Misplaced Pages

#793206

43-573: Designed by Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Programs, known informally as the Skunk Works , the aircraft was first revealed by Aviation Week , and is intended to research active flutter suppression and gust-load alleviation technologies. The X-56A is based on Lockheed's earlier UAV work, showing influence from the Polecat , Sentinel and DarkStar UAVs. The program calls for the construction of two 7.5 feet (2.3 m)-long fuselages and

86-438: A tactical reconnaissance aircraft, instead of strategic reconnaissance . The term "Skunk Works" came from Al Capp 's satirical , hillbilly comic strip Li’l Abner , which was immensely popular from 1935 through the 1950s. In the comic, the “Skonk Works" was a dilapidated factory located on the remote outskirts of Dogpatch , in the backwoods of Kentucky . According to the strip, scores of locals were done in yearly by

129-498: A wingspan of 27.5 ft, with four sets of wings being constructed for flight testing. The X-56A first flew on 26 July 2013, flying from Edwards Air Force Base ; twenty flights were to be flown on behalf of the Air Force Research Laboratory before the aircraft would be handed over to NASA for further testing. The first X-56A unmanned aircraft was severely damaged in a crash shortly after takeoff from

172-401: Is an early turbojet engine designed by Frank Halford and built by de Havilland . The Goblin was the second British jet engine to fly, after Whittle's Power Jets W.1 , and the first to pass a type test and receive a type certificate issued for an aircraft propulsion turbine. Although it was conceived in 1941 it remained unchanged in basic form for 13 years by which time it had evolved to

215-483: Is an official pseudonym for Lockheed Martin 's Advanced Development Programs ( ADP ), formerly called Lockheed Advanced Development Projects. It is responsible for a number of aircraft designs, highly classified research and development programs, and exotic aircraft platforms. Known locations include United States Air Force Plant 42 (Palmdale, California), United States Air Force Plant 4 (Fort Worth, Texas), and Marietta, Georgia. Skunk Works' history started with

258-659: Is now a registered trademark of Lockheed Martin. In November 1941, Kelsey gave the unofficial nod to Johnson and the P-38 team to engineer a drop tank system to extend range for the fighter, and they completed the initial research and development without a contract. When the Army Air Forces officially asked for a range extension solution it was ready. The range modifications were performed in Lockheed's Building 304, starting with 100 P-38F models on April 15, 1942. Some of

301-625: The Department of the Navy was trying to reach the Lockheed management for the P-80 project, the call was accidentally transferred to Culver’s desk. Culver answered the phone in his trademark fashion of the time, by picking up the phone and stating "Skonk Works, inside man Culver". "What?" replied the voice at the other end. "Skonk Works", Culver repeated. The name stuck. Culver later said at an interview conducted in 1993 that "when Kelly Johnson heard about

344-538: The Lop Nur nuclear test facility in China . This drone was launched from the back of a specially modified A-12, known as M-21, of which there were two built. After a fatal mid-air collision on the fourth launch, the drones were re-built as D-21Bs, and launched with a rocket booster from B-52s . Four operational missions were conducted over China, but the camera packages were never successfully recovered. Kelly Johnson headed

387-586: The P-38 Lightning in 1939 and the P-80 Shooting Star in 1943. Skunk Works engineers subsequently developed the U-2 , SR-71 Blackbird , F-117 Nighthawk , F-22 Raptor , and F-35 Lightning II , the latter being used in the air forces of several countries. The Skunk Works name was taken from the "Skonk Oil" factory in the comic strip Li'l Abner . Derived from the Lockheed use of the term,

430-475: The United States Patent and Trademark Office . They have filed several challenges against registrants of domain names containing variations on the term under anti- cybersquatting policies, and have lost a case under the .uk domain name dispute resolution service against a company selling cannabis seeds and paraphernalia, which used the word "skunkworks" in its domain name (referring to " Skunk ",

473-408: The de Havilland Vampire . It was around this time that de Havilland purchased Halford's company and set him up as the chairman of the de Havilland Engine Company , with the engine name changing from H-1 to "Goblin", while the new H-2 design became the "Ghost" – de Havilland jet and rocket engines were all named after spectral apparitions . In July 1943, one of the two H-1s then available (actually

