57-624: A local enterprise company (LEC) was a public-sector organisation in Scotland with responsibility for local economic development activities. The LECs formed part of the two enterprise networks, Scottish Enterprise and Highlands and Islands Enterprise . The 22 LECs were abolished in September 2007 and replaced with enterprise regions (ERs). Previously autonomous , the Scottish Enterprise LECs were fully integrated into
114-600: A conservative lifestyle , viewing private business as a "great victim of the state" and favoring a non-interventionist foreign policy, sharing the Old Right 's "opposition to empire". Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Murray Rothbard , whose writings and personal influence helped create some strands of right-libertarianism, wrote about
171-525: A bedrock of the virtuous society" and that "[t]he egalitarian ethic is morally reprehensible and destructive of private property and social authority". While libertarian was popularized by the libertarian socialist Benjamin Tucker around the late 1870s and early 1880s, H. L. Mencken and Albert Jay Nock were the first prominent figures in the United States to describe themselves as libertarian as
228-534: A conservative in the nose. I am a radical". Their opposition and resistance to the state approached philosophical anarchism with Nock and amounted to statelessness in Chodorov's case. On the other hand, Lew Rockwell and Jeffrey Tucker identifies the Old Right as being culturally conservative , arguing that "[v]igorous social authority—as embodied in the family, church, and other mediating institutions—is
285-495: A good reputation to stay in business. Linda and Morris Tannehill argue that no coercive monopoly of force can arise on a truly free market and that a government's citizenry can desert them in favor of a competent protection and defense agency. Philosopher Moshe Kroy argues that the disagreement between anarcho-capitalists who adhere to Murray Rothbard 's view of human consciousness and the nature of values and minarchists who adhere to Ayn Rand 's view of human consciousness and
342-433: A government authority, the latter exempts power wielded through free-market capitalism . Historically, libertarians such as Herbert Spencer and Max Stirner supported the protection of an individual's freedom from powers of government and private ownership . While condemning governmental encroachment on personal liberties , right-libertarians support freedoms on the basis of their agreement with private property rights and
399-838: A synonym for liberal . They believed that Franklin D. Roosevelt had co-opted the word liberal for his New Deal policies which they opposed and used libertarian to signify their allegiance to classical liberalism , individualism and limited government . In the 1960s, Rothbard started publishing Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought , believing that the left–right political spectrum had gone "entirely askew" since conservatives were sometimes more statist than liberals and tried to reach out to leftists and go beyond left and right. In 1971, Rothbard wrote about right-libertarianism which he described as supporting free trade , property rights and self-ownership . Rothbard would later describe it as anarcho-capitalism and paleolibertarianism . Right-libertarianism developed in
456-491: Is a debate amongst right-libertarians as to whether or not the state is legitimate. While anarcho-capitalists advocate its abolition, minarchists support minimal states, often referred to as night-watchman states. Minarchists maintain that the state is necessary for the protection of individuals from aggression , breach of contract , fraud and theft. They believe the only legitimate governmental institutions are courts, military and police, although some expand this list to include
513-485: Is a division between anarcho-capitalists , who view the state as an unnecessary evil and want property rights protected without statutory law through market-generated tort, contract and property law; and minarchists, who support the need for a minimal state, often referred to as a night-watchman state , to provide its citizens with courts , military , and police . Like libertarians of all varieties, right-libertarians refer to themselves simply as libertarians . Being
570-418: Is as follows: Infrastructure includes areas that support both the public's members and the public sector itself. Streets and highways are used both by those who work for the public sector and also by the citizenry. The former, who are public employees, are also part of the citizenry. Public roads , bridges , tunnels , water supply , sewers , electrical grids and telecommunication networks are among
627-431: Is compatible with libertarianism, something which is rejected by anti-capitalist libertarians. According to Stephen Metcalf , Nozick expressed serious misgivings about capitalism, going so far as to reject much of the foundations of the theory on the grounds that personal freedom can sometimes only be fully actualized via a collectivist politics and that wealth is at times justly redistributed via taxation to protect
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#1732797894621684-525: Is composed of the economic sectors that are intended to earn a profit for the owners of the enterprise. The voluntary, civic, or social sector concerns a diverse array of non-profit organizations emphasizing civil society . In the United Kingdom, the term "wider public sector" is often used, referring to public sector organizations outside central government. The organization of the public sector can take several forms, including: A borderline form
