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38-459: Castelvetro was born into a noble family of Modena. He was carefully educated, attended the universities of Bologna , Ferrara , Padua , and Siena - in that order - and to please his father took the degree of Doctor of Laws at Siena. Poor health compelled him to retire to Modena, where he became an active encourager of literature. In 1553 began his bitter quarrel with Annibale Caro , arising out of Castelvetro's criticism of Caro's canzone : Venite

76-535: A l'ombra de gran gigli d'oro ; in the course of this controversy each was charged with attempting to get the other murdered. The Roman inquisition became a force in Modena during the papacy of Pope Paul IV , who opposed the softer policy exercised by Bishop Foscarari and his patron, Cardinal Giovanni Morone . Foscarari had not favored the persecution of individuals like Agostino Gadaldino, Bonifacio and Filippo Valentini and Castelvetro. Already in 1542 Castelvetro, with

114-636: A university. In 1477, when Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull , authorizing the creation of Uppsala University in Sweden, the bull specified that the new university would have the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna—a highly desirable situation for the Swedish scholars. This included the right of Uppsala to establish the four traditional faculties of theology , law ( Canon Law and Roman law ), medicine, and philosophy, and to award

152-607: A wide range of notable alumni, amongst them a large number of Italian scientists, prime ministers, supreme court judges, and priests. The University of Bologna has campuses in Cesena , Forlì , Ravenna and Rimini as well as branch centres abroad in Buenos Aires , New York , Brussels , and Shanghai . It houses the fully funded boarding college Collegio Superiore di Bologna, the Bologna School of Advanced Studies,

190-539: Is a commentary on the Italian poems of Petrarch : Le Rime del Petrarca brevemente sposte , Basel, 1582. University of Bologna The University of Bologna ( Italian : Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna , abbreviated Unibo ) is a public research university in Bologna , Italy. Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as guilds of students ( universitas scholarium ) by

228-461: Is an excellence institution inside the University of Bologna, aimed at promoting students' merit through dedicated learning programmes. The institution was founded in 1998 as Collegio d'Eccellenza . Together with the Institute for Advanced Study it is part of the Institute for Higher Study. The Collegio Superiore offers an additional educational path to students enrolled in a degree programme at

266-490: The botanical gardens of Bologna , a large number of museums, libraries and archeological collections, as well as the Bologna University Press . The date of the University of Bologna's founding is uncertain. The university was granted a charter ( Authentica habita ) by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced

304-482: The commune of Bologna in northern Italy in 1209; her parents, Amadore Gozzadini and Adelasia de' Pegolotti, were of the nobility . Gozzadini studied philosophy, and then studied law under Giacomo Baldavino and Tancred of Bologna at the Studium of Bologna , where she also received encouragement from Odofredo . As a young woman, she dressed as a man; it is not known whether this was because of social pressures or

342-491: The comune of Budrio to the east of Bologna. There was general mourning in the city and the schools were closed. Her funeral was held at the church of the Padri Serviti . Gozzadini is thought to be the first woman to have taught at a university. Her later fame as a lawyer might have been prompted by an historical defense of the female doctorate written by Alessandro Macchiavelli in the 18th century. Macchiavelli

380-514: The " Laurea " one may attain first-level Master (one-year diploma, similar to a postgraduate diploma). After second-level degrees are attained, one may proceed to second-level Master, specialisation schools (residency) or research doctorates (PhD). The 11 Schools (which replace the existing 23 faculties) are: The university is structured in 33 departments (66 until 2012), organized by homogeneous research domains that integrate activities related to one or more faculty. A new department of Latin history

418-583: The 1180s." The university arose around mutual aid societies (known as universitates scholarium ) of foreign students called " nations " (as they were grouped by nationality) for protection against city laws which imposed collective punishment on foreigners for the crimes and debts of their countrymen. These students then hired scholars from the city's pre-existing lay and ecclesiastical schools to teach them subjects such as liberal arts, notarial law, theology, and ars dictaminis ( scrivenery ). The lectures were given in informal schools called scholae . In time

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456-579: The European Community. Nowadays the university offers 101 different " Laurea " or " Laurea breve " first-level degrees (three years of courses), followed by 108 " Laurea specialistica " or " Laurea magistrale " second-level degrees (two years). However 11 other courses have maintained the previous rules of " Laurea specialistica a ciclo unico " or " Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico ", with only one cycle of study of five years, except for medicine and dentistry, which require six years of courses. After

