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50-594: Lower Southampton Township is a township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania , United States. The population was 20,599 at the 2020 census . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 6.7 square miles (17.3 km), all land. Past and present place names include Feasterville-Trevose , Chinquapin, Churchville, Feasterville , Playwicki, Readingville, Siles, Oakford, Trevose , and Langhorne . Natural features include Edge Hill, Neshaminy Creek , Neshaminy Falls, and Poquessing Creek. As of

100-774: A ( T ) a b − ln ⁡ P a ( T ) a ; {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P_{\mathrm {s} }(T)&={\frac {100}{\mathrm {RH} }}P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)=ae^{\frac {bT}{c+T}};\\[8pt]P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)&={\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}P_{\mathrm {s} }(T)=ae^{\gamma (T,\mathrm {RH} )}\\&\approx P_{\mathrm {s} }(T_{\mathrm {w} })-BP_{\mathrm {mbar} }0.00066\left(1+0.00115T_{\mathrm {w} }\right)\left(T-T_{\mathrm {w} }\right);\\[8pt]T_{\mathrm {d} }&={\frac {c\ln {\frac {P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)}{a}}}{b-\ln {\frac {P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)}{a}}}};\end{aligned}}} For greater accuracy, P s ( T ) (and therefore γ ( T , RH)) can be enhanced, using part of

150-412: A ( T ) a b − ln ⁡ P a ( T ) a = c ln ⁡ ( R H 100 P s , m ( T ) a ) b − ln ⁡ ( R H 100 P s , m ( T )

200-1025: A ) = c γ m ( T , R H ) b − γ m ( T , R H ) ; {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P_{\mathrm {s,m} }(T)&=ae^{\left(b-{\frac {T}{d}}\right)\left({\frac {T}{c+T}}\right)};\\[8pt]\gamma _{\mathrm {m} }(T,\mathrm {RH} )&=\ln \left({\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}e^{\left(b-{\frac {T}{d}}\right)\left({\frac {T}{c+T}}\right)}\right);\\[8pt]T_{d}&={\frac {c\ln {\frac {P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)}{a}}}{b-\ln {\frac {P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)}{a}}}}={\frac {c\ln \left({\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}{\frac {P_{\mathrm {s,m} }(T)}{a}}\right)}{b-\ln \left({\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}{\frac {P_{\mathrm {s,m} }(T)}{a}}\right)}}={\frac {c\gamma _{m}(T,\mathrm {RH} )}{b-\gamma _{m}(T,\mathrm {RH} )}};\end{aligned}}} where There are several different constant sets in use. The ones used in NOAA 's presentation are taken from

250-418: A e γ ( T , R H ) ≈ P s ( T w ) − B P m b a r 0.00066 ( 1 + 0.00115 T w ) ( T − T w ) ; T d = c ln ⁡ P

300-704: A 1980 paper by David Bolton in the Monthly Weather Review : These valuations provide a maximum error of 0.1%, for −30 °C ≤ T ≤ 35°C and 1% < RH < 100% . Also noteworthy is the Sonntag1990, Another common set of values originates from the 1974 Psychrometry and Psychrometric Charts . Also, in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology , Arden Buck presents several different valuation sets, with different maximum errors for different temperature ranges. Two particular sets provide

350-490: A dew point of approximately 4.0 to 16.5 °C (39 to 62 °F) (by Simple Rule calculation below). Lower dew points, less than 10 °C (50 °F), correlate with lower ambient temperatures and cause the body to require less cooling. A lower dew point can go along with a high temperature only at extremely low relative humidity, allowing for relatively effective cooling. People inhabiting tropical and subtropical climates acclimatize somewhat to higher dew points. Thus,

400-658: A dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest ( 25 ). The plant hardiness zone is 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 1.1 °F (−17.2 °C). The spring bloom typically begins by April 8 and fall color usually peaks by November 3. Township (Pennsylvania) A township , under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is the lowest level of municipal incorporation of government. All of Pennsylvania's communities outside of incorporated cities , boroughs , and one town have been incorporated into individual townships that serve as