SECTION 10

#1732791793794

516-442: The 3G Distillery, a smelly former bourbon works where the first YP-38 (constructor's number 2202) was built. Moving from the distillery to a larger building, the stench from a nearby plastic factory was so vile that Irv Culver , one of the engineers, began answering the intra-Lockheed "house" phone "Skonk Works, inside man Culver speaking!" In Al Capp's comic strip Li'l Abner , Big Barnsmell's Skonk Works — spelled with an "o" —

559-710: The Air force awarded Skunk Works the contract to build the F-117 stealth fighter on November 1, 1978. During the entirety of the Cold War , the Skunk Works was located in Burbank, California, on the eastern side of Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport ( 34°12′03″N 118°21′07″W  /  34.200768°N 118.351826°W  / 34.200768; -118.351826 ). After 1989, Lockheed reorganized its operations and relocated

602-809: The British register. As of December 2014, three Goblin-powered de Havilland Vampires remain airworthy in North America. N115DH is owned by the World Heritage Air Museum., C-FJRH is operated under the Jet Aircraft Museum in Ontario, Canada. and N593RH is owned by Vampire Aviation LLC. As of November 2015, three Goblin-powered de Havilland Vampires remain airworthy in South Africa. Serial number 276 and 277 are in

645-643: The Mk. 35 export version. The Goblin was the primary engine of the de Havilland Vampire , and was to have been the engine for the F-80 Shooting Star (as the Allis-Chalmers J36 ) before that design switched engines due to production delays at Allis-Chalmers. The Goblin also powered the Saab 21R fighter, Fiat G.80 trainer and the de Havilland DH 108 "Swallow" experimental aircraft. The Goblin

688-647: The Skunk Works received a contract from the CIA to build a spyplane known as the U-2 with the intention of flying over the Soviet Union and photographing sites of strategic interest. The U-2 was tested at Groom Lake in the Nevada desert, and the Flight Test Engineer in charge was Joseph F. Ware, Jr . The first overflight took place on July 4 1956 . The U-2 ceased overflights when Francis Gary Powers

731-469: The Skunk Works to Site 10 at U.S. Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California , where it remains in operation today. Most of the old Skunk Works buildings in Burbank were demolished in the late 1990s to make room for parking lots. One main building still remains at 2777 Ontario Street in Burbank (near San Fernando Road), now used as an office building for digital film post-production and sound mixing. During

774-507: The Skunk Works until 1975. He was succeeded by Ben Rich. In 1976, the Skunk Works began production on a pair of stealth technology demonstrators for the U.S. Air Force named Have Blue in Building 82 at Burbank. These scaled-down demonstrators, built in only 18 months, were a revolutionary step forward in aviation technology because of their extremely small radar cross-section . After a series of successful test flights beginning in 1977,

817-622: The XP-80 in only 143 days, seven fewer than was required. Warren M. Bodie, journalist, historian, and Skunk Works engineer from 1977 to 1984, wrote that engineering independence, elitism and secrecy of the Skunk Works variety were demonstrated earlier when Lockheed was asked by Lieutenant Benjamin S. Kelsey (later air force brigadier general) to build for the United States Army Air Corps a high speed, high altitude fighter to compete with German aircraft. In July 1938, while

860-565: The application in 2006, however the Australian government's intellectual property authority, IP Australia , rejected the opposition, awarding Novita the trademark in 2008. 34°36′53″N 118°07′07″W  /  34.614734°N 118.118676°W  / 34.614734; -118.118676 De Havilland Goblin The de Havilland Goblin , originally designated as the Halford H-1 ,

903-447: The building but the sour smell of bourbon mash lingered, partly because the group of buildings continued to store barrels of aging whiskey. The first YP-38 was built there before the team moved back to Lockheed's main factory a year later. In 1964, Johnson told Look magazine that the bourbon distillery was the first of five Lockheed skunk works locations. During the development of the P-80 Shooting Star , Johnson's engineering team

