Misplaced Pages

#496503

89-465: Loyalty is a devotion to a country , philosophy , group, or person . Philosophers disagree on what can be an object of loyalty, as some argue that loyalty is strictly interpersonal and only another human being can be the object of loyalty. The definition of loyalty in law and political science is the fidelity of an individual to a nation , either one's nation of birth, or one's declared home nation by oath ( naturalization ). Classical tragedy

178-601: A disloyalty to an object if one of those loyalties is exclusionary , excluding one of the others. However, Nathanson observes, this is a special case. In the general case, the existence of multiple loyalties does not cause a disloyalty. One can, for example, be loyal to one's friends, or one's family, and still, without contradiction, be loyal to one's religion, or profession. In addition to number and exclusion as just outlined, Nathanson enumerates five other "dimensions" that loyalty can vary along: basis, strength, scope, legitimacy, and attitude: Nathanson observes that loyalty

267-920: A college in the Colony of Rhode-Island, under the chief direction of the Baptists; ... Mr. James Manning , who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September, 1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work. James Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, who agreed to write the charter for the college. Stiles' first draft was read to the General Assembly in August 1763, and rejected by Baptist members who worried that their denomination would be underrepresented in

356-428: A conflicting multiplicity of loyalties, where the traditional loyalty of the employee to the employer conflicts with the loyalty of the employee to his or her community, which the employer's business practices may be adversely affecting. Vandekerckhove reports that different scholars resolve the conflict in different ways, some of which he does not find to be satisfactory. Duska resolves the conflict by asserting that there

445-523: A feudal lord. Hence the 1911 Britannica derived its (early 20th century) primary meaning of loyalty to a monarch . "Loyalty" is the most important and frequently emphasized virtue in Bushido . In combination with six other virtues, which are Righteousness ( 義 gi ), Courage ( 勇 yū ), Benevolence, ( 仁 jin ), Respect ( 礼 rei ), Sincerity ( 誠 makoto ), and Honour ( 名誉 meiyo ), it formed the Bushido code: "It

534-724: A hospital for French troops from June 26, 1780, to May 27, 1782. A number of Brown's founders and alumni played roles in the American Revolution and subsequent founding of the United States. Brown's first chancellor, Stephen Hopkins, served as a delegate to the Colonial Congress in Albany in 1754, and to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776. James Manning represented Rhode Island at

623-707: A normal childhood stage; while other post-Freudians explored the role of fixation in aggression and criminality. Brown University Brown University is a private Ivy League research university in Providence, Rhode Island , United States. It is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the US, founded in 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . One of nine colonial colleges chartered before

712-620: A public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors. The three petitioners were Ezra Stiles , pastor of Newport's Second Congregational Church and future president of Yale University ; William Ellery Jr. , future signer of the United States Declaration of Independence ; and Josias Lyndon , future governor of the colony. Stiles and Ellery later served as co-authors of

801-413: A relationship between a lord and vassal, parent and child, or two good friends. Duska states that this characterization leads to a problem that Ladd overlooks. Loyalty may certainly be between two persons, but it may also be from a person to a group of people. Examples of this, which are unequivocally considered to be instances of loyalty, are loyalty by a person to his or her family, to a team that he or she

890-588: A sense of professionalism or a belief in the sanctity of contracts . A patriot, in contrast, may be motivated by affection, concern, identification, and a willingness to sacrifice. Nathanson contends that patriotic loyalty is not always a virtue. A loyal person can, in general be relied upon, and hence people view loyalty as virtuous. Nathanson argues that loyalty can, however, be given to persons or causes that are unworthy. Moreover, loyalty can lead patriots to support policies that are immoral and inhumane. Thus, Nathanson argues, patriotic loyalty can sometimes rather be

979-525: A single moral principle that freely chooses to use the other virtues for moral ends. Stephen Nathanson, professor of philosophy at Northeastern University , states that loyalty can be either exclusionary or non-exclusionary ; and can be single or multiple . Exclusionary loyalty excludes loyalties to other people or groups; whereas non-exclusionary loyalty does not. People may have single loyalties, to just one person, group, or thing, or multiple loyalties to multiple objects. Multiple loyalties can constitute

