Misplaced Pages

#976023

47-665: Archaeogenetic data shows that "the West Liao River Valley was a contact zone between northern steppe tribes and the Central Plain farming population. The formation and development of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture population was likely a complex process affected by admixture of ethnically different people". The Lower Xiajiadian culture remains displayed high genetic affinity to "Yellow River farmers" but were not identical to them, in contrast,

94-741: A type thought to have been developed in Western Siberia before 1900 BCE. In particular, bronze knife technology was probably transferred from the Southern Siberian Munkhkhairkhan culture to various Chinese cultures, such as the Qijia culture , Erlitou culture or Lower Xiajiadian culture, where very similar knives have been found. People of the Lower Xiajiadian practiced oracle bone divination. The culture prepared its oracle bones by drilling and polishing

141-563: Is Han Chinese , many of whose ancestors came in the 19th and 20th centuries during a migration movement called " Chuang Guandong " ( simplified Chinese : 闯关东 ; traditional Chinese : 闖關東 ; lit. 'venture into the east of the Pass';). Northeast China historically had a significant Han Chinese population, reaching over 3 million by the end of the Ming Dynasty , but they were subjected to eviction and assimilation by

188-703: Is a region of the People's Republic of China . It consists of three provinces, namely Liaoning , Jilin , and Heilongjiang . The heartland of the region is the Northeast China Plain , the largest plain in China, with an area of over 350,000 km (140,000 sq mi). It is separated from the Russian Far East to the north by the Amur , Argun , and Ussuri Rivers; from North Korea to

235-893: Is formed from the confluence of its two main tributaries, the Xiliao River from the west, and Dongliao River from the east. The western tributary resides entirely in Inner Mongolia , and is formed by the confluence of the Xar Moron River and the Laoha River at approximately 43° 25' N, 120° 45' E, before being reinforced by another tributary called the Xinkai River at its lower section. The eastern tributary arises in western Jilin Province , and goes through an S-shaped course before meeting its counterpart near

282-527: Is phonologically more different to Standard Mandarin than Northeastern Mandarin. Ethnic Manchus speak mostly Mandarin , and the Manchu language is almost extinct due to widespread assimilation to Han culture over the last four centuries. Ethnic Mongols tend to be bilingual in their own Mongolian tongues as well as Mandarin. Northeastern Chinese cuisine reflects the region's ethnic diversity, blending Northern Han, Manchu and Korean cooking styles. One of

329-510: Is the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture where ethnic Koreans make up roughly 35% of the population. Taoism and Chinese Buddhism coexist alongside predominating Chinese folk religions led by local shamans . The region has also a strong presence of folk religions and Confucian churches . The Northeast was one of the earliest regions to industrialize in China during the era of Manchukuo . After

376-645: Is the principal river in southern Northeast China , and one of the seven main river systems in China . Its name is derived from the Liao region, a historical name for southern Manchuria , from which the Liaoning province , Liaodong Peninsula , and Liao dynasty also derive their names. The river is also popularly known as the "mother river" in Northeast China. Coursing 1,345 kilometres (836 mi) long,

423-620: Is very closely related to Standard Mandarin , though with unique phonological and syntactic features, and has noticeable vocabulary differences, with some terms originating from Russian . There are enough differences from Mandarin to give dongbeihua its own distinctive characteristics. The second variety is Jiaoliao Mandarin , spoken in the Liaodong Peninsula , as well as the Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong . It

470-515: The Amur River provides very rich fisheries , and sheep are even more abundant than in southern Heilongjiang. Northeast China is the country's traditional industrial base, focusing mainly on equipment manufacturing. Major industries include the steel , automobile , shipbuilding , aircraft manufacturing, and petroleum refining industries. The Anshan Iron and Steel Works was the most important industrial enterprise in northeast China until

517-711: The Chinese Civil War , further immigrations were organized by the Central Government to "develop the Great Northern Wilderness" ( 开发北大荒 ), eventually peaking the population at over 100 million people. Because most people in Northeast China trace their ancestries back to the migrants from the Chuang Guandong era, Northeastern Chinese were more culturally uniform compared to other geographical regions of China . People from

SECTION 10

#1732757408977

564-654: The Chinese Civil War . With the encouragement of the Soviet Union , the area was used as a staging ground during the Civil War for the Chinese Communists , who were victorious in 1949 and have been controlling this region since. Northeast China has a total population of about 107,400,000 people, accounting for 8% of China's total population. The overwhelming majority of the population in the Northeast

