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51-507: In 2002 Robert Woodruff replaced founder Robert Brustein as the A.R.T.'s artistic director. After Woodruff's departure in 2007, Associate Artistic Director Gideon Lester filled the position for the 2008/2009 season, and, in May 2008, Diane Paulus was named the new artistic director. Paulus, a Harvard alum, is widely known as a director of theater and opera. Her work includes The Donkey Show , which ran off-Broadway for six years; productions at

102-544: A 1963 New York City book release party, he responded "The real bombs are my books, not me". Much later in his life, he commented that "The United States is very good at understanding itself, and very bad at understanding others." The U.S. State Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation closely monitored Fuentes during the 1960s, purposefully delaying — and often denying — the author's visa applications. Fuentes' FBI file, released on June 20, 2013, reveals that

153-781: A Musical for its productions of Pippin (2013) and Gershwins' Porgy and Bess (2012), Best Musical for Once (2012), and Best Play All The Way (2014). The A.R.T. also received the Tony Award for Outstanding Regional Theater, the Pulitzer Prize, and multiple Elliot Norton and IRNE awards. Its premiere production of Death and the Powers: The Robots' Opera was a 2012 Pulitzer Prize finalist. Source: Source: Source: Source: Source: Source: Source: Source: Source: The A.R.T.'s 30th season, its first under Artistic Director Diane Paulus , eschewed

204-632: A New York conference and the 1971 imprisonment of poet Heberto Padilla by the Cuban government. The Guardian described him as accomplishing "the rare feat for a leftwing Latin American intellectual of adopting a critical attitude towards Fidel Castro's Cuba without being dismissed as a pawn of Washington." Fuentes also criticized Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez , dubbing him "a tropical Mussolini." Fuentes' last message on Twitter read, "There must be something beyond slaughter and barbarism to support

255-664: A certificate of completion from Harvard. Beginning with the graduating class of 2017, students have been granted a master of liberal arts degree through the Harvard Extension School . In July 2017, the U.S. Department of Education voiced concern over the worrisomely high debt-load of students completing the program. In response, the A.R.T. Institute announced a three-year pause in admissions, while it sought to improve student financial aid. It continues to negotiate with Harvard University about establishing an M.F.A. degree. OBERON , sometimes referred to as Club Oberon,

306-551: A master's degree in theater arts from San Francisco State University . He co-founded San Francisco's Eureka Theatre Company in 1972. In 1976 Woodruff established the Bay Area Playwrights Festival, a summer forum for the development of new plays that is still flourishing. It was here that Woodruff first worked with the writer Sam Shepard , on a libretto that Shepard had developed for the national bicentennial celebrations, The Sad Lament of Pecos Bill on

357-548: A national outcry in the U.S.; he later pointed to the event as the moment in which he began to understand himself as Mexican. In 1940, the Fuentes family was transferred to Santiago , Chile. There, he first became interested in socialism , which would become one of his lifelong passions, in part through his interest in the poetry of Pablo Neruda . He lived in Mexico for the first time at the age of 16, when he went to study law at

408-472: A pre-modern writer, using only pens, ink and paper. He asked, "Do words need anything else?" Fuentes said that he detested those authors who from the beginning claim to have a recipe for success. In a speech on his writing process, he related that when he began the writing process, he began by asking, "Who am I writing for?" Fuentes' first novel, Where the Air Is Clear ( La región más transparente ),

459-409: A technique critic Karen Hardy described as demonstrating "the complexities of a human or national personality". The novel is heavily influenced by Orson Welles ' Citizen Kane , and attempts literary parallels to Welles' techniques, including close-up , cross-cutting , deep focus , and flashback . Like Kane , the novel begins with the titular protagonist on his deathbed; the story of Cruz's life

510-475: A writer whose work and whose presence left a deep imprint". French President François Hollande called Fuentes "a great friend of our country" and stated that Fuentes had "defended with ardour a simple and dignified idea of humanity". Salman Rushdie tweeted "RIP Carlos my friend". Fuentes received a state funeral on May 16, with his funeral cortege briefly stopping traffic in Mexico City. The ceremony

561-600: Is a lengthy reflection on time. The plan for the cycle first appeared as a page in the Spanish edition of his satirical novel Christopher Unborn in 1987, and as a page in his subsequent books with minor revisions to the original plan. In 1992 he published The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World , an historical essay that attempts to cover the entire cultural history of Spain and Latin America. The book

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612-411: Is an autobiograpichal novel that portrays the actress Jean Seberg who Fuentes had a love affair with in the 1960s. It was followed by The Crystal Frontier , a novel in nine stories. In 1999 Fuentes published the novel The Years With Laura Diaz . A companion book to The Death of Artemio Cruz , the characters are from the same period, but the story is told by a woman exiled from her province after