SECTION 10

#1732771868497

1068-405: A steering committee to research Brown's eighteenth-century ties to slavery. In October 2006, the committee released a report documenting its findings. Titled "Slavery and Justice", the document detailed the ways in which the university benefited both directly and indirectly from the transatlantic slave trade and the labor of enslaved people. The report also included seven recommendations for how

1157-521: A test of Abraham's loyalty. Joseph 's faithfulness to his master Potiphar and his rejection of Potiphar's wife's advances ( Genesis 39 ) have also been called an example of the virtue of loyalty. According to the New Testament , attempting to serve two masters leads to "double-mindedness" ( James 4:8 ), undermining loyalty to a cause. Misplaced or mistaken loyalty refers to loyalty placed in other persons or organisations where that loyalty

1246-534: A vice than a virtue, when its consequences exceed the boundaries of what is otherwise morally desirable. Such loyalties, in Nathanson's view, are erroneously unlimited in their scopes, and fail to acknowledge boundaries of morality. The faithless servant doctrine is a doctrine under the laws of a number of states in the United States, and most notably New York State law , pursuant to which an employee who acts unfaithfully towards his employer must forfeit all of

1335-528: Is "to certain people or to a group of people, not loyalty to an ideal or cause". She argues in her monograph , The Moral Status of Loyalty , that "[w]hen we speak of causes (or ideals) we are more apt to say that people are committed to them or devoted to them than that they are loyal to them". Kleinig agrees with Baron, noting that a person's earliest and strongest loyalties are almost always to people, and that only later do people arrive at abstract notions like values, causes, and ideals. He disagrees, however, with

1424-441: Is a member or fan of, or to his or her country. The problem is that it then becomes unclear whether there is a strict interpersonal relationship involved, and whether Ladd's contention that loyalty is interpersonal—not suprapersonal—is an adequate description. Ladd considers loyalty from two perspectives: its proper object and its moral value. John Kleinig, professor of philosophy at City University of New York , observes that over

1513-443: Is good" (similar to Nathanson). Vandekerckhove calls this argument "interesting" but "too vague" in its description of how tolerant an employee should be of an employer's shortcomings. Vandekerckhove suggests that Duska and Corvino combine, however, to point in a direction that makes it possible to resolve the conflict of loyalties in the context of whistleblowing, by clarifying the objects of those loyalties. Businesses seek to become

1602-496: Is known by the epithet Dharmaputra, the lord of righteous duty. Fixation (psychology) In Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Freud distinguished the fixations of the libido on an incestuous object from a fixation upon a specific, partial aim , such as voyeurism . Freud theorized that some humans may develop psychological fixation due to one or more of the following: As Freud's thought developed, so did

1691-404: Is not acknowledged or respected , is betrayed , or taken advantage of. It can also mean loyalty to a malignant or misguided cause. Social psychology provides a partial explanation for the phenomenon in the way "the norm of social commitment directs us to honor our agreements... People usually stick to the deal even though it has changed for the worse". Humanists point out that "man inherits

1780-459: Is noted as the first African American president of an Ivy League institution. Other presidents of note include academic, Vartan Gregorian ; and philosopher and economist, Francis Wayland . In 1966, the first Group Independent Study Project (GISP) at Brown was formed, involving 80 students and 15 professors. The GISP was inspired by student-initiated experimental schools, especially San Francisco State College , and sought ways to "put students at

1869-629: Is noted as the founder and commander of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment , widely regarded as the first Black battalion in U.S. military history. David Howell , who graduated with an A.M. in 1769, served as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1785. Nineteen individuals have served as presidents of the university since its founding in 1764. Since 2012, Christina Hull Paxson has served as president. Paxson had previously served as dean of Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs and chair of Princeton's economics department. Paxson's immediate predecessor, Ruth Simmons ,

SECTION 20

#1732771868497

1958-459: Is often based on a conflict arising from dual loyalty . Euthyphro , one of Plato 's early dialogues, is based on the ethical dilemma arising from Euthyphro intending to lay manslaughter charges against his own father, who had caused the death of a slave through negligence. In the Gospel of Matthew 6:24 , Jesus states, "No one can serve two masters; for a slave will either hate the one and love