741-519: Is considered to be one's property. The principle has been used rhetorically to oppose policies such as military drafts , taxation and victimless crime laws. While there is debate on whether right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism or socialist libertarianism "represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme", right-libertarianism is most in favor of capitalist private property and property rights. Right-libertarians maintain that unowned natural resources "may be appropriated by
798-540: Is first recorded in 1789 coined by the British historian William Belsham , in a discussion against free will from the author's deterministic point of view. This debate between libertarianism in a philosophical-metaphysical sense and determinism would continue into the early nineteenth century, especially in the field of Protestant theology . The Merriam-Webster Dictionary , in English, attests to this ancient use of
855-435: Is in terms of the logical implications of these founding axioms". Although some libertarians may reject the political spectrum , especially the left–right political spectrum , right-libertarianism and several right-oriented strands of libertarianism in the United States have been described as being right-wing, New Right , radical right and reactionary . American libertarian activist and politician David Nolan ,
912-449: Is increasingly viewed as this capitalist free-market position. As a term, right-libertarianism is used by some political analysts, academics and media sources, especially in the United States, to describe the libertarian philosophy which is supportive of free-market capitalism and strong right to property , in addition to supporting limited government and self-ownership , being contrasted with left-wing views which do not support
969-414: Is not a right-wing doctrine in the context of the typical left–right political spectrum because on social issues it tends to be left-wing, opposing laws restricting consensual sexual relationships between or drug use by adults as well as laws imposing religious views or practices and compulsory military service. He defines right-libertarianism as holding that unowned natural resources "may be appropriated by
1026-430: Is often described as the foundation of several present-day libertarian philosophies, including right-libertarianism. The NAP is a moral stance which forbids actions that are inconsistent with capitalist private property and property rights . It defines aggression and initiation of force as violation of these rights. The NAP and property rights are closely linked since what constitutes aggression depends on what it
1083-471: Is often thought of as 'right-wing' doctrine. This, however, is mistaken for at least two reasons. First, on social—rather than economic—issues, libertarianism tends to be 'left-wing'. It opposes laws that restrict consensual and private sexual relationships between adults (e.g., gay-sex, non-marital sex, and deviant sex), laws that restrict drug use, laws that impose religious views or practices on individuals, and compulsory military service. Second, in addition to
1140-445: Is used to distinguish this class of views on the nature of property and capital from left-libertarianism , a variant of libertarianism that combines self-ownership with an anti-authoritarian approach to property and income. In contrast to socialist libertarianism, right-libertarianism supports free-market capitalism . Like most forms of libertarianism, it supports civil liberties , especially natural law , negative rights ,
1197-785: The Austrian School (majority) or the Chicago school of economics (minority) and support laissez-faire capitalism which they define as the free market in opposition to state capitalism and interventionism . Right-libertarianism and its individualism have been discussed as part of the New Right in relation to neoliberalism and Thatcherism . In the 20th century, New Right liberal conservatism influenced by right-libertarianism marginalized other forms of conservatism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes right-libertarian philosophy as follows: Libertarianism
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#17327978946211254-622: The Libertarian Party or works to drag it right and prefers coalitions with supposedly ' free-market ' conservatives ". Anthony Gregory maintains that libertarianism "can refer to any number of varying and at times mutually exclusive political orientations". While holding that the important distinction for libertarians is not left or right, but whether they are "government apologists who use libertarian rhetoric to defend state aggression", he describes right-libertarianism as having and maintaining interest in economic freedom , preferring
1311-572: The labor theory of property , stressing self-ownership and that people have an absolute right to the property that their labor produces. Economically, right-libertarians make no distinction between capitalism and free markets and view any attempt to dictate the market process as counterproductive, emphasizing the mechanisms and self-regulating nature of the market whilst portraying government intervention and attempts to redistribute wealth as invariably unnecessary and counter-productive. Although all right-libertarians oppose government intervention, there