494-529: The Italian Center for Social Investment Studies , for the 14th year in a row. [REDACTED] Bettisia Gozzadini Bettisia Gozzadini also known as Bitisia Biltisia and Beatrix (1209 – 2 November 1261), was a Bolognese jurist who lectured at the University of Bologna from about 1239. She is thought to be the first woman to have taught at a university. Gozzadini was born in

532-573: The University of Bologna on 17 April 1732. In 1732, Bassi, aged twenty, publicly defended her forty-nine theses on Philosophica Studia at the Sala degli Anziani of the Palazzo Pubblico . The University of Bologna awarded her a doctorate degree on 12 May. She became the first woman to receive a doctorate in science, and the second woman in the world to earn a philosophy doctorate after Elena Cornaro Piscopia in 1678, fifty-four years prior. She

570-560: The University of Bologna, providing specialized courses as part of an interdisciplinary framework. All students of the Collegio Superiore are granted a full-ride scholarship and additional benefits such as the assistance of a personal tutor and free accommodation at the Residence for Higher Study. In order to remain members of the Collegio Superiore students are required to maintain high marks in both their degree programme and

608-564: The Vulgar Language and commented on") was called the most famous Italian Renaissance commentary on Aristotle's Poetics. His Giunta, a commentary on the Prose della volgar lingua by Pietro Bembo , is one of the earlier texts on Italian grammar, and linguistics in general; his contemporaries objected to him that his theories were a little too philosophical for their time. After Castelvetro's Poetics (Vienna, 1570) his best-known work

646-505: The additional courses. Beatrice Fraboni, professor of Physics of Matter, has been head of Collegio Superiore since 2019. Notable former faculty include: The 2024 QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Bologna 154th in the world as well as 73rd (1st in Italy, 18th in Europe) with specific reference to academic reputation. In another measurement by the same organization, it

684-500: The bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees. Laura Bassi was born into a prosperous family of Bologna and was privately educated from the age of five. Bassi's education and intellect was noticed by Prospero Lorenzini Lambertini, who became the Archbishop of Bologna in 1731 (later Pope Benedict XIV ). Lambertini became the official patron of Bassi. He arranged for a public debate between Bassi and four professors from

722-532: The decision was likely not to favor him, he made his escape from detention, and by night fled from Rome. He found a haven at Chiavenna . Together with his brother Giovanni Maria, who thus suffered for aiding his escape, Castelvetro was condemned and excommunicated as a hardened heretic (1561). Later he applied for permission to present himself to the Council of Trent for justification; the pope required him to come to Rome. Instead Castelvetro withdrew to Lyon . He

760-454: The first woman to earn a university degree and teach at a university, Bettisia Gozzadini , and the first woman to earn both a doctorate in science and a salaried position as a university professor, Laura Bassi . The University of Bologna has had a central role in the sciences during the medieval age and the Italian renaissance, where it housed and educated Nicholas Copernicus as well as numerous other renaissance mathematicians. It has educated

798-402: The founding of the university back to 1088, which would make it the oldest continuously operating university in the world. However, the development of the institution at Bologna into a university was a gradual process. Paul Grendler writes that "it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit the term university before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before

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836-477: The institution, with the most important decisions requiring a majority vote from all the students to ratify. The professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by the end of the semester. A student committee, the "Denouncers of Professors", kept tabs on them and reported any misbehavior. Professors themselves were not powerless, however, forming collegia doctorum (professors’ committees) in each faculty, and securing

874-459: The late 12th century, it is the oldest university in continuous operation in the world , and the first degree-awarding institution of higher learning. The university's emblem carries the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum ("Nourishing mother of studies"), and the date A.D. 1088 . With over 90,000 students, the University of Bologna is one of the largest universities in Europe . The university saw

912-523: The rest of the Academy of Modena, had been obliged to sign a formulary protesting orthodoxy in matters of faith. In 1557 the persecution was renewed. Castelvetro is thought to have taken refuge in Ferrarese territory . At any rate he soon appeared at Rome for the purpose of clearing himself. He was specifically charged with having translated a work of Melanchthon . After several examinations, learning that

950-542: The review. In 1954, the il Mulino publishing house (It. Società editrice il Mulino ) was founded, which today represents one of the most relevant Italian publishers. In addition to this were initiated research projects (focusing mostly on the educational institutions and the political system in Italy), that eventually led, in 1964, to the establishment of the Istituto Carlo Cattaneo. The Collegio Superiore

