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33-451: First flown in 1923, the OL was a high-performance amphibian with a large single hull and stabilizing floats fitted underneath each lower wing. The landing gear was retractable by use of a hand crank in the cockpit, and the plane was equipped with a tailskid for operations on land. It had a tandem open cockpit for a crew of two. The aircraft could be flown from either cockpit, with a wheel control in

66-625: A crucial role in determining the mechanical properties of duralumin. Optimal aging conditions lead to the formation of finely dispersed precipitates, resulting in peak strength and hardness. Aluminium alloyed with copper (Al-Cu alloys), which can be precipitation hardened , are designated by the International Alloy Designation System as the 2000 series. Typical uses for wrought Al-Cu alloys include: German scientific literature openly published information about duralumin, its composition and heat treatment, before

99-620: A heavier-than-air aircraft structure occurred in 1916, when Hugo Junkers first introduced its use in the airframe of the Junkers J 3 , a single-engined monoplane "technology demonstrator" that marked the first use of the Junkers trademark duralumin corrugated skinning. The Junkers company completed only the covered wings and tubular fuselage framework of the J 3 before abandoning its development. The slightly later, solely IdFlieg -designated Junkers J.I armoured sesquiplane of 1917, known to

132-469: A historical centre of the German film industry and the first large-scale movie studio in the world. A settlement on the small Nuthe creek was first mentioned in the 1375 Landbuch (domesday book) by Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg , who also ruled as Margrave of Brandenburg since 1373. Then called Neuendorf (New Village) after its former West Slavic name Nova Ves , it was shelled several times and

165-521: A private conversation on 23 September 1862 he appointed Otto von Bismarck Minister President of Prussia and decided not to abdicate. Because of the closeness to Berlin and Potsdam, Babelsberg's history has much in common with its neighbours, notably the common history of Prussia , the Partition of Germany during the Cold War and German reunification . The neighbourhood shares a direct border with

198-421: A tank in the fuselage was cooled by passing through a spiral copper tube exposed to the slipstream on top of the cowling. The fuel tanks were mounted inside the hull, with a 140-gallon (530-liter) gasoline tank under the wings, and a reserve 60-gallon (230-liter) gasoline- benzol tank between the cockpits. Total fuel capacity provided for roughly ten hours of flight. A number of variants were introduced for both

231-625: A “Duralinox” model that became an instant classic among cyclists. The Vitus 979 was the first production aluminium frameset whose thin-wall 5083/5086 tubing was slip-fit and then glued together using a dry heat-activated epoxy. The result was an extremely lightweight but very durable frameset. Production of the Vitus 979 continued until 1992. In 2011, BBS Automotive made the RI-D, the world's first production automobile wheel made of duralumin. The company has since made other wheels of duralumin also, such as

264-403: Is a trade name for one of the earliest types of age-hardenable aluminium–copper alloys . The term is a combination of Dürener and aluminium . Its use as a trade name is obsolete. Today the term mainly refers to aluminium-copper alloys, designated as the 2000 series by the international alloy designation system (IADS), as with 2014 and 2024 alloys used in airframe fabrication. Duralumin

297-739: Is part of the UNESCO Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin World Heritage Site and open to the public as a museum. One campus of the University of Potsdam as well as the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP) are situated within the park. Next to Neubabelsberg is the home of the Hasso Plattner Institute for software systems engineering. The local SV Babelsberg 03 football club

330-450: Is relatively soft and ductile. Solution Annealing: Duralumin undergoes solution annealing, a high-temperature heat treatment process that dissolves the alloying elements into the aluminium matrix, creating a homogeneous solid solution. Quenching: Rapid cooling (quenching) after solution annealing freezes the high-temperature solid solution, preventing the precipitation of strengthening phases. Aging (Precipitation Hardening): During aging,

363-498: The Industrial Revolution the area developed into a centre of textile and carpet manufacturing, and at the premises of Orenstein & Koppel , from 1899 on also railway production. For decades German Neuendorf and Bohemian Nowawes ( Czech : Nová Ves ) bordered on each other but remained separate municipalities until their official unification in 1907. Nowawes received town privileges in 1924. From about 1900

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396-659: The Wannsee district of Berlin , where some remains of the Berlin Wall survive. Babelsberg Studio is widely known as a European media centre and the oldest large-scale film studio in the world. It is also one of the two seats of the public Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (rbb) broadcaster and home of the German Broadcasting Archive . Since 1990 Babelsberg Palace with the surrounding park laid out by Peter Joseph Lenné and Hermann von Pückler-Muskau

