 2011. The festival is organized by proyecto mARTadero,

2088-548: The highlands and sugar cane, cocoa beans , tobacco, and fruit in the Chapare tropical lowlands of the South American Amazon region, an area that had been one of the country's main coca -leaf-producing regions. Cochabamba is also the industrial hub of Bolivia, producing cars, cleaning products, cosmetics, chemicals, and cement. The economy of Cochabamba is characterized by producing goods and services. Recently,

2146-548: The human development index of the Metropolitan region of Cochabamba was 0.801 as a result of a 35% growth in the last 20 years. Cochabamba, formally the municipality of Cercado, is the capital of Cochabamba department . The city government is divided into executive and legislative branches. The mayor of Cochabamba is the head of the city government, elected by general election for a term of five years. The mayor heads an executive branch, which includes six sub-mayors and

2204-513: The humid heat of Santa Cruz nor the frigid winds of La Paz , Cochabamba experiences a semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSk ), bordering on a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen : Cwb ). The characteristic of the climate is an extended dry season that runs from May until October with a wet season that generally begins in November with the principal rains ending in March. Cochabamba is known as

2262-529: The initial inhabitants were of indigenous ethnic groups: Tiwanaku , Tupuraya, Mojocoya, Omereque , and Inca inhabited the valley at times before the Spanish arrived. The area got its name from Quechua Kochaj-pampa, as part of the Inca civilization . The area was conquered by Topa Inca Yupanqui (ruled 1471–1493). His son Huayna Capac turned Cochabamba into a large production enclave or state farm to serve

2320-515: The largest and most prominent public universities in Bolivia. UMSS is the second best university in Bolivia according to QS World University Rankings in 2013 but measured by the web metric scores as the first one during 2013–2017. Among the private universities in Bolivia ranking in the top ten are the Universidad Privada Boliviana (a prestigious business university), Universidad del Valle (a strong university in medicine with

2378-614: The local water company, SEMAPA. In 1999, a group of private investors, specifically the Bechtel Corporation with headquarters in San Francisco, California, United States of America, came together under the name of Aguas del Tunari and bought the rights for the privatization of the city's water. In that same year, the World Bank (WB) refused to subsidize the water to help lower the cost for the people. Then in 2000,

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2436-518: The maize was probably used to sustain the Inca army during its campaigns. The first Spanish inhabitant of the valley was Garci Ruiz de Orellana in 1542. He purchased the majority of the land from local tribal chiefs Achata and Consavana through a title registered in 1552 at the Imperial City of Potosí . The price paid was 130 pesos. His residence, known as the House of Mayorazgo, still stands in

2494-477: The necessary legal recognition for its administrative development. After the territorial division of Spain in 1833 there have been attempts to create again a fourth province of Aragon with its capital in Alcañiz . These proposals were based on the limited relationship that the municipal areas of Lower Aragon have had with Teruel , the capital of the province in which most of the historical region of Lower Aragon

2552-432: The official languages of the country. However, the most widely spoken languages in Cochabamba are Spanish and Quechua. Although the Spanish that is spoken in the Cochabamba region is generally regarded as rather conservative in its phonetics and vocabulary, the use of Quechua terminology ( wawa [child] and wistupiku [mouth or twist lips] ) has been widely incorporated into its standardized form. As with most cities around

2610-589: The past, of Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano , Bolivia's former national airline. Other domestic airlines that serve the airport include Línea Aérea Amaszonas , Ecojet and Transporte Aéreo Militar . Cochabamba is a steadily emerging market within the Bolivian real estate industry. Since 2010, it became the city with the most surface area in construction in Bolivia overpassing Santa Cruz and La Paz. There are many middle and large buildings under construction by 2012. An annual mild climate, abundant greenery, mountain vistas, and

2668-601: The people of Cochabamba began to protest as water priced hiked to a 50% increase that the majority could not afford. The Coalition for the Defense of Water and Life, and its leader Oscar Olivera, started a demonstration in La Plaza 14 de Septiembre also known as La Plaza Principal. The march was meant to be peaceful, but after two days the police used tear gas against the protestors and injured about 175 people and killed 1 and blinded two. Soon after, news reports were made about