SECTION 20

#1732791793794

946-572: The designation "skunk works" or "skunkworks" is now widely used in business, engineering, and technical fields to describe a group within an organization given a high degree of autonomy and unhampered by bureaucracy, with the task of working on advanced or secret projects. There are conflicting observations about the birth of Skunk Works. Engineer Ben Rich sets the origin as June 1943 in Burbank, California . Kelly Johnson has made contradictory statements, some agreeing with Rich, and others putting

989-473: The dry lakebed at Edwards AFB, California , on 19 November 2015, on its first flexible-wing flight to test active flutter suppression. The aircraft had previously made 16 flights with stiff wings to prove its operating envelope. The second X-56A unmanned aircraft flew for the first time on 9 April 2015 while under operation by NASA. The aircraft flew eight flights with the stiff wings to clear its operating envelope. The vehicle then completed its first flight with

1032-581: The engine, at the expense of being slightly longer and requiring a longer power shaft between the turbine and compressor. Although it eliminated the Whittle-style "folding", the Goblin was still a compact design. The H-1 first ran on 13 April 1942 and quickly matured to produce its full design thrust within two months. It first flew on 5 March 1943 in the Gloster Meteor , and on 26 September in

1075-593: The exhaust powered a single-stage axial turbine. Compared to Whittle designs, the H-1 was cleaned up in that it used a single-sided compressor with the inlet at the front, and a straight-through layout with the combustion chambers exhausting straight onto the turbine. Whittle's designs such as the Power Jets W.2 used a reverse-flow layout that piped the hot air back to the middle of the engine, in order to "fold" it and reduce its length. The straight-through design simplified

1118-407: The group of independent-minded engineers were later involved with the XP-80 project, the prototype of the P-80 Shooting Star . Mary G. Ross , the first Native American female engineer, began working at Lockheed in 1942 on the mathematics of compressibility in high-speed flight —a problem first seriously encountered in the P-38. In 1952, she was invited to join the Skunk Works team. In 1955,

1161-434: The helm. The formal contract for the XP-80 did not arrive at Lockheed until October 16, 1943; some four months after work had already begun. This would prove to be a common practice within the Skunk Works. Many times a customer would come to the Skunk Works with a request and on a handshake the project would begin, with no contracts in place, no official submittal process. Kelly Johnson and his Skunk Works team designed and built

1204-526: The highly flexible wings on 31 August 2017. One instability mode, body freedom flutter , was shown to be actively suppressed by the digital flight control at 110 kn (200 km/h), within its normal flight envelope . Slender, flexible and lighter low-drag wings would be enabled by flutter suppression. X-56B was destroyed in a crash on 9 July 2021 after suffering an "anomaly in flight". Data from General characteristics Performance Related lists Skunk Works Skunk Works

1247-511: The incident, he promptly fired me. It didn’t really matter, since he was firing me about twice a day anyways." At the request of the comic strip copyright holders, Lockheed changed the name of the advanced development company to "Skunk Works" in the 1960s. The name "Skunk Works" and the skunk design are now registered trademarks of the Lockheed Martin Corporation. The company also holds several registrations of it with

1290-600: The late 1990s when designing Pixar's building, Edwin Catmull and Steve Jobs visited a Skunkworks Building which influenced Jobs' design. In 2009, the Skunk Works was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum . Next generation optionally-manned U-2 aircraft. During September 2015 the proposed aircraft was deemed to have developed into more of

1333-464: The new fighter including a significant structural revolution in which the aluminum skin of the aircraft was joggled , fitted and flush-riveted, a design innovation not called for in the army's specification but one that would yield less aerodynamic drag and give greater strength with lower mass. As a result, the XP-38 was the first 400-mph fighter in the world. The Lightning team was temporarily moved to

Lockheed Martin X-56 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1376-542: The origin earlier, in 1939. The official Lockheed Skunk Works story states: The Air Tactical Service Command (ATSC) of the Army Air Force met with Lockheed Aircraft Corporation to express its need for a jet fighter. A rapidly growing German jet threat gave Lockheed an opportunity to develop an airframe around the most powerful jet engine that the allied forces had access to, the British Goblin . Lockheed

