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81-997: Under the inspiration drawn from the book series specializing in publishing classical texts exclusively in the original languages, such as the Bibliotheca Teubneriana , established in 1849 or the Oxford Classical Texts book series, founded in 1894, the Loeb Classical Library was conceived and initially funded by the Jewish-German-American banker and philanthropist James Loeb (1867–1933). The first volumes were edited by Thomas Ethelbert Page , W. H. D. Rouse , and Edward Capps , and published by William Heinemann, Ltd. (London) in 1912, already in their distinctive green (for Greek text) and red (for Latin) hardcover bindings. Since then scores of new titles have been added, and

162-442: A brown cover. The Clay Sanskrit Library , bound in teal cloth, was also modeled on the Loeb Classical Library. As the command of Latin among generalist historians and archaeologists shrank in the course of the 20th century, professionals came increasingly to rely on these texts designed for amateurs. As Birgitta Hoffmann remarked in 2001 of Tacitus' Agricola , "Unfortunately the first thing that happens in bilingual versions like

243-543: A camel, but continued the journey, and was carried by litter to the top of the mountain. After supervising the start of the excavation, his condition worsened and he was rushed to Jerusalem with his wife to receive medical attention. In 1929, Lake approached John Winter Crowfoot of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem (BSAJ) about a joint excavation with some other institutions of Samaria , to complete

324-546: A dead past." "Something we all recognized in Kirsopp Lake," writes Adams, "was that he had the imagination of a Sherlock Holmes . He took an almost childlike interest in digging out alternative answers to historical questions [...] Students who thought themselves completely secularized and immune to any 'religious nonsense' attended his lectures and heard him publicly burrow down into the biblical concepts, taking as his point of departure something highly imaginative in one of

405-550: A full apparatus. Teubneriana is an abbreviation used to denote mainly a single volume of the series (fully: editio Teubneriana ), rarely the whole collection; correspondingly, Oxoniensis is used with reference to the Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis , mentioned above as Oxford Classical Texts . The only comparable publishing ventures producing authoritative scholarly reference editions of numerous ancient authors, are

486-472: A halo; we feel in our bones the passionate eagerness of Paul for better news from Corinth, the passionate relief when the good news arrives." The book brought the conclusions of the German history of religions school to the attention of English-speaking world for the first time, and all later New Testament study has been influenced by this book. True to the second component of his professorship, Lake produced

567-587: A lost opportunity, having been regrettably abandoned in favour of the "dull and lumpish" fount (Victor Scholderer's words) that is still the uniform of the series. Kenney referred to Bruno Snell 's Bacchylides edition of 1934; closely comparable is the Philodemus example illustrated here. A slightly less radical version of this font (notably without lunate sigma ) was used in some later Teubner editions (and in non-Teubner publications such as Rahlfs ' Septuaginta of 1935), and M. L. West 's recent edition of

648-600: A new edition of the Greek texts of the Apostolic Fathers , which in keeping with the series were furnished with a facing English translation and a short introduction. The finished work was issued in two volumes, Nos. 24 and 25, published in 1912 and 1913. Also during this time he travelled to the Imperial Library of St. Petersburg together with his first wife Helen during the summer of 1908 and photographed

729-658: A number of works on early Christian literature. He was a member of a special committee of the Oxford Society of Historical Theology charged with investigating the text of the New Testament as it has been preserved in the Apostolic Fathers . His specific responsibility was the Didache and the results of his investigations were published in 1905. For the Loeb Classical Library series he prepared

810-475: A position he held until his retirement in 1938. Perhaps their most significant project was a magnificent series of ten large albums of facsimiles entitled Dated Greek Minuscule Manuscripts to the Year 1200 (1934–39). These portfolios of reproductions were organised by location and contained photographic specimens of some 400 manuscripts. These were important publications, for they encouraged scholars to look beyond

891-481: A retirement from reality." His grandson Anthony Lake is a diplomat who held high US federal government positions including as National Security Advisor under U.S. President Bill Clinton . Lake died of arteriosclerotic heart failure at his home in South Pasadena, California on 10 November 1946. He is buried at Glen Haven Memorial Park, San Fernando, California. Journals will be shortened according to

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972-688: A similar format. The I Tatti Renaissance Library presents key Renaissance works in Latin with a facing English translation; it is bound similarly to the Loeb Classics, but in a larger format and with blue covers. A third series, the Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library , was introduced in 2010 covering works in Byzantine Greek, Medieval Latin, and Old English. Volumes have the same format as the I Tatti series, but with