2726-515: The population of that place. Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino , for someone from the city of Cochabamba ; Tunisian for a person from Tunisia; and Swahili , for a person of the Swahili coast . As a sub-field of anthroponymy , the study of demonyms is called demonymy or demonymics . Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are semantically different from ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups ). In

2784-594: The population was 21,886. Besides a number of schools and charitable institutions, the Catholic diocese has 55 parishes, 80 churches and chapels, and 160 priests. In 1998, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreed to give Bolivia a loan of $ 138 million to control inflation and promote economic growth. However, it only agreed to do so on the condition that Bolivia sell "all remaining public enterprises," including its national oil refineries and

2842-445: The protests and the violence. The Defense of Water and Life held an unofficial referendum and 96% of 50,000 people wanted Aguas del Tunari's contract to terminate, but the government refused. The protests only grew and the entire world began to watch forcing Bechtel to leave its contract and return SEMAPA to the public. Bechtel as well tried to sue the Bolivian government for $ 50 million but it withdrew its claim shortly after. This event

2900-420: The rise of President Evo Morales in 2006. In January 2007, city dwellers clashed with mostly rural protestors, leaving four dead and over 130 injured. The first democratically elected Prefect of Cochabamba, Manfred Reyes Villa , had allied himself with the leaders of Bolivia's Eastern Departments in a dispute with President Evo Morales over regional autonomy and other political issues. The protestors blockaded

2958-704: The route from the initial stop until the final stop, which is also indicated by the line number to which it belongs. The busiest bus lines are: And the busiest trufi taxi lines are: Construction on an interurban light rail network known as Mi Tren linking Cochabamba with Suticollo, El Castillo and San Simon University began in 2017. Opening of the Red Line and first phase of the Green Line took place September 13, 2022. There are several newspapers in Cochabamba: The main radio stations scattered across

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3016-402: The same ethnic group quadrants like Salta or Cuenca , Cochabamba's demographics consist of the following visible groups in order of prevalence: Indigenous (mostly of Quechua and Aymara ethnicity) people, Mestizo , or mixed Indigenous and Spanish European, and people of Spanish ( Criollos ) and other European descent. As well as a fairly significant population of Afro-Bolivians . By 2013,

3074-445: The same, as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton. English commonly uses national demonyms such as Brazilian or Algerian , while the usage of local demonyms such as Chicagoan , Okie or Parisian is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether. National Geographic attributes

3132-539: The software industry is becoming increasingly important. International companies like GOJA and Assuresoft also have subsidiaries in Cochabamba. Due to this industry growth, Cochabamba is called the "Silicon Valley of Bolivia", with a high demand for professionals immersed in technological careers such as Systems Engineering, Telecommunications and Information Technology. The airline Boliviana de Aviación has its headquarters in Cochabamba. The defunct airline Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano (LAB Airlines) had its management offices on

3190-641: The term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a work from 1990. The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the Chicago Manual of Style . It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals . However, in What Do You Call

3248-529: The vast wealth that ultimately made Spain a world power. In fact, anthropologist Jack Weatherford and others have cited the city of Potosí as the birth of capitalism because of the money and materialism it provided Spain. Thus, with the silver mining industry in Potosí at its height, Cochabamba thrived during its first centuries. However, the city entered a period of decline during the 18th century as mining began to wane. In 1786, King Charles III of Spain renamed

3306-540: Was soon labelled as the Water Wars and became a driving force for anti-globalization projects such as the UN's decision to make water sanitation a human right and the privatisation of water as unethical in 2010. Additionally, the Water Wars would help spark the next revolt against the privatisation of natural gases from 2003 to 2005 which would lead to the removal of two presidents, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada and Carlos Mesa, and

3364-460: Was the site of a riot against the Spanish Army. On May 27, thousands of women took up arms against the Spanish. According to historian Nathaniel Aguirre: "From Cochabamba, many men have fled. Not one woman. On the hillside, a great clamour. Cochabamba's plebeian women, at bay, fight from the centre of a circle of fire. Surrounded by five thousand Spaniards, they resist with battered tin guns and

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