429-767: The "Great Airship" era of the 1920s and 1930s: the British-built R100 , the German passenger Zeppelins LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin , LZ 129 Hindenburg , LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II , and the U.S. Navy airships USS Los Angeles (ZR-3, ex-LZ 126) , USS Akron (ZRS-4) and USS Macon (ZRS-5) . Duralumin was used to manufacture bicycle components and framesets from the 1930s to 1990s. Several companies in Saint-Étienne, France stood out for their early, innovative adoption of duralumin: in 1932, Verot et Perrin developed

462-532: The 1945 Potsdam Conference , the representatives of the victorious Allies , Joseph Stalin , President Harry S. Truman , and Prime Minister Winston Churchill (until July 26, when he was succeeded by Clement Attlee ) resided in mansions of Neubabelsberg. At the "Truman-Villa", the President issued the Potsdam Declaration and gave orders for the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Today

495-753: The Army and the Navy. During later production, the company merged with the Keystone Aircraft Corporation . The Loening OA-1A "San Francisco" is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia . The San Francisco took part in the 1926-1927 Pan-American Goodwill Flight through Mexico, Central, and South America. It was donated to

528-667: The RZ-D. Neubabelsberg Babelsberg ( German: [ˈbaːbl̩sˌbɛʁk] ) is the largest quarter of Potsdam , the capital city of the German state of Brandenburg . The neighbourhood is named after a small hill on the Havel river. It is the location of Babelsberg Palace and Park , part of the Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin UNESCO World Heritage Site , as well as Babelsberg Studio ,

561-950: The Smithsonian Institution in 1927 and restored in 1964-1965. It was previously on loan to the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio from 1977 to 2006. Data from The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 2376 General characteristics Performance Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists [REDACTED] Media related to Loening OL at Wikimedia Commons Duralumin Duralumin (also called duraluminum , duraluminium , duralum , dural(l)ium , or dural )

594-561: The UFA continued without a break in the Nazi period, while many Jewish actors and directors were dispossessed and had to flee from Germany. In 1938 Nowawes and Neubabelsberg merged and were incorporated into Potsdam one year later, becoming the district of Potsdam-Babelsberg. During World War II , Babelsberg was the location of a subcamp of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp . During

627-524: The building serves as the seat of the liberal Friedrich Naumann Foundation . In 1833, Prince Wilhelm I, German Emperor had obtained the consent of his father King Frederick William III of Prussia to build a summer residence for him and his spouse Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach on the slope of the Babelsberg hill, overlooking the Havel river. The first plans were designed in a Neo-Gothic style by Karl Friedrich Schinkel , but soon did not satisfy

660-490: The factory as the Junkers J 4, had its all-metal wings and horizontal stabilizer made in the same manner as the J 3's wings had been, like the experimental and airworthy all-duralumin Junkers J 7 single-seat fighter design, which led to the Junkers D.I low-wing monoplane fighter, introducing all-duralumin aircraft structural technology to German military aviation in 1918. Its first use in aerostatic airframes came in rigid airship frames, eventually including all those of

693-911: The first light alloy crank arms; in 1934, Haubtmann released a complete crankset; from 1935 on, Duralumin freewheels, derailleurs , pedals, brakes and handlebars were manufactured by several companies. Complete framesets followed quickly, including those manufactured by: Mercier (and Aviac and other licensees) with their popular Meca Dural family of models, the Pelissier brothers and their race-worthy La Perle models, and Nicolas Barra and his exquisite mid-twentieth century “Barralumin” creations. Other names that come up here also included: Pierre Caminade, with his beautiful Caminargent creations and their exotic octagonal tubing, and also Gnome et Rhône , with its deep heritage as an aircraft engine manufacturer that also diversified into motorcycles, velomotors and bicycles after World War Two. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries , which

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726-410: The forward cockpit and a removable stick control in the rear. Navigation and engine instruments were located in the forward cockpit. The hull was built of Duralumin on a wooden frame, with five watertight compartments connected through a selector switch to a bilge pump in the rear cockpit. Plugs in the bottom of each compartment permitted drainage on the ground. The fuselage was constructed on top of