450-474: A female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 19.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.10. In the township the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

500-429: A good measure for use in evaluating comfort level. Discomfort also exists when the dew point is very low (below around −5 °C or 23 °F). The drier air can cause skin to crack and become irritated more easily. It will also dry out the airways. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommends indoor air be maintained at 20–24.5 °C (68–76 °F) with a 20–60% relative humidity, equivalent to

550-835: A range of −40 °C to +50 °C between the two, with even lower maximum error within the indicated range than all the sets above: There is also a very simple approximation that allows conversion between the dew point, temperature, and relative humidity. This approach is accurate to within about ±1 °C as long as the relative humidity is above 50%: T d ≈ T − 100 − R H 5 ; R H ≈ 100 − 5 ( T − T d ) ; {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T_{\mathrm {d} }&\approx T-{\frac {100-\mathrm {RH} }{5}};\\[5pt]\mathrm {RH} &\approx 100-5(T-T_{\mathrm {d} });\end{aligned}}} This can be expressed as

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600-438: A relative humidity of 100% means dew point is the same as air temp. For 90% RH, dew point is 3 °F lower than air temperature. For every 10 percent lower, dew point drops 3 °F. The frost point is similar to the dew point in that it is the temperature to which a given parcel of humid air must be cooled, at constant atmospheric pressure , for water vapor to be deposited on a surface as ice crystals without undergoing

650-734: A resident of Singapore or Miami , for example, might have a higher threshold for discomfort than a resident of a temperate climate like London or Chicago . People accustomed to temperate climates often begin to feel uncomfortable when the dew point gets above 15 °C (59 °F), while others might find dew points up to 18 °C (64 °F) comfortable. Most inhabitants of temperate areas will consider dew points above 21 °C (70 °F) oppressive and tropical-like, while inhabitants of hot and humid areas may not find this uncomfortable. Thermal comfort depends not just on physical environmental factors, but also on psychological factors. Devices called hygrometers are used to measure dew point over

700-438: A simple rule of thumb: For every 1 °C difference in the dew point and dry bulb temperatures, the relative humidity decreases by 5%, starting with RH = 100% when the dew point equals the dry bulb temperature. The derivation of this approach, a discussion of its accuracy, comparisons to other approximations, and more information on the history and applications of the dew point, can be found in an article published in

750-1201: A tax collector and, in many townships, a panel of three auditors who annually audit all township accounts. The supervisors or commissioners of the township appoint a secretary and a treasurer, and may also appoint a township manager to coordinate township employees and operations. County governments may provide some or all municipal services to residents of townships, regardless of class and size, including trash collection or sewage processing. Some counties, though, leave individual municipalities to provide their own services; in some instances small groups of boroughs or townships may pool their resources to provide water, police, or other functions. The main areas of local services include police and fire protection, maintenance of local roads and streets, water supply, sewage collection and treatment, parking and traffic control, local planning and zoning, parks and recreation, garbage collection, health services, libraries, licensing of businesses and code enforcement. All municipalities in Pennsylvania, however, rely on county and state organized courts for probate, criminal, and civil court services. Under

800-508: A township of the first class and operate under the powers of the First Class Township Code, a township must have a population density of 300 inhabitants per square mile (120/km ) and voters therein must approve the change of classification in a referendum. The classes of townships differ primarily in the form of their administration. Townships of the second class are governed by a board of supervisors, elected at large by

850-401: A wide range of temperatures. These devices consist of a polished metal mirror which is cooled as air is passed over it. The dew point is revealed by observing the loss of clarity in the reflection cast by the mirror. Manual devices of this sort can be used to calibrate other types of humidity sensors, and automatic sensors may be used in a control loop with a humidifier or dehumidifier to control

900-409: Is (unless declared otherwise, all temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius ): P s ( T ) = 100 R H P a ( T ) = a e b T c + T ; P a ( T ) = R H 100 P s ( T ) =