611-749: The Northeast . The area was historically referred to by various names. During the Ming dynasty , the area in which the Jurchens lived was referred to as Nurgan . The Qing dynasty used names such as Guandong ( simplified Chinese : 关东 ; traditional Chinese : 關東 ; pinyin : Guāndōng ), East of the Pass ) or the Three Provinces ( 東三省 ; 东三省 ; Dōngsānshěng ) referring to Jilin , Heilongjiang , and Fengtian since 1683 when Heilongjiang

658-842: The Northeast . Another view is that they were the Northern tribal conglomerations, like the Shanrong , Guzhu , Guifang , and Tufang. Professor Jin Jing-fan (of Jilin University ) believes that certain parts of Shang culture has its origins in Dongbei . Along with professors Gan Zhi-geng and Guo Da-shun, they believe that Lower Xiajiadian contributed to some of the origins of both Shang and Yan cultures. Liao River The Liao River ( simplified Chinese : 辽 河 ; traditional Chinese : 遼 河 ; pinyin : Liáo Hé )

705-537: The Northeast Summit to improve policy coordination and integration. The region has experienced difficulty distancing itself from a planned economy, a legacy that began in 1905 with the establishment of the Japanese sphere of influence there. The region's once-abundant raw materials have also depleted and the economy has suffered from bureaucratic inefficiency and protectionist politics. The region is, on

752-758: The Zhukaigou culture in central Inner Mongolia, or the Qijia culture and the Siba culture in the Hexi Corridor , but major differences from the Erligang culture of the Central Plain. This emerging bronze technology is considered to have been adopted from the Central Asian steppes, and seems to have been key to the introduction of bronze technology into China. The culture had tin-bronze knives, of

799-660: The mouth of Daliao River and home to 2 million people. In 1958, the upriver of the Wailiao River at Liujianfang was blocked off via a river engineering project, redirecting the water flow from the Liao River proper entirely towards the Shuangtaizi River (which was renamed to simply the "Liao River" in 2011), effectively separating the Hun River and Taizi River from the Liao River system. Therefore,

846-579: The 2000s by the State Council of the People's Republic of China , in which five prefectures of eastern Inner Mongolia, namely Hulunbuir , Hinggan , Tongliao , Chifeng and Xilin Gol , are also formally defined as regions of the Northeast. The name Manchuria is an exonym of Japanese origin, derived from the endonym Manchu and first used in the 18th or 19th century, though not itself used by

893-486: The Cultural Revolution. Shenyang and Dalian, meanwhile, have sizable populations of Japanese and South Koreans due to their traditional linkages. The Northeast is an important breadbasket region of China, as the Northeast China Plain has the largest stretch of arable flatland in the country, with an abundance of fertile black soil . The rural population heavily concentrated in the warmer southern part of

940-579: The Daliao River system is considered an independent water system of their own since 1958, and the Hun and Taizi River are no longer tributaries of the Liao River. Also, due to the Wailiao River's upstream flow being cut off, the Liao River no longer has any distributaries, therefore the Liao River Delta technically also ceased to exist from 1958 onwards, however the term remains in use to describe

987-403: The Liao River Delta has a flat topography made up of soft sediment soil, with meandrous waterways that had a rich history of rerouting . This coupled with the risk of storm surges due to the region's low elevation , created a huge problem in flood control . This flood risk at the coastal section of the Liao River system was particularly threatening to Yingkou, a city immediately adjacent to

SECTION 20

#1732757408977

1034-507: The Liao River system drains a catchment basin of over 232,000 square kilometres (90,000 sq mi), but its mean discharge is quite small at only about 500 cubic metres per second (18,000 cu ft/s), about one-twentieth that of the Pearl River . The Liao River has an exceedingly high sediment load because many parts of it flow through powdery loess . The Liao River is also an important geographical landmark, as it divides

1081-803: The Liujianfang Hydrological Station (六间房水文站) at Tai'an County , and historically bifurcates into two distributaries , forming the Liao River Delta (辽河三角洲). The western distributary of the delta , originally smaller, was called the Shuangtaizi River (双台子河) until 2011, receives the tributary Raoyang River at Panjin 's Panshan County before draining into the Liaodong Bay of the Bohai Sea west of Dawa County . The eastern distributary, originally

1128-654: The Manchus or Chinese people. Variations of Manchuria which arrived in European languages through Dutch , as a calque of the Japanese Manshū ( 満州 'Region of the Manchus'). The toponym has since become associated with Japanese colonialism. Its use is considered controversial by some historians such as Mark C. Elliott , Norman Smith, and Mariko Asano Tamanoi who question its legitimacy. In China, areas once considered part of Manchuria are referred to as