2047-419: Is often directly equated to patriotism. He states that this is a false equality; while patriots exhibit loyalty, it is not conversely the case that all loyal persons are patriots. He provides the example of a mercenary soldier, who exhibits loyalty to the people or country that pays him. Nathanson points to the difference in motivations between a loyal mercenary and a patriot. A mercenary may well be motivated by

2136-399: Is prepared to admit him to Heaven, but refuses to admit the dog, so Yudhishthira refuses to abandon the dog, and prepares to turn away from the gates of Heaven. Then the dog is revealed to be the manifestation of Dharma , the god of righteousness and justice, and who turned out to be his deified self. Yudhishthira enters heaven in the company of his dog, the god of righteousness. Yudhishthira

2225-413: Is really only one proper object of loyalty in such instances—the community—a position that Vandekerckhove counters by arguing that businesses are in need of employee loyalty. John Corvino, associate professor of philosophy at Wayne State University takes a different tack, arguing that loyalty can sometimes be a vice, not a virtue, and that "loyalty is only a virtue to the extent that the object of loyalty

2314-459: Is said to cancel the hex. The John Hay Library is the second oldest library on campus. Opened in 1910, the library is named for John Hay (class of 1858), private secretary to Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of State under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt . The construction of the building was funded in large part by Hay's friend, Andrew Carnegie , who contributed half of the $ 300,000 cost of construction. The John Hay Library serves as

2403-481: Is somehow implanted in their chromosomal makeup to be loyal". Josiah Royce presented a different definition of the concept in his 1908 book The Philosophy of Loyalty . According to Royce, loyalty is a virtue , indeed a primary virtue, "the heart of all the virtues, the central duty amongst all the duties". Royce presents loyalty, which he defines at length, as the basic moral principle from which all other principles can be derived. The short definition that he gives of

2492-470: Is that Encyclopaedia ' s only article on a virtue, . Ladd asserts that, contrary to Royce, causes to which one is loyal are interpersonal, not impersonal or suprapersonal. He states that Royce's view has "the ethical defect of postulating duties over and above our individual duties to men and groups of men. The individual is submerged and lost in this superperson for its tends to dissolve our specific duties to others into 'superhuman' good". Ronald F. Duska,

2581-453: Is to inspire creative and critical thinking about culture by fostering an interdisciplinary understanding of the material world. It provides opportunities for faculty and students to work with collections and the public, teaching through objects and programs in classrooms and exhibitions. The museum sponsors lectures and events in all areas of anthropology and also runs an extensive program of outreach to local schools. The Annmary Brown Memorial

2670-773: The American Revolution , it was the first US college to codify that admission and instruction of students was to be equal regardless of the religious affiliation of students. The university is home to the oldest applied mathematics program in the country and oldest engineering program in the Ivy League. It was one of the early doctoral-granting institutions in the U.S., adding masters and doctoral studies in 1887. In 1969, it adopted its Open Curriculum after student lobbying, which eliminated mandatory general education distribution requirements. In 1971, Brown's coordinate women's institution, Pembroke College ,

2759-566: The Britannica gives as primary, it attributes to a shift during the 16th century, noting that the origin of the word is in the Old French loialte , that is in turn rooted in the Latin lex , meaning " law ". One who is loyal, in the feudal sense of fealty , is one who is lawful (as opposed to an outlaw ), who has full legal rights as a consequence of faithful allegiance to

Loyalty - Misplaced Pages Continue

2848-614: The Congress of the Confederation , while concurrently serving as Brown's first president. Two of Brown's founders, William Ellery and Stephen Hopkins signed the Declaration of Independence . James Mitchell Varnum , who graduated from Brown with honors in 1769, served as one of General George Washington's Continental Army brigadier generals and later as major general in command of the entire Rhode Island militia . Varnum

2937-760: The East Side neighborhood of College Hill. The university's central campus sits on a 15-acre (6.1-hectare) block bounded by Waterman, Prospect, George, and Thayer Streets ; newer buildings extend northward, eastward, and southward. Brown's core, historic campus, constructed primary between 1770 and 1926, is defined by three greens: the Front or Quiet Green, the Middle or College Green, and the Ruth J. Simmons Quadrangle (historically known as Lincoln Field). A brick and wrought-iron fence punctuated by decorative gates and arches traces