950-731: Is 1.1 °F (−17.2 °C). Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was −9.4 °F (−23.0 °C) on January 22, 1984. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < −9 °F (−23 °C). The average annual snowfall (Nov-Apr) is between 24 inches (61 cm) and 30 inches (76 cm). Ice storms and large snowstorms depositing ≥ 12 inches (30 cm) of snow occur once every few years, particularly during nor’easters from December through February. As of 2018 there were 85.29 miles (137.26 km) of public roads in Lower Southampton Township, of which 2.10 miles (3.38 km) were maintained by

1000-403: Is equal to the current temperature and that the air is maximally saturated with water. When the moisture content remains constant and temperature increases, relative humidity decreases, but the dew point remains constant. General aviation pilots use dew point data to calculate the likelihood of carburetor icing and fog , and to estimate the height of a cumuliform cloud base . Increasing

1050-484: Is formed via deposition rather than condensation. In liquids, the analog to the dew point is the cloud point . If all the other factors influencing humidity remain constant, at ground level the relative humidity rises as the temperature falls; this is because less vapor is needed to saturate the air. In normal conditions, the dew point temperature will not be greater than the air temperature, since relative humidity typically does not exceed 100%. In technical terms,

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1100-1154: Is the local Catholic grade school. In 2012 Assumption B.V.M. Catholic School in Feasterville merged with St. Bede the Venerable School in Holland to form St. Katharine Drexel. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Lower Southampton Twp has a Hot-summer, Humid continental climate ( Dfa ). Dfa climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10.0 °C), at least one month with an average mean temperature ≥ 71.6 °F (22.0 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are slightly humid in Lower Southampton Twp, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values > 107 °F (42 °C). Since 1981,

1150-1047: The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . For temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit, these approximations work out to T d , ∘ F ≈ T ∘ F − 9 25 ( 100 − R H ) ; R H ≈ 100 − 25 9 ( T ∘ F − T d , ∘ F ) ; {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T_{\mathrm {d,^{\circ }F} }&\approx T_{\mathrm {{}^{\circ }F} }-{\tfrac {9}{25}}\left(100-\mathrm {RH} \right);\\[5pt]\mathrm {RH} &\approx 100-{\tfrac {25}{9}}\left(T_{\mathrm {{}^{\circ }F} }-T_{\mathrm {d,^{\circ }F} }\right);\end{aligned}}} For example,

1200-758: The Bögel modification , also known as the Arden Buck equation , which adds a fourth constant d : P s , m ( T ) = a e ( b − T d ) ( T c + T ) ; γ m ( T , R H ) = ln ⁡ ( R H 100 e ( b − T d ) ( T c + T ) ) ; T d = c ln ⁡ P

1250-581: The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC), 13.82 miles (22.24 km) were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and 69.37 miles (111.64 km) were maintained by the township. The Pennsylvania Turnpike (Interstate 276) passes east–west through Lower Southampton Township, but the nearest interchange is to the east in neighboring Bensalem Township . Numbered routes serving

1300-643: The poverty line , including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over. Lower Southampton Township lies within the Neshaminy School District . Public school students within township boundaries may attend Joseph Ferderbar Elementary School or Tawanka Elementary School for grades K-4, depending on where they live. Poquessing Middle School serves students in grades 5–8, and Neshaminy High School serves students in grades 9–12. St. Katharine Drexel Regional Catholic School in Holland

1350-704: The 17th century during the colonial-era Province of Pennsylvania prior to the American Revolution . Much of the province was then occupied by Native Americans , but the colonial administration in Philadelphia brought new counties and new settlements regularly. The first communities defined by the provincial state government tended to be rural, geographically large, and sparsely populated townships. Townships or portions of them tended to become boroughs after population growth or an increase in population density and, eventually, might to reincorporate at

1400-503: The 2010 census, the township was 91.9% Non-Hispanic White, 1.8% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.5% Asian, and 1.1% were two or more races. 2.8% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 19,276 people, 7,152 households, and 5,428 families residing in the township. The population density was 2,886/sq mi (1,114/km). There were 7,333 housing units at an average density of 1,098/sq mi (423.9/km). The racial makeup of