1368-646: The left-libertarian advocacy for social freedom , right-libertarians also value capitalism while rejecting institutions that intervene the free market on the grounds that such interventions represent unnecessary coercion of individuals and therefore a violation of their economic freedom . Anarcho-capitalists seek complete elimination of the state in favor of private defense agencies while minarchists defend night-watchman states which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership or autonomy. Right-libertarians are economic liberals of either
1425-436: The non-aggression principle , and a significant transformation of the modern welfare state . Practitioners of right-libertarianism usually do not self-describe by that term and often object to it. Right-libertarian political thought is characterized by the strict priority given to liberty , with the need to maximize the realm of individual freedom and minimize the scope of public authority. Right-libertarians typically see
1482-425: The state as the principal threat to liberty. This anti-statism differs from anarchist doctrines in that it is based upon strong individualism that places less emphasis on human sociability or cooperation. Right-libertarian philosophy is also rooted in the ideas of individual rights and laissez-faire economics. The right-libertarian theory of individual rights generally follows the homestead principle and
1539-574: The New Deal and the Fair Deal whilst challenging imperialism and military interventionism. However, Old Right was a label about which many or most of these figures might have been skeptical as most thought of themselves effectively as classical liberals rather than the national defense and social conservatism of thinkers associated with the later movement conservatism , with Chodorov famously writing: "As for me, I will punch anyone who calls me
1596-502: The Old Right and as being popularized again by the New Right . Individuals who are seen in this Old Right libertarian tradition include Frank Chodorov , John T. Flynn , Garet Garrett , Rose Wilder Lane , H. L. Mencken , Albert Jay Nock and Isabel Paterson . What those thinkers had in common was opposition to the rise of the managerial state during the Progressive Era and its expansion in connection with
1653-499: The Old Right in the United States, a loose coalition of individuals formed in the 1930s to oppose the New Deal at home and military interventionism abroad, that they "did not describe or think of themselves as conservatives: they wanted to repeal and overthrow, not conserve". Bill Kauffman has also written about such "old right libertarians". Peter Marshall dates right-libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism in particular back to
1710-530: The State civil service ( Fonction publique d'État , FPE) includes teachers and soldiers, and employs 44% of the workforce. The local civil service ( Fonction publique territoriale ; FPT) is made up of employees of town halls and regional councils: 25% of the workforce. The hospital civil service ( Fonction publique hospitalière , FPH) consists of doctors and nurses and is 21% of the workforce. Right-libertarian and Austrian School economists have criticized
1767-496: The United States in the mid-20th century from the works of European liberal writers such as John Locke , Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises and is the most popular conception of libertarianism in the United States today. It is commonly referred to as a continuation or radicalization of classical liberalism . The most important of these early right-libertarian philosophers were modern American libertarians such as Robert Nozick and Murray Rothbard . Although often sharing
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1824-454: The abolishment of public amenities is a common theme in right-libertarian writings. While associated with free-market capitalism, right-libertarianism is not opposed in principle to voluntary egalitarianism and socialism . However, right-libertarians believe that their advocated economic system would prove superior and that people would prefer it to socialism. For Nozick, it does not imply support of capitalism, but merely that capitalism
1881-491: The better-known version of libertarianism—right-libertarianism—, there is also a version known as 'left-libertarianism. Both endorse full self-ownership, but they differ with respect to the powers agents have to appropriate unappropriated natural resources (land, air, water, etc.). Right-libertarians are distinguished from left-libertarians by their relation to property and capital . While both left-libertarianism and right-libertarianism share general antipathy towards power by
1938-449: The consent of, or owing to, others (e.g. a land value tax ). Right-libertarians are also referred to as propertarians because they hold that societies in which private property rights are enforced are the only ones that are both ethical and lead to the best possible outcomes. They generally support free-market capitalism and are not opposed to any concentrations of economic power, provided it occurs through non-coercive means. There
1995-474: The consent of, or owing to, others. Samuel Edward Konkin III , who characterized agorism as a form of left-libertarianism and strategic branch of left-wing market anarchism , defined right-libertarianism as an "activist, organization, publication or tendency which supports parliamentarianism exclusively as a strategy for reducing or abolishing the state , typically opposes Counter-Economics , either opposes
