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79-679: Apache Log4j is a Java -based logging utility originally written by Ceki Gülcü. It is part of the Apache Logging Services , a project of the Apache Software Foundation . Log4j is one of several Java logging frameworks . Gülcü has since created SLF4J , Reload4j, and Logback which are alternatives to Log4j. The Apache Log4j team developed Log4j 2 in response to the problems of Log4j 1.2, 1.3, java.util.logging and Logback, addressing issues which appeared in those frameworks. In addition, Log4j 2 offered

158-408: A /path/filename or an IP_address:Port_number , the socket application programming interface requires the address to first be set into a structure. For a Unix domain socket , the structure is: The _un suffix stands for unix . For an Internet domain socket , the suffix will be either _in or _in6 . The sun_ prefix stands for socket unix . Computer program to create and bind

237-683: A trademark search revealed that Oak Technology used the name Oak . Sun priced Java licenses below cost to gain market share. Although Java 1.0a became available for download in 1994, the first public release of Java, Java 1.0a2 with the HotJava browser, came on May 23, 1995, announced by Gage at the SunWorld conference. Accompanying Gage's announcement, Marc Andreessen , Executive Vice President of Netscape Communications Corporation , unexpectedly announced that Netscape browsers would include Java support. On January 9, 1996, Sun Microsystems formed

316-446: A virtual machine ), a compiler and a set of libraries ; there may also be additional servers and alternative libraries that depend on the requirements. Java platforms have been implemented for a wide variety of hardware and operating systems with a view to enable Java programs to run identically on all of them. The Java platform consists of several programs, each of which provides a portion of its overall capabilities. For example,

395-512: A Log4j-instrumented Java application which lacks any Log4j configuration. This prints to stdout a warning that the program is unconfigured, and the URL to the Log4j web site where details on the warning and configuration may be found. As well as printing this warning, an unconfigured Log4j application will only print ERROR or FATAL log entries to standard out. TTCC is a message format used by log4j. TTCC

474-650: A challenging and error-prone task. The team also worried about the C++ language's lack of portable facilities for security, distributed programming , and threading . Finally, they wanted a platform that would port easily to all types of devices. Bill Joy had envisioned a new language combining Mesa and C. In a paper called Further , he proposed to Sun that its engineers should produce an object-oriented environment based on C++. Initially, Gosling attempted to modify and extend C++ (a proposed development that he referred to as "C++ ++ --") but soon abandoned that in favor of creating

553-403: A client executes a connect() request. Connection requests up to this limit will succeed. If the backlog value passed in exceeds the default maximum, then the maximum value is used. After opening a listen channel, the server enters an infinite loop . Inside the loop is a system call to accept() , which puts itself to sleep. The accept() system call will return a file descriptor when

632-480: A client process executes connect() . Snippet to accept a connection: When accept() returns a positive integer, the server engages in an algorithmic dialog with the client. Stream socket input/output may execute the regular-file system calls of read() and write() . However, more control is available if a stream socket executes the socket-specific system calls of send() and recv() . Alternatively, datagram socket input/output should execute

711-458: A file has the advantage that logging can be turned on or off without modifying the application that uses Log4j. The application can be allowed to run with logging off until there's a problem, for example, and then logging can be turned back on simply by modifying the configuration file. Loggers are named log message destinations. They are the names that are known to the Java application. Each logger

790-407: A lot of leeway to implementors regarding the implementation details. Since Java 1.3, JRE from Oracle contains a JVM called HotSpot. It has been designed to be a high-performance JVM. To speed-up code execution, HotSpot relies on just-in-time compilation. To speed-up object allocation and garbage collection, HotSpot uses generational heap. The Java virtual machine heap is the area of memory used by

869-521: A new language, which he called Oak , after the tree that stood just outside his office. By the summer of 1992, the team could demonstrate portions of the new platform, including the Green OS , the Oak language, the libraries, and the hardware. Their first demonstration, on September 3, 1992, focused on building a personal digital assistant (PDA) device named Star7 that had a graphical interface and

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948-533: A plugin architecture which makes it more extensible than its predecessor. Log4j 2 is not backwards compatible with 1.x versions, although an "adapter" is available. On August 5, 2015, the Apache Logging Services Project Management Committee announced that Log4j 1 had reached end of life and that users of Log4j 1 were advised to upgrade to Apache Log4j 2. On January 12, 2022, a forked and renamed log4j version 1.2