1053-570: Is being exclusively published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG. As of 1 May 2007, the new North American distributor of titles from the Bibliotheca Teubneriana is Walter de Gruyter, Inc. While the typography of the Greek Teubners has been subject to innovations over the years, an overview of the whole series shows a great deal of consistency. The old-fashioned, cursive font used (with small variations) in most of

1134-569: Is important in Greek and Latin literature." The Loeb Library serves as a model to be emulated for: The listings of Loeb volumes at online bookstores and library catalogues vary considerably and are often best navigated via ISBNs . (edited by Bart Ehrman , replacing Kirsopp Lake 's edition) Bibliotheca Teubneriana The Bibliotheca Teubneriana , or Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana , also known as Teubner editions of Greek and Latin texts, comprise one of

1215-516: Is not completely closed, and phi with a bent stem. Teubner used an upright type, designed to match the original cursive type, in some editions. In the example shown, the cursive type is still used in the critical apparatus. In other editions (for example, Aristotelis Athenaion politeia, ed. M. Chambers, Leipzig, 1986), this upright font is used throughout. Beginning in the 1990s, the digital production of books has been marked by new digital fonts, sometimes based on Teubner's older traditions. In

1296-525: Is one of the best books on the New Testament that has ever been written in the English language. This is the way it ought to be done. Under Lake's skillful guidance, we feel ourselves one with those new and struggling groups of Christians, in all the perplexities of trying to discover what it means to be a Christian in a non-Christian world. And there is the Apostle, so very much in working clothes and without

1377-533: The Iliad uses a digital font that seems closer to this type than to the main Teubner tradition. Kirsopp Lake Kirsopp Lake (7 April 1872 – 10 November 1946) was an English New Testament scholar , Church historian , Greek palaeographer , and Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard Divinity School . He had an uncommon breadth of interests. His main lines of research were

1458-814: The Ingersoll lecturer at Harvard University in 1922; the Ichabod Spencer Lecturer at Union College , Schenectady in 1923; and Flexner Lecturer at Bryn Mawr College in 1932. Lake served as president of the Society of Biblical Literature for two terms, 1941–42. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , a corresponding member of the Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften , and in 1941 honorary fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford . At Harvard, he

1539-701: The Leipzig publishing house of B.G. Teubner (its imprint , in Latin, in aedibus B.G. Teubneri ). The volumes of the Bibliotheca Teubneriana began to appear in 1849. Although today Teubner editions are relatively expensive, they were originally introduced to fill the need, then unmet, for low-priced but high-quality editions. Prior to the introduction of the Teubner series, accurate editions of antique authors could only be purchased by libraries and rich private scholars because of their expense. Students and other individuals of modest means had to rely on editions which were affordable but also filled with errors. To satisfy

1620-591: The Loeb Classical Library . He is best known for his massive five-volume work The Beginnings of Christianity —an edition, translation, commentary, and study of the Acts of the Apostles —that he conceived and edited with F. J. Foakes-Jackson , and for the ten-volume series of Dated Greek Manuscripts to the year 1200 —edited with his second wife, Silva New , one of the leading repertoires of facsimiles of Greek manuscripts. He also published works about Italian monasteries,

1701-558: The Oxford Classical Texts and the Collection Budé (whose volumes also include facing-page French translations with notes; the Loeb Classical Library , with facing-page English translations and notes, aims at a more general audience). In 1811, Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner (1784–1856) refounded in his own name a printing operation he had directed since 1806, the Weinedelsche Buchdruckerei , giving rise to

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1782-425: The history of early Christianity , textual criticism of the New Testament, and Greek palaeography , in which fields he published definitive monographs. He also studied the historical figure of Jesus and wrote about theology and archaeology (especially in his later life). He edited and translated a two-volume anthology of ancient Christian literature and the first five books of Eusebius ' Church History for

1863-519: The 1990s, individual editions of Euripides' tragedies were digitally typeset in a font apparently based on the original Teubner cursive. There have also been recent innovations in upright type. One of these, which may be seen in Bernabé's edition of the Orphica , seems likely to be the current standard for new Teubners from K.G. Saur. Some Teubner Greek editions made a bold typographic departure from