988-536: The rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually, the city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues and making it a chartered public university . The university is historically notable for its teaching of canon and civil law ; indeed, it was set up in large part with the aim of studying the Digest , a central text in Roman law , which had been rediscovered in Italy in 1070, and

1026-415: The university was central in the development of medieval Roman law . Until modern times, the only degree granted at that university was the doctorate. Bettisia Gozzadini earned a law degree in 1237, being one of the first women in history to obtain a university degree. She taught law from her own home for two years, and in 1239 she taught at the university, becoming the first woman in history to teach at

1064-464: The various universitates scholarium decided to form a larger association, or Studium —thus, the university. The Studium grew to have a strong position of collective bargaining with the city, since by then it derived significant revenue through visiting foreign students, who would depart if they were not well treated. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment

1102-509: Was a noted orator , and on 31 May 1242 she gave the oration at the funeral of the Bishop of Bologna , Enrico della Fratta . Gozzadini died with two other women and four students on 2 November 1261, when flooding of the Idice caused the collapse of the house where they had taken refuge after fleeing from her villa on the river between Mezzolara  [ it ] and Riccardina , now in

1140-473: Was added in 2015. The 33 departments are: In the early 1950s, some students of the University of Bologna were among the founders of the review "il Mulino". On 25 April 1951 the first issue of the review was published in Bologna. In a short time, "il Mulino" became one of the most interesting reference points in Italy for the political and cultural debate and established important editorial relationships in Italy and abroad. Editorial activities evolved along with

1178-512: Was by then popularly known as Bolognese Minerva . On 29 October 1732, the Senate and the University of Bologna granted Bassi's candidature, and in December she was appointed professor of natural philosophy to teach physics. She became the first salaried woman lecturer in the world, thus beginning her academic career. She was also the first woman member of any scientific establishment, when she

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1216-692: Was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1732. Bassi became the most important populariser of Newtonian mechanics in Italy. In 1971, the Graecist Benedetto Marzullo in company with Umberto Eco , Renato Barilli, Adelio Ferrero. instituted within the Faculty of Letters and Arts the DAMS ( acronym of discipline delle arti, della musica e dello spettacolo , "Dicipline of Arts , Musics and Performance "). It

1254-426: Was ended. There was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at the university. By the initiation or threat of a student strike , the students could enforce their demands as to the content of courses and the pay professors would receive. University professors were hired, fired, and had their pay determined by an elected council of two representatives from every student "nation" which governed

1292-489: Was from personal choice. She graduated from the university in 1237, and for two years taught law at her home. She was offered chair at the Studium, which she at first declined but later accepted. According to legend, she had to wear a veil when teaching, to avoid distraction to her students; however, the same legend is also attached to Novella d'Andrea , and it is not known which – if either – it belongs to. Gozzadini

1330-621: Was known to fill in the gaps of his knowledge by fabricating stories about his subjects. A terracotta bust of her, one of a series of twelve representations of notable Bolognese women by the un-named "Scultore di Casa Fibbia", dates from the late seventeenth century. It was originally in the Salone d'Onore of Palazzo Fibbia Fabbri – now Palazzo Masetti Calzolari – and is now in the Museo della Storia di Bologna in Palazzo Pepoli . Gozzadini

1368-534: Was now busy with his Commentary on Aristotle 's Poetics . At Lyon he was persecuted; his house was set on fire, on which occasion the scholar was only heard to cry: 'Save my Poetics !' He was obliged to leave Lyon. He went to Geneva , and then followed his brother to the Court of Maximilian II . The plague soon drove him from Vienna ; and he returned to Chiavenna, where he died. His Poetica d'Aristotele vulgarizzata e sposta ("The Poetics of Aristotle translated in

1406-549: Was positioned among the world's top 100 universities for graduate employability. In the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , it claimed the 155th place globally. In the 2023 THE Impact Rankings , which measure the universities' commitment to sustainable development in compliance with the UN 2030 Agenda , Bologna took 5th place in Europe and 23rd in the world. Furthermore, Bologna topped Italy's 2023 list of large public universities (> 40,000 students), produced by

1444-588: Was the first degree course of this type to be opened in Italy. Between December 26, 1982, and November 29, 1983, there occurred the DAMS murders (in Italian : Delitti del DAMS ), dealing with four victims who were students or professors of the DAMS: Angelo Fabbri (a brilliant student of Umberto Eco ), Liviana Rossi, the dancer Francesca Alinovi (who was stabbed for 47 times), and Leonarda Polvani. Higher education processes are being harmonised across

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