1027-615: A proposal for a set-top box platform. However, the cable industry felt that their platform gave too much control to the user, so Firstperson lost their bid to SGI . An additional deal with The 3DO Company for a set-top box also failed to materialize. Unable to generate interest within the television industry, the company was rolled back into Sun. In June and July 1994 – after three days of brainstorming with John Gage (the Director of Science for Sun), Gosling, Joy, Naughton, Wayne Rosing , and Eric Schmidt  –

1106-475: A short delay during loading and once they have "warmed up" by being all or mostly JIT-compiled, tend to run about as fast as native programs. Since JRE version 1.2, Sun's JVM implementation has included a just-in-time compiler instead of an interpreter. Although Java programs are cross-platform or platform independent, the code of the Java Virtual Machines (JVM) that execute these programs

1185-616: A small office on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, California . They aimed to develop new technology for programming next-generation smart appliances, which Sun expected to offer major new opportunities. The team originally considered using C++, but rejected it for several reasons. Because they were developing an embedded system with limited resources, they decided that C++ needed too much memory and that its complexity led to developer errors. The language's lack of garbage collection meant that programmers had to manually manage system memory,

1264-502: A smart agent called "Duke" to assist the user. In November of that year, the Green Project was spun off to become Firstperson , a wholly owned subsidiary of Sun Microsystems, and the team relocated to Palo Alto, California . The Firstperson team had an interest in building highly interactive devices, and when Time Warner issued a request for proposal (RFP) for a set-top box , Firstperson changed their target and responded with

1343-454: A standard interface for the Java applications to perform those tasks. Finally, when some underlying platform does not support all of the features a Java application expects, the class libraries work to gracefully handle the absent components, either by emulation to provide a substitute, or at least by providing a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature. The word "Java", alone, usually refers to Java programming language that

1422-420: A stream Unix domain socket : The second parameter for bind() is a pointer to struct sockaddr . However, the parameter passed to the function is the address of a struct sockaddr_un . struct sockaddr is a generic structure that is not used. It is defined in the formal parameter declaration for bind() . Because each range of communication has its own actual parameter , this generic structure

1501-644: A supported version. Oracle released the last free-for-commercial-use public update for the legacy Java 8 LTS in January 2019, and will continue to support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Oracle extended support for Java 6 ended in December 2018. The Java platform is a suite of programs that facilitate developing and running programs written in the Java programming language. A Java platform includes an execution engine (called

1580-537: A very simple memory model where objects are allocated on the heap (while some implementations e.g. all currently supported by Oracle, may use escape analysis optimization to allocate on the stack instead) and all variables of object types are references . Memory management is handled through integrated automatic garbage collection performed by the JVM. The latest version is Java 22 released in March 2024, and

1659-557: Is PatternLayout, which uses a pattern string, much like the C / C++ function printf . There are also HTMLLayout and XMLLayout formatters for use when HTML or XML formats are more convenient, respectively. Log4j 2 added Layouts for CSV , Graylog Extended Log Format (GELF), JSON , YAML and RFC-5424. In Log4j 2, Filters can be defined on configuration elements to give more fine-grained control over which log entries should be processed by which Loggers and Appenders. In addition to filtering by log level and regular expression matching on

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1738-489: Is a JIT (Just In Time) compiler within the Java Virtual Machine , or JVM. The JIT compiler translates the Java bytecode into native processor instructions at run-time and caches the native code in memory during execution. The use of bytecode as an intermediate language permits Java programs to run on any platform that has a virtual machine available. The use of a JIT compiler means that Java applications, after

1817-610: Is a set of computer software and specifications that provides a software platform for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers . Java applets , which are less common than standalone Java applications, were commonly run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages. Writing in

1896-584: Is an acronym for Time Thread Category Component . It uses the following pattern: Where Example output 467 [main] INFO org.apache.log4j.examples.Sort – Exiting main method. A zero-day vulnerability involving remote code execution in Log4j 2, given the descriptor "Log4Shell" ( CVE -2021-44228), was found and reported to Apache by Alibaba on November 24, 2021, and published in a tweet on December 9, 2021. Affected services include Cloudflare , iCloud , Minecraft: Java Edition , Steam , Tencent QQ , and Twitter . The Apache Software Foundation assigned

