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26-548: Until 2014, this district was part of the large Kohistan district. In 2014, the provincial government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa bifurcated Kohistan District into the Upper Kohistan and Lower Kohistan districts. At that time, Lower Kohistan comprised two tehsils: Palas and Pattan . However, the tehsil of Palas was separated from the district of Lower Kohistan as another district. It was named as Kolai-Palas . On 31 May 2018, Ranovali Pinkhad, previously part of Pattan tehsil,

52-437: A group of several Indo-Aryan languages spoken in northern Pakistan , northwestern India and parts of northeastern Afghanistan . This region has sometimes been referred to as Dardistan . Rather than close linguistic or ethnic relationships, the original term Dardic was a geographical concept, denoting the northwesternmost group of Indo-Aryan languages. There is no ethnic unity among the speakers of these languages nor can

78-706: A linguistic expression. Taken literally, it allows one to believe that all the languages spoken in Dardistan are Dardic . It also allows one to believe that all the people speaking Dardic languages are Dards and the area they live in is Dardistan . A term used by classical geographers to identify the area inhabited by an indefinite people, and used in Rajatarangini in reference to people outside Kashmir, has come to have ethnographic, geographic, and even political significance today. George Morgenstierne's scheme corresponds to recent scholarly consensus. As such,

104-651: A marked tendency towards metathesis where a "pre- or postconsonantal 'r' is shifted forward to a preceding syllable". This was seen in Ashokan rock edicts (erected 269 BCE to 231 BCE) in the Gandhara region, where Dardic dialects were and still are widespread. Examples include a tendency to spell the Classical Sanskrit words priyad ar shi (one of the titles of Emperor Ashoka ) as instead priyad ra shi and dh ar ma as dh ra ma . Modern-day Kalasha uses

130-516: A much larger region, stretching from the mouth of the Indus (in Sindh ) northwards in an arc, and then eastwards through modern day Himachal Pradesh to Kumaon. However, this has not been conclusively established. Dardic languages have been organized into the following subfamilies: Virtually all Dardic languages have experienced a partial or complete loss of voiced aspirated consonants. Khowar uses

156-616: A population of 472,570 according to the 1998 Census. Geographically, Kohistan stretched from Gilgit-Baltistan in the north to the Mansehra District in the east to the Battagram District and Shangla and Swat districts in the west. The district lies between 34° 54′ and 35° 52′ north latitudes and 72° 43′ and 73° 57′ east longitudes. It was bounded by the Diamer District of Gilgit-Baltistan in

182-768: A single common feature distinguishing Dardic, as a whole, from the rest of the [Indo-Aryan] languages... Dardic is simply a convenient term to denote a bundle of aberrant [Indo-Aryan] hill-languages which, in their relative isolation, accented in many cases by the invasion of Pathan tribes, have been in varying degrees sheltered against the expand influence of [Indo-Aryan] Midland ( Madhyadesha ) innovations, being left free to develop on their own. Due to their geographic isolation, many Dardic languages have preserved archaisms and other features of Old Indo-Aryan . These features include three sibilants , several types of clusters of consonants, and archaic or antiquated vocabulary lost in other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Kalasha and Khowar are

208-554: Is limited evidence that the Kohistani languages are descended from Gandhari. Leitner 's Dardistan , in its broadest sense, became the basis for the classification of the languages in the north-west of the Indo-Aryan linguistic area (which includes present-day eastern Afghanistan , northern Pakistan , and Kashmir ). George Abraham Grierson , with scant data, borrowed the term and proposed an independent Dardic family within

234-515: The Indo-Iranian languages separate from Indo-Aryan and Iranian families, and determined that the Dardic languages were unmistakably Indo-Aryan in character. Dardic languages contain absolutely no features which cannot be derived from old [Indo-Aryan language]. They have simply retained a number of striking archasisms, which had already disappeared in most Prakrit dialects... There is not

260-428: The Indo-Iranian languages . However, Grierson's formulation of Dardic is now considered to be incorrect in its details, and has therefore been rendered obsolete by modern scholarship. Georg Morgenstierne , who conducted an extensive fieldwork in the region during the early 20th century, revised Grierson's classification and came to the view that only the "Kafiri" ( Nuristani ) languages formed an independent branch of

286-471: The Punjabi word drakhat 'tree' (from Persian darakht ). Dardic languages also show other consonantal changes. Kashmiri, for instance, has a marked tendency to shift k to ch and j to z (e.g. zon 'person' is cognate to Sanskrit jan 'person or living being' and Persian jān 'life'). Unique among the Dardic languages, Kashmiri presents "verb second" as the normal grammatical form. This

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312-437: The district are from religious minorities, mainly Christians. Languages of Lower Kohistan district (2023) 92.26% of the surveyed population speak one of the many Kohistani languages as their first language. 5.67% are Pashto speakers. Lower Kohistan comprises two Tehsils : Kohistan District, Pakistan Kohistan District , also known as Indus Kohistan ( Kohistani : سندھُ کوستَیں ) and Hazara Kohistan ,

338-648: The greater part of its vocabulary is now of Indian origin, and is allied to that of Sanskritic Indo-Aryan languages of northern India". While it is true that many Dardic languages have been influenced by non-Dardic languages, Dardic may have also influenced neighbouring Indo-Aryan lects in turn, such as Punjabi , the Pahari languages , including the Central Pahari languages of Uttarakhand , and purportedly even further afield. Some linguists have posited that Dardic lects may have originally been spoken throughout