1944-459: The Bibliotheca Teubneriana. After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany , B.G. Teubner was also reunited (B. G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft mbH) and subsequently consolidated its headquarters at Wiesbaden . In late 1999, B.G. Teubner Verlag announced their intention to concentrate on scientific and technical publishing. All their Classical Studies titles, including

2025-528: The Biblotheca Teubneriana, were sold to K.G. Saur , a publisher based in Munich . Although new volumes began to appear with the imprint in aedibus K.G. Saur , the name of the series remained unchanged. In 2006, the publishing firm of Walter de Gruyter acquired K.G. Saur and their entire publishing range, including the Bibliotheca Teubneriana. Since January 2007, the Bibliotheca Teubneriana

2106-512: The Church, but to apply and to expand them, because we see that in the end they are true so long as you do not limit them." The most famous of the conferences was the one held at Girton College, Cambridge , 8–15 August 1921. Its subject was "Christ and the Creeds" and it was planned as a response to Lake's publication of the first volume of The Beginnings of Christianity . Lake did not attend, so it

2187-479: The Egyptologist Alan H. Gardiner who suggested that on their return they might stop by Serabit el-Khadim , which was in the neighbourhood of the monastery, and attempt to locate a number of previously noticed inscriptions in a Proto-Sinaitic script . As Lake remarked in his account of the adventure: "'in the neighborhood' is a relative matter, for, stated in terms of time instead of space, the monastery

2268-548: The English Bible, familiarly known as "English 35". When he taught the course for the first time in 1914, the course had less than 40 students, whereas his final year there were over 250—a "625 per cent increase," as the Harvard Crimson touted when announcing his final lecture would be 16 December 1937. His book An Introduction to the New Testament (1937) is a "skeleton of the course." However, "it does not give

2349-603: The Exegesis of the New Testament." At the close of the lecture he looked his students in the face. "I am very sorry," he said, "that for a few months I shall be handicapped by my inability to use your language, but I hope that by next September I shall be in a position to lecture in Dutch , at least partially, even though it may be necessary to apologize for frequent solecisms, and for an imperfect pronunciation." He kept his promise and quickly learned to lecture in Dutch . The lecture

2430-541: The Loebs is that most of this apparatus vanishes and, if you use a translation, there is usually no way of knowing that there were problems with the text in the first place." In 2014, the Loeb Classical Library Foundation and Harvard University Press launched the digital Loeb Classical Library, described as "an interconnected, fully searchable, perpetually growing, virtual library of all that

2511-730: The Master of Trinity, Henry Montagu Butler , and the choice in consequence fell on the other candidate Frederick Tennant. Again, in early 1914 some of his friends sought to secure his appointment to a canonry in Westminster Abbey , but the Prime Minister H. H. Asquith , having read Lake's Historical Evidence , decided that he could not nominate him. As his friend H. D. A. Major explained, Lake "would gladly have remained in England. But his intellectual originality combined with

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2592-645: The New Testament during his time in Leiden: The Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ (1907) and The Earlier Epistles of St. Paul: Their Motive and Origin (1911). As Metzger explains: "These studies, particularly the latter, revealed Lake's ability to analyze and evaluate complex historical and literary data and to set forth scholarly reconstructions with clarity and a certain persuasiveness." In Historical Evidence Lake sets forth his approach: "The first task of

2673-648: The South to improve his health. He earned his M.A. in 1897 and from that year to 1904 he served as curate of St. Mary the Virgin, Oxford , a much more academic atmosphere. During these years, to supplement his income, he also took a job cataloguing Greek manuscripts in the Bodleian Library . That activity aroused in him an interest in the Synoptic problem and matters of New Testament textual criticism, and saw

2754-856: The Turkish government to make the expedition. He told the press that until 1937, "the savage tribes of Turkish Armenia, the Kurds, have not been sufficiently pacified for the government to recommend the trip." Details of the expedition were published in 1939. In addition to the Lowell Lectures, which he delivered at the Lowell Institute and King's Chapel in Boston in 1913, Lake was the Haskell Lecturer at Oberlin College in 1919;

2835-423: The advancement of liberal religious thought. He and Foakes-Jackson lent their support to H. D. A. Major in organising a conference of Modern Churchmen (which continues till this day). The first was held at Ripon , Yorkshire, 3–6 July 1914. Foakes-Jackson and Lake delivered an attack on Liberal Protestantism. Lake said that the task of the liberal Christian is "not to go back upon the inherited Catholic doctrines of