1975-547: Is available for experimental design: raw. For a Unix domain socket , data ( network packets ) are passed between two connected processes via the transport layer — either TCP or UDP. For an Internet domain socket , data are passed between two connected processes via the transport layer and the Internet Protocol (IP) of the network layer — either TCP/IP or UDP/IP. The protocol parameter should be set to zero for stream and datagram sockets. For raw sockets,

2054-549: Is independently configurable as to what level of logging (FATAL, ERROR, etc.) it currently logs. In early versions of Log4j, these were called category and priority, but now they're called logger and level, respectively. A Logger can send log messages to multiple Appenders. The actual outputs are done by Appenders . There are numerous Appenders available, with descriptive names, such as FileAppender, RollingFileAppender, ConsoleAppender, SocketAppender, SyslogAppender, and SMTPAppender. Log4j 2 added Appenders that write to Apache Flume ,

2133-853: Is not. Every supported operating platform has its own JVM. The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a distribution of Java technology by Oracle Corporation . It implements the Java Language Specification (JLS) and the Java Virtual Machine Specification (JVMS) and provides the Standard Edition (SE) of the Java Application Programming Interface (API). It is derivative of the community driven OpenJDK which Oracle stewards. It provides software for working with Java applications. Examples of included software are

2212-415: Is provided to simplify the programmer's job. This code is typically provided as a set of dynamically loadable libraries that applications can call at runtime. Because the Java platform is not dependent on any specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the pre-existing OS libraries. Instead, the Java platform provides a comprehensive set of its own standard class libraries containing many of

2291-454: Is similar in purpose to the JVM. Like the JVM, the CLR provides memory management through automatic garbage collection, and allows .NET byte code to run on multiple operating systems. .NET included a Java-like language first named J++ , then called Visual J# that was incompatible with the Java specification. It was discontinued 2007, and support for it ended in 2015. The JVM specification gives

2370-442: The close() system call: Snippet to close a connection: Snippet to illustrate the end of a dialog: Computer program for the client to instantiate and connect a socket: If connect() returns zero, the client can engage in an algorithmic dialog with the server. The client may send stream data via write( client_socket_fd ) and may receive stream data via read( client_socket_fd ) . Snippet to illustrate client I/O on

2449-418: The protocol parameter should be set to IPPROTO_RAW. Like the regular-file open() system call, the socket() system call returns a file descriptor . The return value's suffix _fd stands for file descriptor . After instantiating a new socket, the server binds the socket to an address. For a Unix domain socket , the address is a /path/filename . Because the socket address may be either

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2528-503: The .NET Framework , appearing since 2002, which incorporates many of the successful aspects of Java. .NET was built from the ground-up to support multiple programming languages, while the Java platform was initially built to support only the Java language, although many other languages have been made for JVM since. Like Java, .NET languages compile to byte code and are executed by the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which

2607-595: The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), Jen Easterly , termed the exploit "critical" and advised vendors to prioritize software updates, and the German agency Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) designated the exploit as being at its highest threat level, calling it an "extremely critical threat situation" (translated). The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (CCCS) called on organisations to take on immediate action. The feature causing

2686-496: The Java Persistence API , Apache Kafka , NoSQL databases, Memory-mapped files , Random Access files and ZeroMQ endpoints. Multiple Appenders can be attached to any Logger, so it's possible to log the same information to multiple outputs; for example to a file locally and to a socket listener on another computer. Appenders use Layouts to format log entries. A popular way to format one-line-at-a-time log files

2765-547: The Java compiler , which converts Java source code into Java bytecode (an intermediate language for the JVM), is provided as part of the Java Development Kit (JDK). The Java Runtime Environment (JRE), complementing the JVM with a just-in-time (JIT) compiler , converts intermediate bytecode into native machine code on the fly. The Java platform also includes an extensive set of libraries. The essential components in

2844-623: The Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as byte code in a Java virtual machine (JVM); byte code compilers are also available for other languages, including Ada , JavaScript , Kotlin (Google's preferred Android language), Python , and Ruby . In addition, several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM, including Clojure , Groovy , and Scala . Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++ , but object-oriented features are modeled after Smalltalk and Objective-C . Java eschews certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has