1419-759: The prototype Vampire. Allis-Chalmers was selected to produce the engine in the US as the J36 , but ran into lengthy delays. Instead, the Allison J33 , developed by General Electric as the I-40 (their greatly improved 4,000 lbf (18 kN) version of the J31 , itself based on Whittle's W.1 ), was selected for the production P-80A. Goblin engines are preserved and on display at several museums including: As of June 2011, two Goblin-powered de Havilland Vampires remain airworthy on

1462-528: The pungent smell of the cannabis flower). Lockheed Martin claimed the company registered the domain in order to disrupt its business and that consumer confusion might result. The respondent company argued that Lockheed "used its size, resources and financial position to employ 'bullyboy' tactics against... a very small company." In Australia, the trademark for use of the name "Skunkworks" is held by Perth-based television accessory manufacturer The Novita Group Pty Ltd. Lockheed Martin formally registered opposition to

1505-441: The rest of Lockheed was busy tooling up to build Hudson reconnaissance bombers to fill a British contract, a small group of engineers was assigned to fabricate the first prototype of what would become the P-38 Lightning . Kelly Johnson set them apart from the rest of the factory in a walled-off section of one building, off limits to all but those involved directly. Secretly, a number of advanced features were being incorporated into

1548-599: The spare engine intended as a backup for the one installed in the Vampire prototype ) was sent to the United States , where it was selected to become the primary engine of the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star . This engine was fitted to the prototype P-80, which first flew on 9 January 1944. The engine was later accidentally destroyed in ground testing, and was replaced by the only remaining H-1 from

1591-577: The toxic fumes of the concentrated "skonk oil", which was brewed and barreled daily by "Big Barnsmell" (known as the lonely "inside man" at the Skonk Works), by grinding dead skunks and worn shoes into a smoldering still , for some mysterious, unspecified purpose. In mid-1939 when Lockheed was expanding rapidly, the YP-38 project was moved a few blocks away to the newly purchased 3G Distillery, also known as Three G or GGG Distillery. Lockheed took over

1634-536: Was chosen to develop the jet because of its past interest in jet development and its previous contracts with the Air Force. One month after the ATSC and Lockheed meeting, the young engineer Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson and other associate engineers hand delivered the initial XP-80 proposal to the ATSC. Two days later the go-ahead was given to Lockheed to start development and the Skunk Works was born, with Kelly Johnson at

1677-632: Was largely dominated by the Soviet Union, so the CIA used several shell corporations to acquire source material.) Several years later, the U.S. Air Force became interested in the design, and it ordered the SR-71 Blackbird , a two-seater version of the A-12. This aircraft first flew in 1966 and remained in service until 1998. The D-21 drone , similar in design to the Blackbird, was built to overfly

1720-472: Was later scaled up as the larger de Havilland Ghost , with the model numbers continuing from the last marks of the Goblin. Design of the engine was carried out by Frank Halford at his London consulting firm starting in April 1941. It was based on the overall design pattern pioneered by Frank Whittle , using a centrifugal compressor providing compressed air to sixteen individual combustion chambers, from which

1763-438: Was located adjacent to a malodorous plastics factory. According to Ben Rich’s memoir, an engineer jokingly showed up to work one day wearing a Civil Defense gas mask. To comment on the smell and the secrecy the project entailed, another engineer, Irv Culver , referred to the facility as "Skonk Works". As the development was very secret, the employees were told to be careful even with how they answered phone calls. One day, when

Lockheed Martin X-56 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1806-482: Was shot down during a mission on May 1, 1960, while over Russia. The Skunk Works had predicted that the U-2 would have a limited operational life over the Soviet Union. The CIA agreed. In late 1959, Skunk Works received a contract to build five A-12 aircraft at a cost of $ 96 million. Building a Mach 3.0+ aircraft out of titanium posed enormous difficulties, and the first flight did not occur until 1962. (Titanium supply

1849-408: Was where Kickapoo Joy Juice was brewed from skunks, old shoes, kerosene, anvils, and other strange ingredients. When the name leaked out, Lockheed ordered it changed to "Skunk Works" to avoid potential legal trouble over use of a copyrighted term. The term rapidly circulated throughout the aerospace community, and became a common nickname for research and development offices. The once informal nickname

#793206