1450-570: The Pennsylvania constitution, each governmental entity has the right to choose its own form of self-government, and a limited ability to delegate powers and oversight to such entities as authorities, commissions and school boards. Any township, regardless of its class, may adopt a home rule charter, at which point it is no longer governed by the Pennsylvania Township Codes. While a home rule charter can incorporate unusual features, standard municipal functions are generally part of

1500-422: The air can hold. If the air is already saturated with moisture (humid), perspiration will not evaporate. The body's thermoregulation will produce perspiration in an effort to keep the body at its normal temperature even when the rate at which it is producing sweat exceeds the evaporation rate, so one can become coated with sweat on humid days even without generating additional body heat (such as by exercising). As

1550-427: The air surrounding one's body is warmed by body heat, it will rise and be replaced with other air. If air is moved away from one's body with a natural breeze or a fan, sweat will evaporate faster, making perspiration more effective at cooling the body, thereby increasing comfort. By contrast, comfort decreases as unevaporated perspiration increases. A wet bulb thermometer also uses evaporative cooling , so it provides

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1600-426: The air, the condensed water is called either fog or a cloud , depending on its altitude when it forms. If the temperature is below the dew point, and no dew or fog forms, the vapor is called supersaturated . This can happen if there are not enough particles in the air to act as condensation nuclei . The dew point depends on how much water vapor the air contains. If the air is very dry and has few water molecules,

1650-445: The barometric pressure raises the dew point. This means that, if the pressure increases, the mass of water vapor per volume unit of air must be reduced in order to maintain the same dew point. For example, consider New York City (33 ft or 10 m elevation) and Denver (5,280 ft or 1,610 m elevation ). Because Denver is at a higher elevation than New York, it will tend to have a lower barometric pressure. This means that if

1700-467: The border separating Lower Southampton Township from Philadelphia and Montgomery County ; Bustleton Pike, which follows PA 532 in the southern part of the township before splitting to the northwest; Philmont Avenue, which begins at PA 132 and heads southwest through the southern part of the township; Brownsville Road, which begins near PA 132 and heads northeast through the eastern part of the township; and Bristol Road, which runs northwest–southeast through

1750-823: The characteristics of more-urbanized areas that might be associated with "towns." Because Pennsylvania's constitution provides for a progression of municipal structures based on population growth, it is not uncommon to have a township and borough of the same or similar name, generally adjacent within the same county. The 'town-like' borough might be partially or wholly surrounded by the remaining township from which it had split off. The government of Cold Spring Township ceased to function in 1961, when there were no candidates for office. Pennsylvania townships typically vary in size from 6 to 40 square miles (16–104 km ). There are two classifications of townships, first class and second class. The commonwealth initially incorporates all townships as second class townships. To become

1800-469: The dew point and temperature in both cities are the same, the amount of water vapor in the air will be greater in Denver. When the air temperature is high, the human body uses the evaporation of perspiration to cool down, with the cooling effect directly related to how fast the perspiration evaporates. The rate at which perspiration can evaporate depends on how much moisture is in the air and how much moisture

1850-411: The dew point is low and surfaces must be much cooler than the air for condensation to occur. If the air is very humid and contains many water molecules, the dew point is high and condensation can occur on surfaces that are only a few degrees cooler than the air. A high relative humidity implies that the dew point is close to the current air temperature. A relative humidity of 100% indicates the dew point

1900-415: The dew point is the temperature at which the water vapor in a sample of air at constant barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at the same rate at which it evaporates. At temperatures below the dew point, the rate of condensation will be greater than that of evaporation, forming more liquid water. The condensed water is called dew when it forms on a solid surface, or frost if it freezes. In