2916-560: The decay of Christian theology.'" In line with these new interests and activities, Lake accepted an offer in 1903 to become professor (ordinarius) of New Testament exegesis and early Christian literature at the Leiden University , the oldest university in the Netherlands . He taught there for ten years, from 1904 until 1914. His inaugural lecture, which he delivered in English, was on "The Influence of Textual Criticism on

2997-407: The driving forces in establishing The Harvard Lodge A.F. & A.M., the first academic Masonic Lodge in the country, on 18 May 1922 and served as chaplain. Lake's recreations were golf, chess, and croquet. Lake's daughter Agnes Kirsopp Lake Michels was a noted classical scholar. In later years she reflected on the impact he had on her life: "my general interests should be attributed mainly to

3078-509: The earlier work of Harvard's George A. Reisner . The new dig began in 1931 and Lake was there for four seasons (1931–34), accompanied again by Silva and Blake. The joint team also included Eleazar Sukenik from Hebrew University and Kathleen Kenyon from the BSAJ. The excavation would yield many important results. As for accommodations in the camp, Kenyon reports that "although they had a hotel-trained Egyptian cook and Palestinian servants to do

3159-495: The earliest translations have been revised several times. In recent years, this has included the removal of bowdlerization from earlier editions, which often reversed the gender of the subjects of romantic interest to disguise homosexual references or (in the case of early editions of Longus 's Daphnis and Chloe ) translated sexually explicit passages from the Ancient Greek into Latin, rather than English. Since 1934,

3240-602: The exact elements in this synthesis? How was it effected?" (vol. i, p. vii). The undertaking began at Cambridge University in the form of a seminar, presided over by F. C. Burkitt . It "was largely attended by scholars of the most varied interests in the University, not only theological, but historical, classical, mathematical, and Oriental [...] Lake paid frequent visits from Leiden" and "the United States and Canada were not unrepresented" (vol. v, p. vii). The project

3321-604: The existing volumes is instantly recognized by classicists and strongly associated with Teubner. This type was in regular use at least from the 1870s to the 1970s, for verse and prose texts. In older (e.g., nineteenth-century) Teubners, several old-fashioned features of the type (almost crabbed by the Porsonian standard more familiar in the English-speaking world) are still found which would later be smoothed away, for example, omega with bent-in ends, medial sigma that

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3402-589: The fearlessness of his utterances—he was neither a 'safe man' nor a 'yes man'—proved detrimental to his promotion both in academic and ecclesiastical circles." In the fall of 1913 Lake travelled to the United States to lecture for a year at the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts and to deliver the Lowell Lectures in Boston . Just before he was to leave for Europe he

3483-443: The flesh put on that skeleton by the lecturer" (p. ix). It was of course that "flesh" which made the course so interesting, due to Lake's lively imagination and engaging wit. As he himself explains: "The most important thing in a teacher's life is not to impart the knowledge of facts—which can be found much better in books—but to encourage another generation to look steadfastly at the vision which it sees, and to face its own problems in

3564-445: The historical inquirer is to collect the pieces of evidence; the second is to discuss the trustworthiness and meaning of each separate piece; and the third is to reconstruct the events to which the evidence relates" (p. 6). As for the reconstruction, he explains: "In any such attempt it is desirable to remember that the reconstruction of an original tradition from forms of later dates and of divergent contents must be guided by exactly

3645-458: The influence of my father who was a New testament scholar with a classical education and a passionate love of beauty. He told me the stories of the classics and, long before I could understand them, read to me a strange assortment of Browning and the Bible; Swinburne , Tennyson , and Josephus . His attitude to his own work made me think of scholarship as the opening to a world of adventure, not as

3726-596: The library has been co-published with Harvard University . Profit from the editions continues to fund graduate student fellowships at Harvard University . The Loebs have only a minimal critical apparatus , when compared to other publications of the text. They are intended for the amateur reader of Greek or Latin, and are so nearly ubiquitous as to be instantly recognizable. In 1917 Virginia Woolf wrote (in The Times Literary Supplement ): The Loeb Library, with its Greek or Latin on one side of