3026-563: The Rhode Island School of Design , which offers undergraduate and graduate dual degree programs . Brown's main campus is in the College Hill neighborhood of Providence. The university is surrounded by a federally listed architectural district with a concentration of Colonial-era buildings. Benefit Street has one of America's richest concentrations of 17th- and 18th-century architecture. Undergraduate admissions are among

3115-629: The United States Congress , 58 Rhodes Scholars , 22 MacArthur Genius Fellows, and 38 Olympic medalists. In 1761, three residents of Newport, Rhode Island , drafted a petition to the colony's General Assembly : That your Petitioners propose to open a literary institution or School for instructing young Gentlemen in the Languages, Mathematics, Geography & History, & such other branches of Knowledge as shall be desired. That for this End... it will be necessary... to erect

3204-576: The spaniel belonging to Charles Gough , who stayed by her dead master's side for three months on Helvellyn in the Lake District in 1805 (although it is possible that Foxie had eaten Gough's body). In the Mahabharata , the righteous King Yudhishthira appears at the gates of Heaven at the end of his life with a stray dog he had picked up along the way as a companion, having previously lost his brothers and his wife to death. The god Indra

3293-556: The Brown campus by 10 acres (40,000 m ) and 26 buildings. In 1971, Brown renamed the area East Campus. Today, the area is largely used for dormitories. Thayer Street runs through Brown's main campus. As a commercial corridor frequented by students, Thayer is comparable to Harvard Square or Berkeley's Telegraph Avenue . Wickenden Street , in the adjacent Fox Point neighborhood, is another commercial street similarly popular among students. Built in 1925, Brown Stadium —the home of

3382-757: The College Board of Fellows. A revised charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Rhode Island General Assembly on March 3, 1764, in East Greenwich . In September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the corporation—the college's governing body—was held in Newport's Old Colony House . Governor Stephen Hopkins was chosen chancellor, former and future governor Samuel Ward vice chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, and Thomas Eyres secretary. The charter stipulated that

3471-555: The College of Brown University, Pembroke's campus was absorbed into the larger Brown campus. The Pembroke campus is bordered by Meeting, Brown, Bowen, and Thayer Streets and sits three blocks north of Brown's central campus. The campus is dominated by brick architecture, largely of the Georgian and Victorian styles . The west side of the quadrangle comprises Pembroke Hall (1897), Smith-Buonanno Hall (1907), and Metcalf Hall (1919), while

3560-744: The John Carter Brown Library is generally regarded as the world's leading collection of primary historical sources relating to the exploration and colonization of the Americas. While administered and funded separately from the university, the library has been owned by Brown and located on its campus since 1904. The library contains the best preserved of the eleven surviving copies of the Bay Psalm Book —the earliest extant book printed in British North America and

3649-583: The Lamont Post Chair of Ethics and the Professions at The American College , extends Ladd's objection, saying that it is a perversion of ethics and virtue for one's self-will to be identified with anything, as Royce would have it. Even if one were identifying one's self-will with God, to be worthy of such loyalty God would have to be the summum bonum , the perfect manifestation of good. Ladd himself characterizes loyalty as interpersonal, i.e.,

Loyalty - Misplaced Pages Continue

3738-623: The Lownes Collection of the History of Science (described as "one of the three most important private collections of books of science in America"), and the papers of H. P. Lovecraft . The Hay Library is home to one of the broadest collections of incunabula in the Americas, one of Brown's two Shakespeare First Folios , the manuscript of George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , and three books bound in human skin . Founded in 1846,

3827-744: The Pembroke Campus at its northern end. The walk is bordered by departmental buildings as well as the Lindemann Performing Arts Center and Granoff Center for the Creative Arts The corridor is home to public art including sculptures by Maya Lin and Tom Friedman . The Women's College in Brown University , known as Pembroke College, was founded in October 1891. Upon its 1971 merger with

3916-528: The Pembroke Campus, which houses both dormitories and academic buildings. Facing the western edge of the central campus sit two of the Brown's seven libraries, the John Hay Library and the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library . The university's campus is contiguous with that of the Rhode Island School of Design , which is located immediately to Brown's west, along the slope of College Hill. Built in 1901,