2923-515: The LMAX Disruptor . The library reduces the need for kernel locking and increases the logging performance by a factor of 12. For example, in the same environment Log4j 2 can write more than 18,000,000 messages per second, whereas other frameworks like Logback and Log4j 1 just write < 2,000,000 messages per second. The following table defines the built-in log levels and messages in Log4j, in decreasing order of severity. The left column lists

3002-523: The Oracle Solaris operating system and SPARC architecture. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) released by Oracle is a freely available software distribution containing a stand-alone JVM (HotSpot), the Java standard library ( Java Class Library ), a configuration tool, and—until its discontinuation in JDK 9—a browser plug-in. It is the most common Java environment installed on personal computers in

3081-486: The filesystem to act as a lock file semaphore . No I/O occurs on this file when the client and server send messages to each other. Sockets first appeared in Berkeley Software Distribution 4.2 (1983). It became a POSIX standard in 2000. The application programming interface has been ported to virtually every Unix implementation and most other operating systems. Both the server and

3160-541: The for-each loop , generics , autoboxing and var-args . Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006) – Codename Mustang . It was bundled with a database manager and facilitates the use of scripting languages with the JVM (such as JavaScript using Mozilla 's Rhino engine). As of this version, Sun replaced the name "J2SE" with Java SE and dropped the ".0" from the version number. Other major changes include support for pluggable annotations ( JSR 269 ), many GUI improvements, including native UI enhancements to support

3239-442: The range of communication (same host or different host), Unix computer programs that perform socket communication are similar. The only range of communication difference is the method to convert a name to the address parameter needed to bind the socket's connection. For a Unix domain socket , the name is a / path / filename . For an Internet domain socket , the name is an IP address : Port number . In either case,

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3318-530: The C++/ C programming languages. Engineer Patrick Naughton had become increasingly frustrated with the state of Sun's C++ and C application programming interfaces (APIs) and tools, as well as with the way the NeWS project was handled by the organization. Naughton informed Scott McNealy about his plan of leaving Sun and moving to NeXT ; McNealy asked him to pretend he was God and send him an e-mail explaining how to fix

3397-408: The JVM for dynamic memory allocation . In HotSpot the heap is divided into generations : The permanent generation (or permgen ) was used for class definitions and associated metadata prior to Java 8. Permanent generation was not part of the heap. The permanent generation was removed from Java 8. Originally there was no permanent generation, and objects and classes were stored together in

3476-436: The JVM specification. (Instead, Google 's Android development tools take Java programs as input and output Dalvik bytecode, which is the native input format for the virtual machine on Android devices.) The last Critical Path Update version of JRE with an Oracle BCL Agreement was 8u201 and, the last Patch Set Update version with the same license was 8u202. The last Oracle JRE implementation, regardless of its licensing scheme,

3555-476: The Java Virtual Machine as separate entities, so that they are no longer considered a single unit. Third parties have produced many compilers or interpreters that target the JVM. Some of these are for existing languages, while others are for extensions to the Java language. These include: The success of Java and its write once, run anywhere concept has led to other similar efforts, notably

3634-545: The Java libraries provide the programmer a well-known set of functions to perform common tasks, such as maintaining lists of items or performing complex string parsing. Second, the class libraries provide an abstract interface to tasks that would normally depend heavily on the hardware and operating system. Tasks such as network access and file access are often heavily intertwined with the distinctive implementations of each platform. The java.net and java.io libraries implement an abstraction layer in native OS code, then provide

3713-634: The Java platform. The Java Language Specification (JLS) specifies the language; changes to the JLS are managed under JSR 901. Sun released JDK 1.1 on February 19, 1997. Major additions included an extensive retooling of the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) event model, inner classes added to the language, JavaBeans , and Java Database Connectivity (JDBC). J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998) – Codename Playground . This and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded Java 2 and

3792-526: The Java virtual machine, a compiler, performance monitoring tools, a debugger, and other utilities that Oracle considers useful for Java programmers. Oracle releases the current version of the software under the Oracle No-Fee Terms and Conditions (NFTC) license. Oracle releases binaries for the x86-64 architecture for Windows, macOS, and Linux based operating systems, and for the aarch64 architecture for macOS and Linux. Previous versions supported