663-459: Is the suspicion in Mexico that Fuentes merely uses Mexico as a theme, distorting it for a North American public, claiming credentials that he does not have." The essay, published in Octavio Paz 's magazine Vuelta , began a feud between Paz and Fuentes that lasted until Paz's death. Following Fuentes' death, however, Krauze described him to reporters as "one of the most brilliant writers of

714-577: Is then filled in by flashbacks as the novel moves between past and present. Cruz is a former soldier of the Mexican Revolution who has become wealthy and powerful through "violence, blackmail, bribery, and brutal exploitation of the workers". The novel explores the corrupting effects of power and criticizes the distortion of the revolutionaries' original aims through "class domination, Americanization, financial corruption, and failure of land reform". A prolific writer, Fuentes subsequent work in

765-592: The Chicago Opera Theatre ; and the Public Theater 's 2008 production of Hair , which won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical. American Repertory Theater was established at Harvard in 1979 as a permanent professional arts organization on campus that offered undergraduate courses in acting, directing, and dramaturgy , taught by professional members of the company with teaching experience. Robert Brustein served as artistic director of

816-946: The Habima Theatre in Israel and Toneelgroep Amsterdam in the Netherlands. His work has been seen at the Sydney Festival , The Los Angeles Olympic Arts Festival ( 1984 Summer Olympics ), The Edinburgh International Festival, The Hong Kong Festival of the Arts, The Jerusalem Festival and the Spoleto Festival USA . Opera premieres include The Sound of a Voice ( American Repertory Theatre ) and APPOMATTOX (San Francisco Opera) both by Philip Glass and Madame White Snake (Opera Boston, Beijing Music Festival) by Zhou Long (Pulitzer Prize Music 2010). He has taught at

867-939: The Magic Theatre in San Francisco and then in New York, and the touring productions of Tongues and Savage/Love , which Shepard co-authored with the performer Joseph Chaikin . Woodruff has directed plays performed at Lincoln Center Theater , the New York Shakespeare Festival , the Brooklyn Academy of Music , the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, and The Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. Internationally he has created productions at

918-781: The Moscow Art Theatre School . The current artistic director, Diane Paulus, has focused on expanding the boundaries of traditional theater by transforming the ways in which work is developed, programmed, produced, and contextualized in order to allow the audience to participate, thereby making the experience more interactive. Productions such as Sleep No More , The Donkey Show , Gatz , The Blue Flower , Prometheus Bound , Gershwin's Porgy and Bess , Wild Swans , and Pippin have engaged audiences in unique theatrical experiences through physical interaction and unconventional staging. The theater's productions have garnered eighteen Tony Awards, including Best Revival of

969-691: The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in Mexico City with an eye toward a diplomatic career. During this time, he also began working at the daily newspaper Hoy and writing short stories. He later attended the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. In 1957, Fuentes was named head of cultural relations at the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs . The following year, he published Where

1020-607: The University of California campuses at San Diego and Santa Barbara , New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts and Columbia University . In 2002, Woodruff succeeded Robert Brustein as the artistic director of the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Woordruff left in 2007 when his contract was not renewed because of concerns that Woodruff's artistic approach would affect

1071-735: The Zapatista rebels in Chiapas . Fuentes was also critical of U.S. foreign policy, including Ronald Reagan 's opposition to the Sandinistas , George W. Bush 's anti-terrorism tactics, U.S. immigration policy, and the role of the U.S. in the Mexican Drug War . His politics caused him to be blocked from entering the United States until a Congressional intervention in 1967. Once, after being denied permission to travel to

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1122-733: The 1960s and '70s", while The Guardian called him "Mexico's most celebrated novelist". His many literary honors include the Miguel de Cervantes Prize as well as Mexico's highest award, the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor ( 1999 ). He was often named as a likely candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature , though he never won. Fuentes was born in Panama City , the son of Berta Macías and Rafael Fuentes,

1173-419: The 1960s include the novel Aura (1962), the short story collection Cantar de Ciego (1966), the novella Zona Sagrada (1967) and A Change of Skin (1967), an ambitious novel that attempts to define a collective Mexican consciousness by exploring and reinterpreting the country's myths. Fuentes' 1975 Terra Nostra , perhaps his most ambitious novel, is described as a "massive, Byzantine work" that tells