1175-511: The Northeast would first identify themselves as "Northeasterners" ( 东北人 ) before affiliating to individual provinces and cities/towns. Ethnic Manchus form the second significant ethnic group in Northeast China, followed by the Mongols , Koreans , and the Huis , as well as 49 other ethnic minorities such as Daurs , Sibos , Hezhens , Oroqens , Evenks , and Kyrgyz . Located in the Northeast

1222-426: The Northeast, where very warm to hot summer weather permits crops such as maize and millet to be grown with high yields. Soybeans and flax are also very important, as are wheat and barley . The region possesses large flocks of sheep , and pigs are abundant in the more densely settled southern part. The northern half of Heilongjiang is so cold and poorly drained that agriculture is almost impossible; however,

1269-872: The Upper Xiajiadian remains displayed high genetic affinity to Ancient Northeast Asian Amur hunter-gatherers and later Xianbei . Archaeological and DNA evidence supports examples that the people of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture immigrating to the south and contributed to the gene pool of the Central Plain population during the Bronze Age. Stone, bone, and pottery artefacts were discovered at Lower Xiajiadian sites, while gold, lead, lacquer , jade , copper, and bronze artefacts are also found. The most commonly found copper and bronze artefacts are dagger-axes with an integrated handle, mace head, piers, knives, and earrings. Mainly small artifacts only were made of bronze, such as dagger and ornaments, with close similarities de

1316-495: The area of Panjin between the Liao River's left bank and Wailiao/Daliao River's right bank. These following tributaries drain into the Liao River proper throughout its course within the Liaoning Province. 40°40′09″N 122°08′56″E  /  40.66917°N 122.14889°E  / 40.66917; 122.14889 Northeast China Northeast China ( Chinese : 东北 ; pinyin : Dōngběi )

1363-484: The bones before heating them. Inscriptions are generally not found on examples of oracle bones of the Lower Xiajiadian. People had good access to local sources of stone, primarily basalt , which were often used in construction and tool-making. Lower Xiajiadian houses were typically round, made from mud and stone, and were built with stone walls. Lower Xiajiadian settlements were built near and were protected by cliffs or steep slopes. Stone walls were sometimes erected around

1410-540: The conquest of the Qing Dynasty , who then set up Willow Palisades during the reign of Shunzhi Emperor and prohibited any settlement of Han Chinese into the region. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han into the Northeast so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in the region by the 1780s. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria,

1457-551: The discovery of the Daqing oil field in 1959. In recent years, the Chinese government has initialized the "Revitalize the Northeast campaign" to turn this region into one of China's economic growth engines. As of 2015 the region was losing population and the economy, dominated by state-owned enterprises, was stagnant. In general, the culture of Northeast China takes its elements from the cultures of North China and Shandong ,

Lower Xiajiadian culture - Misplaced Pages Continue

1504-412: The distinguishing characteristics of the cuisine is the use of uncooked fresh vegetables. During the long winter season, pickled Chinese cabbage , which is called " suan cai ", is preserved and used for cooking. Different from other parts of Northern China, rice is consumed more in Northeast China. Most of the meat dishes are based around pork due to how cold it can get. Often braised pork or dumplings are

1551-567: The founding of the People's Republic of China , Northeast China continued to be a major industrial base of the country, and has been hailed as "the Republic's eldest son" ( 共和国长子 ). Recent years, however, have seen the stagnation of Northeast China's heavy-industry-based economy, as China's economy continues to liberalize and privatize; the government has initialized the Revitalize the Northeast campaign to counter this problem, and established

1598-734: The hometowns of most of the Han Chinese who migrated into Northeast China during the Chuang Guandong . Northeast China also takes cultural inspiration from the Tungusic peoples . There are two main varieties of Mandarin Chinese spoken in Northeast China. The most widely spoken lect is Northeastern Mandarin , commonly as dongbeihua ( simplified Chinese : 东北话 ; traditional Chinese : 東北話 ; pinyin : Dōngběihuà ; lit. 'northeastern speech'), spoken throughout Heilongjiang, Jilin, and most of Liaoning. It

1645-588: The junction region of Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia, approximately 42° 59' N, 123° 33' E. The resultant river, the Liao River proper , then enters Liaoning Province and courses southwards through the Northeast China Plain , receiving numerous tributaries along the way. It makes a westward turn near Pingdingbao Town, Tieling County , and after receiving more tributaries, earns an infrequently used nickname Juliu River (巨流河, "giant stream river"). The Liao River will then course southwest until it reaches near