2052-425: The executive and legislative branches, fire departments and prisons. These minarchists justify the state on the grounds that it is the logical consequence of adhering to the non-aggression principle. Some minarchists argue that a state is inevitable, believing anarchy to be futile. Others argue that anarchy is immoral because it implies that the non-aggression principle is optional and not sufficient to enforce
2109-430: The first person who discovers them, mixes his labor with them , or merely claims them—without the consent of others, and with little or no payment to them". This contrasts with left-libertarianism in which "unappropriated natural resources belong to everyone in some egalitarian manner". Right-libertarians believe that natural resources are originally unowned and therefore private parties may appropriate them at will without
2166-531: The first person who discovers them, mixes her labor with them, or merely claims them—without the consent of others, and with little or no payment to them". He contrasts this with left-libertarianism , where such "unappropriated natural resources belong to everyone in some egalitarian manner". Similarly, Charlotte and Lawrence Becker maintain that right-libertarianism most often refers to the political position that because natural resources are originally unowned, they may be appropriated at will by private parties without
2223-607: The former. In most of the world, this particular political position is mostly known as classical liberalism , economic liberalism and neoliberalism . It is mainly associated with right-wing politics , support for free markets and private ownership of capital goods. Furthermore, it is usually contrasted with similar ideologies such as social democracy and social liberalism which generally favor alternative forms of capitalism such as mixed economies , state capitalism and welfare capitalism . Peter Vallentyne writes that libertarianism, defined as being about self-ownership ,
2280-418: The forms of libertarianism into two groups, namely left-libertarianism and right-libertarianism, to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital . The term libertarian was first used by late Enlightenment freethinkers, referring to those who believed in free will , as opposed to necessity, a now-disused philosophy that posited a kind of determinism. The word libertarian
2337-511: The freedom of the many from the potential tyranny of an overly selfish and powerful few. Nozick suggested that citizens who are opposed to wealth redistribution which fund programs they object to should be able to opt-out by supporting alternative government-approved charities with an added 5% surcharge. Nonetheless, Nozick did not stop from self-identifying as a libertarian in a broad sense and Julian Sanchez has argued that his views simply became more nuanced. The non-aggression principle (NAP)
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2394-528: The idea of public sector provision of goods and services as inherently inefficient. In 1961, Murray Rothbard wrote: "Any reduction of the public sector, any shift of activities from the public to the private sphere, is a net moral and economic gain." American libertarians and anarcho-capitalists have also argued that the system by which the public sector is funded, namely taxation, is itself coercive and unjust . However, even notable small-government proponents have pushed back on this point of view, citing
2451-399: The individual who uses the service. Public enterprises, or state-owned enterprises, are self-financing commercial enterprises that are under public ownership which provide various private goods and services for sale and usually operate on a commercial basis. Organizations that are not part of the public sector are either part of the private sector or voluntary sector . The private sector
2508-1067: The issue that has divided libertarian philosophies. According to Jennifer Carlson, right-libertarianism is the dominant form of libertarianism in the United States . Right-libertarians "see strong private property rights as the basis for freedom and thus are—to quote the title of Brian Doherty 's text on libertarianism in the United States—" Radicals for Capitalism ". Herbert Kitschelt and Anthony J. McGann contrast right-libertarianism—"a strategy that combines pro-market positions with opposition to hierarchical authority, support of unconventional political participation, and endorsement of feminism and of environmentalism"—with right-authoritarianism . Mark Bevir holds that there are three types of libertarianism, namely left, right and consequentialist libertarianism as promoted by Friedrich Hayek . According to contemporary American libertarian Walter Block , left-libertarians and right-libertarians agree with certain libertarian premises, but "where [they] differ
2565-475: The left and the right, respectively, although this latter point has been criticized. Other libertarians reject the separation of personal and economic liberty or argue that the Nolan Chart gives no weight to foreign policy. Since the resurgence of neoliberalism in the 1970s, right-libertarianism has spread beyond North America via think tanks and political parties. In the United States, libertarianism
2622-522: The main organisation, and acted as branch offices in the following areas: This article related to government in Scotland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This economics -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Public-sector The public sector , also called the state sector , is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises . Public sectors include