3807-428: The light of that vision, controlled and guided by an understanding of what the past has done or not done" ( Paul, His Heritage and Legacy , 1934, p. xii). He seems to have been effective, for James Luther Adams , one of his students during 1924–27, recalls: "It was his characteristic interest to make historical figures come alive, so that we might see their significance today and not merely study them as so many items from

3888-430: The more well known manuscripts and realise the worth of encompassing a wide range of textual variants in any editing of the Greek text. Together they also founded in 1934 a series of monographs entitled Studies and Documents and contributed a valuable study in 1941 on Family 13 (The Ferrar Group) , another New Testament manuscript group. During his 23 years at Harvard, Lake continuously taught one very popular course,

3969-432: The most thorough modern collections published of ancient (and some medieval) Greco-Roman literature. The series consists of critical editions by leading scholars. They now always come with a full critical apparatus on each page, although during the nineteenth century there were editiones minores , published either without critical apparatuses or with abbreviated textual appendices, and editiones maiores , published with

4050-486: The need for accurate and affordable editions Teubner introduced the Bibliotheca Teubneriana. In the 19th century, Teubner offered both affordable editiones maiores (with a full critical apparatus) for scholars, and low-priced editiones minores (without critical apparatuses or with abbreviated textual appendices) for students. Eventually, editiones minores were dropped from the series and Teubner began to offer only scholarly reference editions of ancient authors. During

4131-415: The ordinary amateur they are very real and very great; and we shall do well to recognise the fact and to make up our minds that we shall never be independent of our Loeb. Harvard University assumed complete responsibility for the series in 1989 and in recent years four or five new or re-edited volumes have been published annually. In 2001, Harvard University Press began issuing a second series of books with

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4212-406: The page and its English on the other, came as a gift of freedom. ... The existence of the amateur was recognised by the publication of this Library, and to a great extent made respectable. ... The difficulty of Greek is not sufficiently dwelt upon, chiefly perhaps because the sirens who lure us to these perilous waters are generally scholars [who] have forgotten ... what those difficulties are. But for

4293-544: The parables, and then rise up to fly with it. The students used to call his courses 'Kirsopp's Fables.'" In later years, Lake became increasingly involved in archaeological expeditions. He had remarkable abilities as an organiser and an uncanny skill in finding the necessary money to fund his various undertakings. In the spring of 1927, with Robert P. Blake , he travelled to Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt to study biblical manuscripts. While passing through Cairo they met

4374-630: The period between the end of World War II and German reunification , the publishing house of B.G. Teubner split into two firms, Teubner KG (with Teubner Buch GmbH and Teubner Redaktions GmbH), later BSB  [ de ] B. G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft , in Leipzig in East Germany , and Verlag B. G. Teubner / BG Teubner GmbH in Stuttgart in West Germany . Both offered volumes in

4455-488: The publication of his first book, the very useful handbook The Text of the New Testament (1900). Some sixty years later Stephen Neill describes the 6th ed. (1928) as "still the best short introduction to New Testament textual criticism that exists in any language." It was most likely the influence exerted over him by F. C. Conybeare , Fellow of University College, Oxford , which was the main factor in Lake's development. It

4536-481: The same principle as is the reconstruction of an original text from a number of extant MSS. In each case the fundamental problem is the retracing of the line of development followed by the various authorities, and the solution depends chiefly on the ability to detect errors of transmission and to explain their existence" (p. 167). As for The Earlier Epistles , Neill writes: "I think that those of us who read Lake when we were young will be inclined to think that this

4617-423: The site, as well as the adjacent temple of Hathor in 1930 on an expedition led by him and Blake, this time accompanied by Silva (his future second wife), at the time a Guggenheim fellow, who would handle the photography. In the results of the expedition that were published in 1932, Lake described the camp: "It was not exactly luxurious, and on two days when it rained it was extremely uncomfortable, as we had to spend

4698-399: The story of the brawny pitman who, having rescued him from the attack of a drunken navvy from a neighbouring village and listened to his comments on the situation, said 'Mon, he's no much to look at, but has he no a bonny tongue?!'" After a year's service he was ordained priest (1896); however, he had further issues with his heart and decided to return to Oxford, to the less rigorous climate of

4779-571: The summers of 1899 and 1903 (and many thereafter) he undertook trips in search of manuscripts to the Greek monasteries on Mount Athos . He published (1903, 1905, 1907) editions of several manuscripts uncovered there, a catalogue of all the manuscripts inspected, and even a history of the monasteries themselves (1909). In 1902 he won the Arnold Essay Prize at Oxford University for his study "The Greek Monasteries in South Italy," which