3871-529: The JavaSoft group to develop the technology. While the so-called Java applets for web browsers no longer are the most popular use of Java (with it e.g. more used server-side) or the most popular way to run code client-side (JavaScript took over as more popular), it still is possible to run Java (or other JVM languages such as Kotlin) in web browsers, even after JVM support has been dropped from them, using e.g. TeaVM . On November 13, 2006, Sun Microsystems made

3950-560: The Project Nashorn JavaScript runtime, a new Date and Time API inspired by Joda Time, and the removal of PermGen. This version is not officially supported on the Windows XP platform, but is known to work there. Thus, due to the end of Java 7's lifecycle it is the recommended version for XP users. Previously, only an unofficial manual installation method had been described for Windows XP SP3. It refers to JDK8,

4029-722: The bulk of its implementation of Java available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The Java language has undergone several changes since the release of JDK ( Java Development Kit ) 1.0 on January 23, 1996, as well as numerous additions of classes and packages to the standard library . Since J2SE 1.4 the Java Community Process (JCP) has governed the evolution of the Java Language. The JCP uses Java Specification Requests (JSRs) to propose and specify additions and changes to

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4108-525: The client must instantiate a socket object by executing the socket() system call . Its usage is: The domain parameter should be one of the following common ranges of communication : The Unix domain socket label is used when the domain parameter's value is AF_UNIX . The Internet domain socket label is used when the domain parameter's value is either AF_INET or AF_INET6 . The type parameter should be one of two common socket types: stream or datagram. A third socket type

4187-548: The company. Naughton envisioned the creation of a small team that could work autonomously without the bureaucracy that was stalling other Sun projects. McNealy forwarded the message to other important people at Sun, and the Stealth Project started. The Stealth Project was soon renamed to the Green Project , with James Gosling and Mike Sheridan joining Naughton. Together with other engineers, they began work in

4266-705: The core classes. A Java Plug-in was released, and Sun's JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time. J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000) – Codename Kestrel . Notable changes included the bundling of the HotSpot JVM (the HotSpot JVM was first released in April, 1999 for the J2SE ;1.2 JVM), JavaSound , Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) and Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA). J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002) – Codename Merlin . This became

4345-607: The developing platform for Java that also includes a fully functioning Java Runtime Environment . Java 8 is supported on Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows Vista SP2 and Windows 7 SP1, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and higher (and some other OSes). Java SE 9 and 10 have higher system requirements, i.e. Windows 7 or Server 2012 (and web browser minimum certified is upped to Internet Explorer 11 or other web browsers), and Oracle dropped 32-bit compatibility for all platforms, i.e. only Oracle's " 64-bit Java virtual machines (JVMs) are certified". Internet socket Regardless of

4424-576: The discontinuation of the Java browser plug-in, any web page might have potentially run a Java applet, which provided an easily accessible attack surface to malicious web sites. In 2013 Kaspersky Labs reported that the Java plug-in was the method of choice for computer criminals. Java exploits are included in many exploit packs that hackers deploy onto hacked web sites. Java applets were removed in Java 11, released on September 25, 2018. The Java platform and language began as an internal project at Sun Microsystems in December 1990, providing an alternative to

4503-575: The first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59. Major changes included regular expressions modeled after Perl , exception chaining , an integrated XML parser and XSLT processor ( JAXP ), and Java Web Start . J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004) – Codename Tiger . It was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number. Developed under JSR 176, Tiger added several significant new language features including

4582-526: The laptop and desktop form factor . Mobile phones including feature phones and early smartphones that ship with a JVM are most likely to include a JVM meant to run applications targeting Micro Edition of the Java platform. Meanwhile, most modern smartphones, tablet computers , and other handheld PCs that run Java apps are most likely to do so through support of the Android operating system , which includes an open source virtual machine incompatible with

4661-456: The last decade". Apache Log4j 2 is the successor of Log4j 1 which was released as GA version in July 2015. The framework was rewritten from scratch and has been inspired by existing logging solutions, including Log4j 1 and java.util.logging. The main differences from Log4j 1 are: One of the most recognized features of Log4j 2 is the performance of the "Asynchronous Loggers". Log4j 2 makes use of