1224-481: The 1980s in a disagreement over the Sandinistas , whom Fuentes supported. In 1988, Paz's magazine Vuelta carried an attack by Enrique Krauze on the legitimacy of Fuentes' Mexican identity, opening a feud between Paz and Fuentes that lasted until Paz's 1998 death. In 1989, he was the subject of a full-length PBS television documentary, "Crossing Borders: The Journey of Carlos Fuentes," which also aired in Europe and

1275-523: The 20th Century". The Los Angeles Times described Fuentes' politics as "moderate liberal", noting that he criticized "the excesses of both the left and the right". Fuentes was a long-standing critic of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) government that ruled Mexico between 1929 and the election of Vicente Fox in 2000, and later of Mexico's inability to reduce drug violence. He has expressed his sympathies with

1326-604: The A.R.T. founded the Institute for Advanced Theater Training , a five-semester professional training program which includes a three-month period working and training at the Moscow Art Theatre School in Russia . The program provides training for graduate-level actors, dramaturgs , and voice students. From 1999 until 2016, this joint program conferred an M.F.A. from the Moscow Art Theatre School, along with

1377-1226: The Air Is Clear , which immediately made him a "national celebrity" and allowed him to leave his diplomatic post to write full-time. In 1959, he moved to Havana in the wake of the Cuban Revolution , where he wrote pro-Castro articles and essays. The same year, he married Mexican actress Rita Macedo . Considered "dashingly handsome", Fuentes also had high-profile affairs with actresses Jeanne Moreau and Jean Seberg , who inspired his novel Diana: The Goddess Who Hunts Alone . His second marriage, to journalist Silvia Lemus , lasted until his death. Fuentes served as Mexico's ambassador to France from 1975 to 1977, resigning in protest of former President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 's appointment as ambassador to Spain. He also taught at Cambridge , Brown , Princeton , Harvard , Columbia , University of Pennsylvania , Dartmouth , and Cornell . His friends included Luis Buñuel , William Styron , Friedrich Dürrenmatt , and sociologist C. Wright Mills , to whom he dedicated his book The Death of Artemio Cruz . Once good friends with Nobel -winning Mexican poet Octavio Paz , Fuentes became estranged from him in

1428-690: The Eve of Killing His Wife . The thirty-three-year-old playwright was still better known in London than the States, and his collaborations with Woodruff marked a turning point in both men's careers. For the next five years Woodruff was virtually the sole director of Shepard's work, staging the American premiere of Curse of the Starving Class at the New York Shakespeare Festival in 1978, the world premieres of Buried Child (1978) and True West (1980) at

1479-564: The FBI's upper echelons were interested in Fuentes’ movements, because of the writer's suspected communist-leanings and criticism of the Vietnam War. Long-time FBI Associate Director Clyde Tolson was copied on several updates about Fuentes. Initially a supporter of Fidel Castro 's Cuban Revolution , Fuentes turned against Castro after being branded a "traitor" to Cuba in 1965 for attending

1530-615: The First Parish in Cambridge at Zero Church Street, as a flexible venue. In May, 2015 the A.R.T. staged an opera premiere at the Schubert Theater in Boston, their first use of that venue. Robert Woodruff (director) Robert Woodruff (born 1947) is an American theater director . Woodruff graduated Phi Beta Kappa and magna cum laude from the University at Buffalo with a B.A. in political science . He has

1581-429: The U.S. and worldwide in 21 cities in 16 countries on four continents. It continues to be a training ground for young artists, with the artistic staff teaching undergraduate classes in acting, directing, dramatic literature, dramaturgy, voice, and design. In 1987, the A.R.T. founded the Institute for Advanced Theater Training at Harvard, which offers a five-semester M.F.A. graduate program that operates in conjunction with

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1632-535: The deed to an estate where he once worked as a servant rather than follow the goals of the revolution. In 1989, the novel was adapted into the U.S. film Old Gringo starring Gregory Peck , Jane Fonda , and Jimmy Smits . A long profile of Fuentes in the U.S. magazine, "Mother Jones," describes the filming of "The Old Gringo" in Mexico with Fuentes on the set. In the mid-1980s Fuentes began to conceptualize his total fiction, past and future, in fourteen cycles called "La Edad del Tiempo", explaining that his total work

1683-609: The end of his life, with an essay on the new government of France appearing in Reforma newspaper on the day of his death. Mexican historian Enrique Krauze was a vigorous critic of Fuentes and his fiction, dubbing him a "guerrilla dandy" in a 1988 article for the perceived gap between his Marxist politics and his personal lifestyle. Krauze accused Fuentes of selling out to the PRI government and being "out of touch with Mexico", exaggerating its people to appeal to foreign audiences: "There