4860-440: The teaching of others about him" (vol. ii, p. v). As it turned out they were never able to "return to the subject" and complete the project. "In sum," writes Baird, " The Beginnings of Christianity is a monumental work—the most extensive investigation of a NT book by English-speaking scholarship" (cf. vol. v, p. ix). During his early years at Harvard, Lake continued to be active with The Churchmen's Union , an Anglican society for

4941-704: The textual tradition of the New Testament, and the Caesarean text of the Gospel of Mark . Kirsopp Lake was born in Southampton , England, on 7 April 1872, the elder of two surviving children of George Anthony Kirsopp Lake, a physician, and Isabel Oke Clark. His father came from a family of Scottish origin and Kirsopp was the family name of the boy's paternal grandmother. He was educated at St Paul's School, London and then went up to Lincoln College, Oxford , matriculating in 1891. He attended as an Exhibitioner and

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5022-484: The tradition outlined above. E. J. Kenney considered this twentieth-century experiment to be a refreshing break from the Porsonian norm, and emblematic of the best kind of modernist simplicity and directness: More recently there has been a welcome and long overdue return to the older and purer models. The pleasing modification of M.E. Pinder's "Griechische Antiqua" used by Teubner in some of their editions represents

5103-552: The union; however, after 1927 he began to part company with English Modernism and in 1932 he wrote to have his name removed from the list of vice-presidents. In 1932 Lake's personal affairs produced quite a scandal. On 18 August 1932, Lake obtained a Reno divorce from his first wife Helen, whom he had been separated from for five years.<ref"> New York Times, 19 November 1932. </ref> Then, on 16 December 1932, he married his former student and collaborator Silva Tipple New (18 March 1898 – 30 April 1983). She

5184-681: The very important Codex Sinaiticus and then published in facsimile the New Testament along with the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas (1911) and the Old Testament (1922), following another visit to the library in 1913. These volumes were furnished with valuable introductions and were a marked improvement from the earlier editions of Tischendorf . In 1913 Lake was a favoured candidate for lecturer in theology at Trinity College, Cambridge , but word of his unorthodox views reached

5265-501: The washing, the expedition staff lived in tents, sleeping on camp beds" and "the social life of the dig consisted of having cocktails at the end of the day, playing bridge after dinner, and in 1933, listening to jazz records." In 1938–39, Lake along with Silva and Robert P. Casey from Brown University were allowed to conduct a small excavation of Van Fortress in Turkish Armenia. For 15 years he had been seeking permission from

5346-412: The whole time in the cave, in which it was impossible to stand upright except in a few spots. The cooking was shared by Professor Blake and Mrs. [Silva] New, and consisted chiefly of rice, with canned meat dissolved in tomato-sauce and curry-powder" ( HTR 25 [1932]: 98–99). A final trip was made in 1935; unfortunately, this time Lake was injured during the trip. He received internal injuries when bumped by

5427-443: Was 26 years his junior, married, with three children. They had one child John Anthony Kirsopp (b. 13 June 1928). At the time Silva was a professor of classics at Bryn Mawr , and an accomplished scholar in her own right. She would continue to collaborate with Lake for the rest of his life. The divorce caused such a stir that Lake was forced to resign the Winn chair on 28 September 1932 and became professor of history in Harvard College,

5508-549: Was Conybeare who initiated Lake into the mysteries and problems of New Testament palaeography and textual criticism. Lake's palaeographical interests led him in search of more manuscripts and in 1898 he undertook a trip to the libraries of Basel , Venice, and Rome. The fruits of that trip were published in Codex 1 of the Gospels and Its Allies (1902). Lake had discovered a textual family of New Testament manuscripts known as Family 1 (also known as Lake group ). To this family belong minuscules : 1 , 118 , 131 , and 209 . In

5589-496: Was about as far from Serabit as New York is from San Francisco." After a week's journey on camels they were able to locate the site and the inscriptions, as well as identify two additional inscriptions not previously known. "It is a pity that we could not identify the fragments more accurately," Lake noted, "but the temperature in the shade was over 115° Fahr., and the fragments were in the sun and almost too hot to touch" ( HTR 21 [1928]: 3–4, 5). Lake would return to further investigate