4005-484: The Public and Classical Instruction." The document additionally "recognized more broadly and fundamentally than any other [university charter] the principle of denominational cooperation." The oft-repeated statement that Brown's charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership is inaccurate; other college charters were similarly liberal in that particular. The college was founded as Rhode Island College, at

4094-534: The Van Wickle Gates are a set of wrought iron gates that stand at the western edge of Brown's campus. The larger main gate is flanked by two smaller side gates. At Convocation the central gate opens inward to admit the procession of new students; at Commencement, the gate opens outward for the procession of graduates. A Brown superstition holds that students who walk through the central gate a second time prematurely will not graduate, although walking backward

4183-469: The block's perimeter. This section of campus is primarily Georgian and Richardsonian Romanesque in its architectural character. To the south of the central campus are academic buildings and residential quadrangles, including Wriston, Keeney, and Gregorian quadrangles. Immediately to the east of the campus core sit Sciences Park and Brown's School of Engineering . North of the central campus are performing and visual arts facilities, life sciences labs, and

4272-505: The board of trustees should be composed of 22 Baptists, five Quakers , five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the college president—"and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations." At the time of its creation, Brown's charter was a uniquely progressive document. Other colleges had curricular strictures against opposing doctrines, while Brown's charter asserted, "Sectarian differences of opinions, shall not make any Part of

4361-465: The capacity for loyalty, but not the use to which he shall put it... may unselfishly devote himself to what is petty or vile, as he may to what is generous and noble". Animals as pets may display a sense of loyalty to humans. Famous cases include Greyfriars Bobby , a Skye terrier who attended his master's grave for fourteen years; Hachiko , a dog who returned to the place he used to meet his master every day for nine years after his death ; and Foxie,

4450-598: The center of their education" and "teach students how to think rather than just teaching facts". Members of the GISP, Ira Magaziner and Elliot Maxwell published a paper of their findings titled, "Draft of a Working Paper for Education at Brown University." The paper made proposals for a new curriculum, including interdisciplinary freshman-year courses that would introduce "modes of thought," with instruction from faculty from different disciplines as well as for an end to letter grades. The following year Magaziner began organizing

4539-736: The clouds atop a red and white torse . Brown is the largest institutional landowner in Providence, with properties on College Hill and in the Jewelry District . The university was built contemporaneously with the eighteenth and nineteenth-century precincts surrounding it, making Brown's campus tightly integrated into Providence's urban fabric. Among the noted architects who have shaped Brown's campus are McKim, Mead & White , Philip Johnson , Rafael Viñoly , Diller Scofidio + Renfro , and Robert A. M. Stern . Brown's main campus, comprises 235 buildings and 143 acres (0.58 km ) in

SECTION 50

#1732771868497

4628-542: The college moved from Warren to Providence. To establish a campus, John and Moses Brown purchased a four-acre lot on the crest of College Hill on behalf of the school. The majority of the property fell within the bounds of the original home lot of Chad Brown , an ancestor of the Browns and one of the original proprietors of Providence Plantations . After the college was relocated to the city, work began on constructing its first building. A building committee, organized by

4717-419: The college to Providence, constructing its first building, and securing its endowment. Joseph became a professor of natural philosophy at the college; John served as its treasurer from 1775 to 1796; and Nicholas Sr's son Nicholas Brown Jr. succeeded his uncle as treasurer from 1796 to 1825. On September 8, 1803, the corporation voted, "That the donation of $ 5,000, if made to this College within one Year from

4806-461: The college's charter two years later. The editor of Stiles's papers observes, "This draft of a petition connects itself with other evidence of Dr. Stiles's project for a Collegiate Institution in Rhode Island, before the charter of what became Brown University." The Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches was also interested in establishing a college in Rhode Island, which was home of

4895-578: The compensation he received during the period of his disloyalty. Several scholars, including Duska, discuss loyalty in the context of whistleblowing. Wim Vandekerckhove of the University of Greenwich points out that in the late 20th century saw the rise of a notion of a bidirectional loyalty—between employees and their employer. (Previous thinking had encompassed the idea that employees are loyal to an employer, but not that an employer need be loyal to employees.) The ethics of whistleblowing thus encompass