364-534: The historic Dardic's position as a legitimate genetic subfamily has been repeatedly called into question; it is widely acknowledged that the grouping is more geographical in nature, as opposed to linguistic. Indeed, Buddruss rejected the Dardic grouping entirely, and placed the languages within Central Indo-Aryan . Other scholars, such as Strand and Mock, have similarly voiced doubts in this regard. However, Kachru contrasts "Midland languages" spoken in

390-518: The languages be traced to a single ancestor . After further research, the term "Eastern Dardic" is now a legitimate grouping of languages that excludes some languages in the Dardistan region that are now considered to be part of different language families. The extinct Gandhari language , used by the Gandhara civilization , from circa 1500 BCE, was Dardic in nature. Linguistic evidence has linked Gandhari with some living Dardic languages, particularly Torwali and other Kohistani languages. There

416-563: The most archaic of all modern Indo-Aryan languages , retaining a great part of Sanskrit case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form. For example driga "long" in Kalasha is nearly identical to dīrghá in Sanskrit and ašrú "tear" in Khowar is identical to the Sanskrit word. French Indologist Gérard Fussman points out that the term Dardic is geographic, not

442-475: The mountain system also results in rich flora and fauna, thus providing a habitat for unique species such as the Western Tragopan pheasant and the snow leopard. The literacy rate of the district among the population aged 10 years and older is 11.1%: male 17.23% and female 2.95%. The proportion of the working or employed population to the population aged 10 years and older is 26.47%, which is 70.53% of

468-653: The north, Manshera District in the southeast, Kaghan Valley of the Mansehra District in the southeast , Battagram District in the south and Shangla and Swat Districts in the west . Kohistan is the point of convergence for the Hindukush , Karakorum , and Himalayan mountain ranges, acting as a natural boundary delineating distinct environmental regions within the expanse of the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush mountain chains. This uniqueness of

494-539: The plains, such as Punjabi and Urdu , with "Mountain languages", such as Dardic. Kogan has also suggested an 'East-Dardic' sub-family; comprising the 'Kashmiri', 'Kohistani' and 'Shina' groups. The case of Kashmiri is peculiar. Its Dardic features are close to Shina , often said to belong to an eastern Dardic language subfamily. Kachru notes that "the Kashmiri language used by Kashmiri Hindu Pandits has been powerfully influenced by Indian culture and literature, and

520-747: The population spoke languages classified as 'Others', mainly Kohistani languages. The major language of the area is Kohistani , which in the 1981 census, was the mother tongue of 92% of households. The variety spoken in the District of Kohistan has formed the basis of a literary language. It is very close to the Dardic Language of Kohistan : the two share 86% of their basic vocabulary. Other languages, such as Pashto, Urdu and Punjabi, are found more in urban than rural areas. Kohistani languages The Dardic languages (also Dardu or Pisaca ), or Hindu-Kush Indo-Aryan languages , are

546-589: The total labour force. Out of the total employed population, 71.60% are self-employed, 10.68% work as employees, and 17.32% are unpaid family helpers. Kohistan's literacy rate is among the lowest in Pakistan and hovers around 20%. It has the lowest Human Development Index of all districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. At the time of the 2017 census the district had a population of 784,711, of which 424,643 were males and 360,055 females. The rural population

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572-565: The word buum for 'earth' (Sanskrit: bhumi ), Pashai uses the word duum for 'smoke' (Urdu: dhuān , Sanskrit: dhūma ) and Kashmiri uses the word dọd for 'milk' (Sanskrit: dugdha , Urdu: dūdh ). Tonality has developed in most (but not all) Dardic languages, such as Khowar and Pashai, as a compensation. Punjabi and Western Pahari languages similarly lost aspiration but have virtually all developed tonality to partially compensate (e.g. Punjabi kár for 'house', compare with Urdu ghar ). Both ancient and modern Dardic languages demonstrate

598-447: The word driga 'long' (Sanskrit: dirgha ). Palula uses drubalu 'weak' (Sanskrit: durbala ) and brhuj 'birch tree' (Sanskrit: bhurja ). Kashmiri uses drạ̄lid 'impoverished' (Sanskrit: daridra ) and krama 'work' or 'action' (Sanskrit: karma ). Western Pahari languages (such as Dogri ), Sindhi and Lahnda (Western Punjabi) also share this Dardic tendency to metathesis, though they are considered non-Dardic, for example cf.

624-464: Was 706,433 (97.95%) while the urban population was 72,654 (2.05%). The literacy rate was 76.20% - the male literacy rate was 86.40% while the female literacy rate was 65.76%. 3,172 (0.24%) people in the district were from religious minorities, mainly Christians. Languages of Kohistan district (2017) At the time of the 2017 census, 91.96 of the population spoke Kohistani , 7.09% Pashto , 0.36% Urdu and 0.63% Punjabi as their first language. 2.07% of

650-545: Was a District within the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan. Consisting of eastern portion of the larger Kohistan region, it was bifurcated into two districts in 2014: Upper Kohistan and Lower Kohistan . In 2017, the Lower Kohistan District was further bifurcated and a district Kolai-Palas was established. It has an area of 7,492 square kilometres (2,893 sq mi) and

676-425: Was made a separate tehsil. As of the 2023 census , Lower Kohistan district has 47,347 households and a population of 340,017. The district has a sex ratio of 104.39 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 22.05%: 33.32% for males and 10.32% for females. 135,723 (44.75% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. The entire population lives in rural areas. 945 (0.31% of the surveyed population) people in

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