1692-612: The larger and the main body of lower Liao River, was called the Wailiao River (外辽河, "Outer Liao River"). The Wailiao River travelled southwards to pick up two large tributaries, the Hun River and Taizi River , at a confluence locally referred as the " Trident River " (三岔河), where it then adopted the new name Daliao River (大辽河, "Great Liao River") and drained into the Liaodong Bay just west of Yingkou . However,

1739-809: The late Qing dynasty, Northeast China came under influence of the Russian Empire with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok . The Empire of Japan replaced Russian influence in the region as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur . During the Warlord Era in the Republic of China, Zhang Zuolin established himself in Northeast China, but

1786-428: The main attraction of a meal. Errenzhuan , yangge , Jilin opera and stilts are popular forms of traditional entertainment in Northeast China. " Northeastern Cradle Song " is an example of the folk songs of this region. Because of its climatic conditions, Northeast China is the base for China's winter sports . Ice hockey and ice skating athletes often come from or were educated in Northeast China. In 2019,

1833-534: The modern Liaoning province into two broad regions — Liaodong ("east of Liao") and Liaoxi ("west of Liao"). Historically, this demarcation though was not based on the river itself, but on a large wetland that once existed on the right (west) bank of the lower Liao River known as the Liao Mire (辽泽), which stretched east of the Yiwulü Mountain to the Liao River from Xinmin to Panshan . The Liao River

1880-421: The non-sloped perimeter of its settlement. Walls were not thick. Walls with watchtowers and were built by sandwiching a rammed earth core with two sides of stone walls. There are differing views among Chinese specialists on the origins of the people of the northern part of Lower Xiajiadian culture. One view is that they were perhaps related to the Sushen , who the Shang and Zhou named the non-Chinese people from

1927-402: The path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. This resulted in the local Han Chinese population growing to over 20 million before the Second Sino-Japanese War . After the establishment of the People's Republic of China at the end of

Lower Xiajiadian culture - Misplaced Pages Continue

1974-469: The rule of various states throughout history, including Yan, Gija Joseon , Wiman Joseon , Buyeo , Western Han , Goguryeo , Xin dynasty , Eastern Han , Gongsun Yan , Cao Wei , Western Jin , Former Yan , Former Qin , Later Yan , Tang dynasty , Wu Zhou , Balhae , Liao dynasty , Jin dynasty , Eastern Liao , Later Liao , Eastern Xia , Mongol Empire , Yuan dynasty , Northern Yuan , Ming dynasty , Qing dynasty , and Republic of China . During

2021-404: The south by the Yalu and Tumen Rivers ; and from Inner Mongolia to the west by the Greater Khingan and parts of the Xiliao River . Due to the shrinking of its once-powerful industrial sector and the decline of its economic growth and population , the region is often referred to as China's Rust Belt . As a result, a campaign named Northeast Area Revitalization Plan was launched in

2068-460: The term Dongbei renaissance was coined by the rapper Gem to describe a revival in interest in the culture of the Northeast after his song Yelang Disco went viral. Artwork associated with the Dongbei renaissance often incorporates nostalgia for the "corny" aesthetics of the 1970s boom period of the Northeast, self-deprecating humor, and speculations on the decline and potential future of the economically depressed region. Notable works associated with

2115-605: The whole, more heavily urbanised than most parts of China, largely because it was the first part of the country to develop heavy industry owing to its abundant coal reserves. Major cities include Shenyang , Dalian , Harbin , Changchun and Anshan , all with several million inhabitants. Other cities include the steel making centres of Fushun and Anshan in Liaoning, Jilin City in Jilin, and Qiqihar and Mudanjiang in Heilongjiang. Harbin, more than any other city in China, possesses significant Russian influences: there are many Orthodox churches that have fallen out of use since

2162-399: Was murdered by the Japanese for being too independent. The last Qing emperor, Puyi , was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . After the atomic bombing of Japan in 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the region as part of its declaration of war against Japan. From 1945 to 1948, Northeast China was a base area for the Communist People's Liberation Army in

2209-400: Was split from Jilin. Northeast China was the homeland of several ethnic groups, including the Koreans , Manchus (or Jurchens ), Ulchs , Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai), Sushen , Xianbei , and Mohe . The Han Chinese have settled in Northeast China at several points in history, with the first Chinese kingdom to enter the area being the state of Yan . The region came under

#976023