4984-545: The corporation on the same day voted, "That this College be called and known in all future time by the Name of Brown University." Over the years, the benefactions of Nicholas Brown Jr., totaled nearly $ 160,000 and included funds for building Hope College (1821–22) and Manning Hall (1834–35). In 1904, the John Carter Brown Library was established as an independently funded research library on Brown's campus;

5073-580: The corporation, developed plans for the college's first purpose-built edifice, finalizing a design on February 9, 1770. The subsequent structure, referred to as "The College Edifice" and later as University Hall , may have been modeled on Nassau Hall , built 14 years prior at the College of New Jersey . President Manning, an active member of the building process, was educated at Princeton and might have suggested that Brown's first building resemble that of his alma mater . Nicholas Brown , John Brown , Joseph Brown , and Moses Brown were instrumental in moving

5162-403: The east side comprises Alumnae Hall (1927) and Miller Hall (1910). The quadrangle culminates on the north with Andrews Hall (1947). East Campus, centered on Hope and Charlesfield streets, originally served as the campus of Bryant University . In 1969, as Bryant was preparing to relocate to Smithfield, Rhode Island , Brown purchased their Providence campus for $ 5 million. The transaction expanded

5251-457: The face of a string of losing seasons. The Old Testament speaks of "loyal ones", which would be those who follow the Bible with absolute loyalty, as in "Precious in the eyes of God is the death of his loyal ones" ( Psalms 116:15 ). Most Jewish and Christian authors view the binding of Isaac ( Genesis 22 ), in which Abraham was called by God to offer his son Isaac as a burnt offering , as

5340-530: The idea is that loyalty is "the willing and practical and thoroughgoing devotion of a person to a cause". Loyalty is thoroughgoing in that it is not merely a casual interest but a wholehearted commitment to a cause. Royce's view of loyalty was challenged by John Ladd, professor of philosophy at Brown University , in the article on "Loyalty" in the first edition of the Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1967). Ladd observed that by that time

5429-402: The late Commencement, shall entitle the donor to name the College." The following year, the appeal was answered by College Treasurer Nicholas Brown Jr. In a letter dated September 6, 1804, Brown committed "a donation of Five Thousand Dollars to Rhode Island College, to remain in perpetuity as a fund for the establishment of a Professorship of Oratory and Belles Letters." In recognition of the gift,

SECTION 60

#1732771868497

5518-425: The latter takes precedence. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition defines loyalty as "allegiance to the sovereign or established government of one's country" and also "personal devotion and reverence to the sovereign and royal family". It traces the word " loyalty " to the 15th century, noting that then it primarily referred to fidelity in service, in love, or to an oath that one has made. The meaning that

5607-421: The library's collection was founded on that of John Carter Brown , son of Nicholas Brown Jr. The Brown family was involved in various business ventures in Rhode Island, and accrued wealth both directly and indirectly from the transatlantic slave trade . The family was divided on the issue of slavery. John Brown had defended slavery, while Moses and Nicholas Brown Jr. were fervent abolitionists . In 2003, under

5696-403: The man who "may eagerly absorb the 'milk of wisdom' where he once desired more tangible fluids from more sensuous containers". Eric Berne , developed his insight further as part of transactional analysis , suggesting that "particular games and scripts, and their accompanying physical symptoms, are based in appropriate zones and modes". Heinz Kohut saw the grandiose self as a fixation upon

5785-672: The most expensive printed book in the world. Other holdings include a Shakespeare First Folio and the world's largest collection of 16th-century Mexican texts. The exhibition galleries of the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown's teaching museum, are located in Manning Hall on the campus's main green. Its one million artifacts, available for research and educational purposes, are located at its Collections Research Center in Bristol, Rhode Island . The museum's goal

5874-438: The most selective in the country, with an acceptance rate of 5% for the class of 2026. As of March 2022 , 11 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with Brown as alumni , faculty, or researchers , one Fields Medalist , seven National Humanities Medalists , and 11 National Medal of Science laureates. Alumni include 27 Pulitzer Prize winners, 21 billionaires, four U.S. Secretaries of State , over 100 members of