1734-572: The existence of mankind and we must all help search for it." On May 15, 2012, Fuentes died in Angeles del Pedregal hospital in southern Mexico City from a massive hemorrhage. He had been brought there after his doctor had found him collapsed in his Mexico City home. Mexican President Felipe Calderón wrote on Twitter, "I am profoundly sorry for the death of our loved and admired Carlos Fuentes, writer and universal Mexican. Rest in peace." Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa stated, "with him, we lose

1785-414: The first U.S. bestseller written by a Mexican author. The novel tells the story of Harriet Winslow, a young American woman who travels to Mexico, and finds herself in the company of an aging American journalist (called only "the old gringo ") and Tomás Arroyo, a revolutionary general. Like many of Fuentes' works, it explores the way in which revolutionary ideals become corrupted, as Arroyo chooses to pursue

1836-740: The latter of whom was a Mexican diplomat. As the family moved for his father's career, Fuentes spent his childhood in various Latin American capital cities, an experience he later described as giving him the ability to view Latin America as a critical outsider. From 1934 to 1940, Fuentes' father was posted to the Mexican Embassy in Washington, D.C. , where Carlos attended English-language school, eventually becoming fluent. He also began to write during this time, creating his own magazine, which he shared with apartments on his block. In 1938, Mexico nationalized foreign oil holdings , leading to

1887-431: The most important writers to him. He also named Latin American writers such as Alejo Carpentier , Juan Carlos Onetti , Miguel Angel Asturias and Jorge Luis Borges . European modernists James Joyce , Virginia Woolf and Marcel Proust have also been cited as important influences on his writing, with Fuentes applying the influence from them on his main theme; Mexican history and identity. Fuentes described himself as

1938-588: The revolution. The novel includes some of Fuentes own family history in Veracruz and has been called "a vast, panoramic novel" dealing with "questions of progress, revolution and modernity" and "the ordinary life of the individual that struggles to find its place". His later novels include Inez (2001), The Eagle's Throne (2002) and Destiny and Desire (2008). His writing also include several collections of stories, essays and plays. Fuentes' works have been translated into 24 languages. He remained prolific to

1989-607: The story of all Hispanic civilization. Terra Nostra shifts unpredictably between the sixteenth century and the twentieth, seeking the roots of contemporary Latin American society in the struggle between the conquistadors and indigenous Americans. Like Artemio Cruz , the novel also draws heavily on cinematic techniques. The novel won the Xavier Villaurrutia Award in 1976 and the Venezuelan Rómulo Gallegos Prize in 1977. It

2040-514: The subconscious, but also for its "stark portrait of inequality and moral corruption in modern Mexico". A year later, he followed with another novel, The Good Conscience ( Las Buenas Conciencias ), which depicted the privileged middle classes of a medium-sized town, probably modeled on Guanajuato . Described by a contemporary reviewer as "the classic Marxist novel", it tells the story of a privileged young man whose impulses toward social equality are suffocated by his family's materialism. Fuentes

2091-480: The theater into a fully functioning club theater venue, fitting the philosophy developed by The Donkey Show 's creator Randy Weiner . In 2021, The A.R.T. decided not to renew its lease and Oberon was closed. Before OBERON, A.R.T. used the old Hasty Pudding theater as a second space in addition to the Loeb Mainstage. A.R.T.'s Institute for Advanced Theater Training formerly used the sub-basement of

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2142-536: The theater until 2002, when he was succeeded by Robert Woodruff, founder of the Bay Area Playwrights Festival. In 2008, Diane Paulus became the artistic director. During its 44-year history, it has welcomed many major American and international theater artists, presenting a diverse repertoire that includes premieres of American plays and musical productions. In the over 250 productions American Repertory Theater has staged, over half were premieres of new plays, translations, and adaptations. The A.R.T. has performed throughout

2193-506: The theater's profitability. Robert Woodruff was named a 2007 USA Biller Fellow by United States Artists , an arts advocacy foundation dedicated to the support and promotion of America's top living artists. He is now on the faculty of the Yale School of Drama . Carlos Fuentes Carlos Fuentes Macías ( / ˈ f w ɛ n t eɪ s / ; Spanish: [ˈkaɾlos ˈfwentes] ; November 11, 1928 – May 15, 2012)