5670-420: Was also during these later years of his curacy that Lake "began to doubt the teachings of the church and to think in terms of history and exegesis rather than theology and parish difficulties." As his son reports, my father "has often said that the turning point in his belief in the church came when his Vicar suggested that prayers be said at Vespers for a Mr. Brown, since the doctor had just announced that there

5751-451: Was appointed to a Harvard chair becoming the Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History , which he held until 1932. From 1915 to 1919 he was also a lecturer in New Testament at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. While at Harvard Lake laboured to bring forth the monumental five volume work The Beginnings of Christianity . Beginnings was a project that had been conceived during conversations with F. J. Foakes-Jackson while Lake

5832-587: Was delicate and the church seemed to give the opportunity for a living and for some influence over the society that interested him." Following graduation Lake was ordained a deacon in the Church of England (1895) and served as curate in Lumley, Durham , where he preached to the pitmen and miners in that North Country mining district. "I do not believe that theology entered very much into his sermons," recalls his son, "but he did conduct The Mikado and he still tells

5913-504: Was left to Foakes-Jackson to defend their positions. He explained that he and Lake believed that the Jesus whom the early Church preached was not "a character of singular charm and beauty during his life on earth, but a Risen Saviour who was expected to come speedily to judge the quick and the dead." Liberal Protestants, he argued, were preaching a Christ who had no historical foundation. From 1915 to 1931 Lake served as one of vice-presidents of

5994-585: Was made an adopted member of the class of 1894. He received the honorary degrees of D.D. from the University of St Andrews (1911), Th.D. from Leiden University (1922), Litt.D. from the University of Michigan (1926), and PhD from Heidelberg University (1936). Also in 1936 he was awarded the Burkitt Medal for Biblical Studies from the British Academy . Lake was a mason and one of

6075-477: Was no hope for him. The story may be apocryphal but I think it is indicative of his point of view." His daughter Agnes, "in conversations, was less polite and oblique: 'Heresy' was her word, pronounced with glee and gusto." This type of thinking may have run in the family, for Lake told Alfred North Whitehead in 1922 that his father, the physician, "being asked late in life what had done the most in his lifetime to relieve human suffering, answered, 'Anaesthesia and

6156-401: Was offered a position at Harvard Divinity School , which he accepted. In the announcement of his hiring it was reported: "He comes when there is no definite gap to be filled, but merely because his eminent scholarship could add to the teaching strength of Harvard." From 1914 until 1919 he was professor of early Christian literature. Then in 1919, following the retirement of Ephraim Emerton , he

6237-405: Was published in 1904 and has proven to be a seminal study; though, as Elliott has noted: "It has taken nearly a century for his general thesis that textual variants must be used as an invaluable source for our study of the history of the church to bear fruit in a determined way." In addition to his inaugural lecture, Lake published two important books on historical and exegetical matters concerning

6318-560: Was published in four instalments in the Journal of Theological Studies, vols. 4 and 5. On 10 November 1903, he married Helen Courthope Forman (1874 – 22 October 1958), the daughter of Freda Gardiner and Sidney Mills Forman, a businessman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne , Northumberland. They had two children, Gerard Anthony Christian Kirsopp Lake (27 December 1904 – 3 September 1972) and Agnes Freda Isabel Kirsopp Lake (31 July 1909 – 3 November 1993). It

6399-727: Was still at the Leiden University , sometime before 1912 (vol. v, p. vii). It sought to investigate the view "that Christianity in the first century achieved a synthesis between the Greco-Oriental and the Jewish religions in the Roman Empire. The preaching of repentance, and of the Kingdom of God begun by Jesus passed into the sacramental cult of the Lord Jesus Christ. But the details are complex and obscure. What were

6480-483: Was the Skinners' Company's Scholar in 1893, finally graduating (B.A., 1895) with a second class in theology. He also attended Cuddesdon Theological College in 1895. He originally had intended to read law and to pursue a career in politics. However, an overdose of exercise, too soon after influenza, affected his heart and he was told by doctors that law and politics were out of the question. According to his son, "he

6561-420: Was to be a grand endeavour. The five volumes that were ultimately published only comprise "Part I". As they explain: "Before, however, attempting to reconstruct this history we believed it necessary to study Acts in the light of the results of modern criticism. [...] Later on we hope to return to the subject and reconsider the narrative of the life of Jesus, and the influence on the Church of his own teaching and of

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