5963-723: The mother church of their denomination . At the time, the Baptists were unrepresented among the colonial colleges; the Congregationalists had Harvard University and Yale University, the Presbyterians had the College of New Jersey, which later became Princeton University , and the Episcopalians had the College of William & Mary and King's College, which later became Columbia University . The local University of Pennsylvania in their native Philadelphia

6052-454: The notion that loyalties are restricted solely to personal attachments, considering it "incorrect (as a matter of logic)". Loyalty to people and abstract notions such as causes or ideals is considered an evolutionary tactic , as there is a greater chance of survival and procreation if animals belong to loyal packs. Immanuel Kant constructed the basis for an ethical law via the concept of duty . Kant began his ethical theory by arguing that

6141-509: The objects of loyalty in order to retain customers. Brand loyalty is a consumer's preference for a particular brand and a commitment to repeatedly purchase that brand. So-called loyalty programs offer rewards to repeat customers in exchange for being able to keep track of consumer preferences and buying habits. A similar concept is fan loyalty , an allegiance to and abiding interest in a sports team , fictional character, or fictional series. Devoted sports fans continue to remain fans even in

6230-526: The old one. The new fixation   —   for example a father-transference onto the analyst   —   may be very different from the old, but will absorb its energies and enable them eventually to be released for non-fixated purposes. Melanie Klein saw fixation as inherently pathological – a blocking of potential sublimation by way of repression . Erik H. Erikson distinguished fixation to zone – oral or anal, for example – from fixation to mode, such as taking in, as with his instance of

6319-410: The only virtue that can be unqualifiedly good is a good will. No other virtue has this status because every other virtue can be used to achieve immoral ends (for example, the virtue of loyalty is not good if one is loyal to an evil person). The good will is unique in that it is always good and maintains its moral value even when it fails to achieve its moral intentions. Kant regarded the good will as

6408-501: The other, or be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth ". This relates to the authority of a master over his servants (as per Ephesians 6:5 ), who, according to Biblical law , owe undivided loyalty to their master (as per Leviticus 25:44–46 ). On the other hand, the " Render unto Caesar " of the synoptic gospels acknowledges the possibility of distinct loyalties (secular and religious) without conflict, but if loyalty to man conflicts with loyalty to God,

6497-580: The proper object of loyalty—what it is possible to be loyal to . Ladd considers loyalty to be interpersonal: the object of loyalty is always a person. In the Encyclopaedia of the History of Ideas , Konvitz states that the objects of loyalty encompass principles, causes, ideas, ideals, religions, ideologies, nations, governments, parties, leaders, families, friends, regions, racial groups, and "anyone or anything to which one's heart can become attached or devoted". Baron agrees with Ladd, inasmuch as loyalty

6586-428: The range of possible 'fixation points' he saw as significant in producing particular neuroses. However, he continued to view fixation as "the manifestation of very early linkages   —   linkages which it is hard to resolve   —   between instincts and impressions and the objects involved in those impressions". Psychoanalytic therapy involved producing a new transference fixation in place of

6675-572: The repository of the university's archives, rare books and manuscripts, and special collections. Noteworthy among the latter are the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection (described as "the foremost American collection of material devoted to the history and iconography of soldiers and soldiering"), the Harris Collection of American Poetry and Plays (described as "the largest and most comprehensive collection of its kind in any research library"),

6764-772: The site of the First Baptist Church in Warren, Rhode Island . Manning was sworn in as the college's first president in 1765 and remained in the role until 1791. In 1766, the college authorized the Reverend Morgan Edwards to travel to Europe to "solicit Benefactions for this Institution". During his year-and-a-half stay in the British Isles , Edwards secured funding from benefactors including Thomas Penn and Benjamin Franklin . In 1770,

6853-552: The student body to press for the reforms, organizing discussions and protests. In 1968, university president Ray Heffner established a Special Committee on Curricular Philosophy. Composed of administrators, the committee was tasked with developing specific reforms and producing recommendations. A report, produced by the committee, was presented to the faculty, which voted the New Curriculum into existence on May 7, 1969. Its key features included: The Modes of Thought course