2244-1998: The traditional model and instead offered a series of "festivals" which encouraged audiences to experience productions as parts of larger cultural events. The American Repertory Theater has presented both American and World premiere productions. Over the years, these have included works by Robert Auletta, Robert Brustein , Anton Chekhov , Don DeLillo , Keith Dewhurst , Christopher Durang , Elizabeth Egloff, Peter Feibleman , Jules Feiffer , Dario Fo , Carlos Fuentes , Larry Gelbart , Leslie Glass , Philip Glass , Stuart Greenman, William Hauptman , Allan Havis , Milan Kundera , Mark Leib, Gideon Lester , David Lodge , Carol K. Mack , David Mamet , Charles L. Mee , Roger Miller , Dave Malloy , John Moran , Robert Moran , Heiner Müller , Marsha Norman , Han Ong , Amanda Palmer , David Rabe , Franca Rame , Adam Rapp , Keith Reddin , Ronald Ribman , Paula Vogel , Derek Walcott , Naomi Wallace , and Robert Wilson . Reputable stage directors who have collaborated with A.R.T. include: JoAnne Akalaitis , Andrei Belgrader, Anne Bogart , Steven Bogart, Lee Breuer , Robert Brustein , Liviu Ciulei , Ron Daniels, Liz Diamond, Joe Dowling , Michael Engler , Alvin Epstein , Dario Fo , Richard Foreman , David Gordon , Adrian Hall , Richard Jones , Michael Kahn , Jerome Kilty , Krystian Lupa , John Madden , David Mamet , Des McAnuff , Jonathan Miller , Tom Moore , David Rabe , François Rochaix, Robert Scanlan, János Szász , Peter Sellars , Andrei Şerban , Sxip Shirey , Susan Sontag , Marcus Stern , Slobodan Unkovski, Les Waters , David Wheeler , Frederick Wiseman , Robert Wilson , Robert Woodruff , Steven Mitchell Wright, Yuri Yeremin, Francesca Zambello , and Scott Zigler. Notable producers include: Henry Louis Gates Jr. , Tom McGrath , Lawrence E. Golub , David Goel , Gerald Jordan , Andrew Ory, Bethany M. Allen, and Sharlyn Heslam. In 1987,

2295-563: Was a Mexican novelist and essayist. Among his works are The Death of Artemio Cruz (1962), Aura (1962), Terra Nostra (1975), The Old Gringo (1985) and Christopher Unborn (1987). In his obituary, The New York Times described Fuentes as "one of the most admired writers in the Spanish-speaking world" and an important influence on the Latin American Boom , the "explosion of Latin American literature in

2346-600: Was a club theater venue that was built by the Carr Foundation in 2004 and opened in August 2009 as A.R.T.'s second venue. The A.R.T. opened the space in 2006 as the Zero Arrow Street Theater. The Onion Cellar was staged there Dec 2006-Jan 2007. A.R.T. originally used OBERON for the open ended residency of their production of The Donkey Show ; however, American Repertory soon decided to convert

2397-455: Was a complement to a Discovery Channel and BBC television series by the same name. Fuentes work of nonfiction also include La nueva novela hispanoamericana (1969; “The New Hispano-American Novel”), which is his chief work of literary criticism, and Cervantes; o, la critica de la lectura (1976; “Cervantes; or, The Critique of Reading”), an homage to the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes . His 1994 book Diana: The Goddess Who Hunts Alone

2448-444: Was an immediate success on its publication in 1958. The novel is built around the story of Federico Robles – who has abandoned his revolutionary ideals to become a powerful financier – but also offers "a kaleidoscopic presentation" of vignettes of Mexico City, making it as much a "biography of the city" as of an individual man. The novel was celebrated not only for its prose, which made heavy use of interior monologue and explorations of

2499-586: Was broadcast repeatedly in Mexico. Fuentes fathered three children, only one of whom survived him: Cecilia Fuentes Macedo, born in 1962. A son, Carlos Fuentes Lemus , died from complications associated with hemophilia in 1999 at the age of 25. A daughter, Natasha Fuentes Lemus (born August 31, 1974), died of an apparent drug overdose in Mexico City on August 22, 2005, at the age of 30. Carlos Fuentes has been called "the Balzac of Mexico". Fuentes himself cited Miguel de Cervantes , William Faulkner and Balzac as

2550-517: Was followed by La Cabeza de la hidra (1978, The Hydra Head ), a spy thriller set in contemporary Mexico and Una familia lejana (1980, Distant Relations ), a novel that explores many themes including the relations between the Old world and the New. His 1985 novel The Old Gringo ( Gringo viejo ), loosely based on American author Ambrose Bierce 's disappearance during the Mexican Revolution , became

2601-465: Was regarded as a leading figure of the Latin American boom in the 1960s and 1970s along with Gabriel García Márquez , Mario Vargas Llosa and Julio Cortázar . Fuentes' novel, The Death of Artemio Cruz ( La muerte de Artemio Cruz ) appeared in 1962 and is "widely regarded as a seminal work of modern Spanish American literature". Like many of his works, the novel used rotating narrators,

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