2679-455: The mid- to late 19th century. With the modern development of right-libertarian ideologies such as anarcho-capitalism and minarchism co-opting the term libertarian in the mid-20th century to instead advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources, the terms left-libertarianism and right-libertarianism have been used more often as to differentiate between
2736-419: The most common type of libertarianism in the United States , right-libertarianism has become the most common referent of libertarianism there since the late 20th century while historically and elsewhere it continues to be widely used to refer to anti-state forms of socialism such as anarchism and more generally libertarian communism / libertarian Marxism and libertarian socialism . Around
2793-468: The nature of values over whether or not the state is moral is not due to a disagreement over the correct interpretation of a mutually held ethical stance. He argues that the disagreement between these two groups is instead the result of their disagreement over the nature of human consciousness and that each group is making the correct interpretation of their differing premises. According to Kroy, these two groups are not making any errors with respect to deducing
2850-634: The non-aggression principle because the enforcement of laws under anarchy is open to competition. Another common justification is that private defense agencies and court firms would tend to represent the interests of those who pay them enough. Right-libertarians such as anarcho-capitalists argue that the state violates the non-aggression principle by its nature because governments use force against those who have not stolen or vandalized private property, assaulted anyone, or committed fraud. Others argue that monopolies tend to be corrupt and inefficient and that private defense and court agencies would have to have
2907-620: The principal founder of the Libertarian Party , developed what is now known as the Nolan Chart to replace the traditional left-right political spectrum. The Nolan Chart has been used by several modern American libertarians and right-libertarians who reject the traditional political spectrum for its lack of inclusivity and see themselves as north-of-center. It is used in an effort to quantify typical libertarian views that support both free markets and social liberties and reject what they see as restrictions on economic and personal freedom imposed by
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#17327978946212964-404: The public goods and governmental services such as the military , law enforcement , infrastructure , public transit , public education , along with health care and those working for the government itself, such as elected officials . The public sector might provide services that a non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just
3021-522: The public infrastructure. Rates of pay for public sector staff may be negotiated by employers and their staff or staff representatives such as trade unions . In some cases, for example in the United Kingdom, a pay review body is charged with making independent recommendations on rates of pay for groups of public sector staff. As of 2017, France had 5.6 million civil servants , amounting to 20% of all jobs in France. They are subdivided into three types:
3078-602: The time of Murray Rothbard , who popularized the term libertarian in the United States during the 1960s, anarcho-capitalist movements started calling themselves libertarian , leading to the rise of the term right-libertarian to distinguish them. Rothbard himself acknowledged the co-opting of the term and boasted of its "capture [...] from the enemy". People described as being left-libertarian or right-libertarian generally tend to call themselves simply libertarians and refer to their philosophy as libertarianism . In light of this, some authors and political scientists classify
3135-441: The two. Socialist libertarianism has been included within a broad left-libertarianism while right-libertarianism mainly refers to laissez-faire capitalism such as Murray Rothbard 's anarcho-capitalism and Robert Nozick 's minarchism. Right-libertarianism has been described as combining individual freedom and opposition to the state, with strong support for free markets and private property . Property rights have been
3192-489: The ultimate necessity of a public sector for provision of certain services, such as national defense, public works and utilities, and pollution controls. Right-libertarian Right-libertarianism , also known as libertarian capitalism , or right-wing libertarianism , is a libertarian political philosophy that supports capitalist property rights and defends market distribution of natural resources and private property . The term right-libertarianism
3249-537: The word libertarian by describing its meaning as "an advocate of the doctrine of free will "and, taking a broad definition, also says that he is" a person who holds the principles of individual freedom especially in thought and action ". Many decades later, libertarian was a term used by the French libertarian communist Joseph Déjacque to mean a form of left-wing politics that has been frequently used to refer to anarchism and libertarian socialism since
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