6942-459: The subject had received "scant attention in philosophical literature". This he attributed to "odious" associations that the subject had with nationalism , including Nazism , and with the metaphysics of idealism , which he characterized as "obsolete". However, he argued that such associations were faulty and that the notion of loyalty is "an essential ingredient in any civilized and humane system of morals". Anthony Ralls observes that Ladd's article

7031-401: The tenure of President Ruth Simmons , the university established a steering committee to investigate these ties of the university to slavery and recommend a strategy to address them. With British vessels patrolling Narragansett Bay in the fall of 1776, the college library was moved out of Providence for safekeeping. During the subsequent American Revolutionary War , Brown's University Hall

7120-578: The university should address this legacy. Brown has since completed a number of these recommendations including the establishment of its Center for the Study of Slavery and Justice, the construction of its Slavery Memorial , and the funding of a $ 10 million permanent endowment for Providence Public Schools . The Slavery and Justice report marked the first major effort by an American university to address its ties to slavery and prompted other institutions to undertake similar processes. Brown's coat of arms

7209-506: The work of Josiah Royce , the "grand exception" in Kleinig's words. Kleinig observes that from the 1980s onwards, the subject gained attention, with philosophers variously relating it to professional ethics , whistleblowing , friendship , and virtue theory . Additional aspects enumerated by Kleinig include the exclusionary nature of loyalty and its subjects. Ladd and others, including Milton R. Konvitz and Marcia W. Baron, disagree about

7298-425: The years the idea has been treated by writers from Aeschylus through John Galsworthy to Joseph Conrad , by psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, scholars of religion, political economists, scholars of business and marketing, and—most particularly—by political theorists, who deal with it in terms of loyalty oaths and patriotism . As a philosophical concept, loyalty was largely untreated by philosophers until

7387-638: Was constructed from 1903 to 1907 by the politician, Civil War veteran, and book collector General Rush Hawkins , as a mausoleum for his wife, Annmary Brown, a member of the Brown family. In addition to its crypt—the final repository for Brown and Hawkins—the Memorial includes works of art from Hawkins's private collection, including paintings by Angelica Kauffman , Peter Paul Rubens , Gilbert Stuart , Giovanni Battista Tiepolo , Benjamin West , and Eastman Johnson , among others. His collection of over 450 incunabula

7476-422: Was created in 1834. The prior year, president Francis Wayland had commissioned a committee to update the school's original seal to match the name the university had adopted in 1804. Central in the coat of arms is a white escutcheon divided into four sectors by a red cross. Within each sector of the coat of arms lies an open book. Above the shield is a crest consisting of the upper half of a sun in splendor among

7565-567: Was discontinued early on, but the other elements remain in place. In 2006, the reintroduction of plus/minus grading was proposed in response to concerns regarding grade inflation. The idea was rejected by the College Curriculum Council after canvassing alumni, faculty, and students, including the original authors of the Magaziner-Maxwell Report. In 2003, then-university president Ruth Simmons launched

7654-480: Was founded by Benjamin Franklin without direct association with any particular denomination. Isaac Backus, a historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural trustee of Brown, wrote of the October 1762 resolution taken at Philadelphia: The Philadelphia Association obtained such an acquaintance with our affairs, as to bring them to an apprehension that it was practicable and expedient to erect

7743-731: Was fully merged into the university. The university comprises the College , the Graduate School , Alpert Medical School , the School of Engineering , the School of Public Health and the School of Professional Studies. Its international programs are organized through the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs , and it is academically affiliated with the Marine Biological Laboratory and

7832-540: Was relocated to the John Hay Library in 1990. Today the Memorial is home to Brown's Medieval Studies and Renaissance Studies programs. The Walk, a landscaped pedestrian corridor, connects the Pembroke Campus to the main campus. It runs parallel to Thayer Street and serves as a primary axis of campus, extending from Ruth Simmons Quadrangle at its southern terminus to the Meeting Street entrance to

7921-692: Was used to house French and other revolutionary troops led by General George Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau as they waited to commence the march of 1781 that led to the Siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake . This has been celebrated as marking the defeat of the British and the end of the war. The building functioned as barracks and hospital from December 10, 1776, to April 20, 1780, and as

#496503