759-463: The growing demands of Wilhelm, who - as the marriage of his elder brother King Frederick William IV produced no children - meanwhile had achieved the status of Prussian crown prince. The palace was largely extended according to plans by Friedrich Ludwig Persius and finished in 1849. Babelsberg remained a residence of Wilhelm after his accession to the Prussian and German throne. It was here, after

792-464: The hull. The aircraft was strength-tested at Columbia University . The United States Army Air Corps ordered four prototypes as the XCOA-1 , powered by a 400-hp Liberty V-1650-1 engine mounted inverted for clearance of the three-bladed variable-pitch steel propeller . The engine came with a fire suppression sprinkler system and was encased in a streamlined cowling to protect it from sea spray. Oil from

825-479: The introduction of duralumin in 1909. The name, originally a trade mark of Dürener Metallwerke AG which acquired Wilm's patents and commercialized the material, is mainly used in pop-science to describe all Al-Cu alloys system, or '2000' series, as designated through the international alloy designation system originally created in 1970 by the Aluminum Association . In addition to aluminium ,

858-488: The main materials in duralumin are copper , manganese and magnesium . For instance, Duraluminium 2024 consists of 91-95% aluminium, 3.8-4.9% copper, 1.2-1.8% magnesium, 0.3-0.9% manganese, <0.5% iron, <0.5% silicon, <0.25% zinc, <0.15% titanium, <0.10% chromium and no more than 0.15% of other elements together. Although the addition of copper improves strength, it also makes these alloys susceptible to corrosion . Corrosion resistance can be greatly enhanced by

891-608: The mansion colony of Neubabelsberg arose east of Babelsberg Park on the southern shore of the Griebnitzsee lake. After the Universum Film AG (UFA) in 1922 had acquired a large backlot nearby, these villas built by famous architects like Hermann Muthesius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became popular residences of numerous film stars. Marika Rökk , Sybille Schmitz , Lilian Harvey , Willy Fritsch and Brigitte Horney lived and worked here when film production by

924-545: The metallurgical bonding of a high-purity aluminium surface layer, referred to as alclad -duralum. Alclad materials are commonly used in the aircraft industry to this day. Duralumin's remarkable strength and durability stem from its unique microstructure, which is significantly influenced by heat treatment processes. Solid Solution: After initial solidification, duralumin exists as a single-phase solid solution, primarily composed of aluminium atoms with dispersed copper, magnesium, and other alloying elements. This initial state

957-489: The outbreak of World War I in 1914. Despite this, use of the alloy outside Germany did not occur until after fighting ended in 1918. Reports of German use during World War I, even in technical journals such as Flight , could still mis-identify its key alloying component as magnesium rather than copper. Engineers in the UK showed little interest in duralumin until after the war. The earliest known attempt to use duralumin for

990-449: The supersaturated solid solution becomes unstable. Fine precipitates, such as CuAl2 and Mg2Si, form within the aluminum matrix. These precipitates act as obstacles to dislocation movement, significantly increasing the alloy's strength and hardness. The final microstructure of duralumin consists of a predominantly aluminium matrix dispersed fine precipitates (CuAl2, Mg2Si) Grain boundaries. The size, distribution, and type of precipitates play

1023-832: Was developed in 1909 in Germany. Duralumin is known for its strength and hardness, making it suitable for various applications, especially in the aviation and aerospace industry. However, it is susceptible to corrosion, which can be mitigated by using alclad-duralum materials. Duralumin was developed by the German metallurgist Alfred Wilm at private military-industrial laboratory Zentralstelle für wissenschaftlich-technische Untersuchungen  [ de ] (Center for Scientific-Technical Research) in Neubabelsberg . In 1903, Wilm discovered that after quenching , an aluminium alloy containing 4% copper would harden when left at room temperature for several days. Further improvements led to

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1056-519: Was prohibited from producing aircraft during the American occupation of Japan, manufactured the “cross” bicycle out of surplus wartime duralumin in 1946. The “cross” was designed by Kiro Honjo , a former aircraft designer responsible for the Mitsubishi G4M . Duralumin use in bicycle manufacturing faded in the 1970s and 1980s. Vitus nonetheless released the venerable “979” frameset in 1979,

1089-724: Was severely damaged during the Thirty Years' War . In the mid-18th century the new village of Nowawes was founded by King Frederick II of Prussia and settled with Protestant Bohemian deportees, predominantly weavers who as descendants of the Unity of the Brethren had fled from the Counter-Reformation 's suppression of their faith in the lands of the Habsburg monarchy during Empress Maria Theresa 's rule. During

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