1950-1086: The dew point of the air in a building or in a smaller space for a manufacturing process. A well-known empirical approximation used to calculate the dew point, T d , given just the actual ("dry bulb") air temperature, T (in degrees Celsius) and relative humidity (in percent), RH, is the Magnus formula: γ ( T , R H ) = ln ⁡ ( R H 100 ) + b T c + T ; T d = c γ ( T , R H ) b − γ ( T , R H ) ; {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\gamma (T,\mathrm {RH} )&=\ln \left({\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}\right)+{\frac {bT}{c+T}};\\[8pt]T_{\mathrm {d} }&={\frac {c\gamma (T,\mathrm {RH} )}{b-\gamma (T,\mathrm {RH} )}};\end{aligned}}} where b = 17.625 and c = 243.04°C. The values of b and c were selected by minimizing

2000-432: The electorate of the whole township for overlapping six-year terms. The number of supervisors can be increased to five by referendum. Townships of the first class, by contrast, have a board of commissioners. Between five and fifteen commissioners sit on this panel; they can be elected either at large or by wards within the township; and they serve for overlapping terms of four years in office. Other elected officials include

2050-442: The highest air temperature was 102.8 °F (39.3 °C) on July 22, 2011, and the highest daily average mean dew point was 76.1 °F (24.5 °C) on August 13, 1999. The average wettest month is July which corresponds with the annual peak in thunderstorm activity. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 6.73 inches (171 mm) on August 27, 2011. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature

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2100-455: The legal entities providing local self-government functions. In general, townships in Pennsylvania encompass larger land areas than other municipalities , and tend to be located in suburban , exurban , or rural parts of the commonwealth. As with other incorporated municipalities in Pennsylvania, townships exist within counties and are subordinate to or dependent upon the county level of government. Townships in Pennsylvania were created in

2150-548: The level of city. Initially, each municipal organization begins as a second-class township. When a sufficient population density, currently 300 people per square mile, was attained, the township had the option of holding a referendum and, if it passed, became a first-class township. The municipality could proceed to the level of borough or city in a similar fashion. Historically, this progression has often included border adjustments or mergers with other boroughs or townships. Many communities remain townships in spite of growth that brings

2200-489: The maximum deviation over the range -40°C to +50°C. The more complete formulation and origin of this approximation involves the interrelated saturated water vapor pressure (in units of millibars , also called hectopascals ) at T , P s ( T ), and the actual vapor pressure (also in units of millibars), P a ( T ), which can be either found with RH or approximated with the barometric pressure (in millibars), BP mbar , and " wet-bulb " temperature, T w

2250-398: The mix regardless of how offices and powers are allocated within the jurisdiction. "Citizen's Guide to Pennsylvania Local Government, 2010" Dew point The dew point is affected by the air's humidity . The more moisture the air contains, the higher its dew point. When the temperature is below the freezing point of water, the dew point is called the frost point , as frost

2300-589: The northern portion of the township, with a gap between PA 532 and PA 213. SEPTA provides public transportation in Lower Southampton Township. SEPTA Regional Rail 's West Trenton Line passes east–west through the southern portion of the township; the nearest stations are Somerton station in the Somerton neighborhood of Northeast Philadelphia and Trevose station and Neshaminy Falls station in Bensalem Township. SEPTA City Bus Route 58 serves

2350-666: The township along its route between the Neshaminy Mall and the Frankford Transportation Center in Northeast Philadelphia. Norfolk Southern Railway 's Morrisville Line freight railroad line passes east–west through the northern part of Lower Southampton Township. According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Lower Southampton Twp would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak ( 104 ) with

2400-432: The township include Pennsylvania Route 132 , which runs northwest–southeast through the township along Street Road; Pennsylvania Route 532 , which runs north–south through the township along Bustleton Pike and Buck Road; and Pennsylvania Route 213 , which begins at PA 532 in the township and heads northeast along Bridgetown Pike. Other important roads include County Line Road, which begins at PA 532 and heads northwest along

2450-405: The township was 96.34% White , 1.07% African American , 0.06% Native American , 1.37% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.42% from other races , and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.41% of the population. There were 7,152 households, out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.5% were married couples living together, 8.8% had

2500-416: Was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males. The median income for a household in the township was $ 57,011, and the median income for a family was $ 62,209. Males had a median income of $ 41,902 versus $ 32,073 for females. The per capita income for the township was $ 24,367. About 2.7% of families and 3.3% of the population were below

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