4740-832: The latest long-term support (LTS) version is Java 21 released in September 2023, which is one of a few LTS versions still supported, down to Java 8 LTS. As an open source platform, Java has many distributors, including Amazon , IBM , Azul Systems , and AdoptOpenJDK . Distributions include Amazon Corretto, Zulu, AdoptOpenJDK, and Liberica. Regarding Oracle, it distributes Java 8, and also makes available e.g. Java 11, both also currently supported LTS versions. Oracle (and others) "highly recommend that you uninstall older versions of Java" than Java 8, because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues. Since Java 9 (as well as versions 10, and 12–16, and 18–20) are no longer supported, Oracle advises its users to "immediately transition" to

4819-674: The log level designation in Log4j and the right column provides a brief description of each log level. Log4j 2 allows users to define their own log levels. A source code generator tool is provided to create Loggers that support custom log levels identically to the built-in log levels. Custom log levels can either complement or replace the built-in log levels. Log4j can be configured through a configuration file or through Java code. Configuration files can be written in XML , JSON , YAML , or properties file format. Three main components can be defined: Loggers, Appenders, and Layouts. Configuring logging via

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4898-506: The look and feel of Windows Vista , and improvements to the Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA) & JVM Tool Interface for better monitoring and troubleshooting. Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011) – Codename Dolphin . This version developed under JSR 336. It added many small language changes including strings in switch, try-with-resources and type inference for generic instance creation. The JVM

4977-463: The maximum CVSS severity rating of 10 to Log4Shell, as millions of servers could be potentially vulnerable to the exploit. The vulnerability was characterized by cybersecurity firm Tenable as "the single biggest, most critical vulnerability of the last decade" and Lunasec's Free Wortley characterized it as "a design failure of catastrophic proportions". In the United States, the director of

5056-414: The message string, Log4j 2 added burst filters, time filters, filtering by other log event attributes like Markers or Thread Context Map and JSR 223 script filters. To debug a misbehaving configuration: To find out where a log4j2.xml configuration file was loaded from inspect getClass().getResource("/log4j2.xml") . There is also an implicit "unconfigured" or "default" configuration of Log4j, that of

5135-454: The name is called an address . Two processes may communicate with each other if each obtains a socket. The server process binds its socket to an address , opens a listen channel, and then continuously loops . Inside the loop, the server process is put to sleep while waiting to accept a client connection. Upon accepting a client connection, the server then executes a read system call that will block wait . The client connects to

5214-458: The platform are the Java language compiler, the libraries, and the runtime environment in which Java intermediate bytecode executes according to the rules laid out in the virtual machine specification. Different platforms target different classes of device and application domains : Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server environments. Java SE

5293-495: The same area. But as class unloading occurs much more rarely than objects are collected, moving class structures to a specific area allowed significant performance improvements. The Java JRE is installed on a large number of computers. End users with an out-of-date version of JRE therefore are vulnerable to many known attacks. This led to the widely shared belief that Java is inherently insecure. Since Java 1.7, Oracle's JRE for Windows includes automatic update functionality. Before

5372-469: The same reusable functions commonly found in modern operating systems. Most of the system library is also written in Java. For instance, the Swing library paints the user interface and handles the events itself, eliminating many subtle differences between how different platforms handle components. The Java class libraries serve three purposes within the Java platform. First, like other standard code libraries,

5451-435: The server's socket via the server's address . The client process then writes a message for the server process to read. The application's algorithm may entail multiple read/write interactions. Upon completion of the algorithm, the client executes exit() and the server executes close() . For a Unix domain socket , the socket's address is a /path/filename identifier. The server will create /path/filename on

5530-414: The socket-specific system calls of sendto() and recvfrom() . For a basic stream socket, the server receives data with read( accept_socket_fd ) and sends data with write( accept_socket_fd ) . Snippet to illustrate I/O on a basic stream socket: The algorithmic dialog ends when either the algorithm concludes or read( accept_socket_fd ) returns < 1 . To close the connection, execute

5609-531: The team re-targeted the platform for the World Wide Web . They felt that with the advent of graphical web browsers like Mosaic the Internet could evolve into the same highly interactive medium that they had envisioned for cable TV. As a prototype, Naughton wrote a small browser, WebRunner (named after the movie Blade Runner ), renamed HotJava in 1995. Sun renamed the Oak language to Java after

5688-416: The version name "J2SE" ( Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition ) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE ( Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition ) and J2ME ( Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition ). Major additions included reflection , a collections framework, Java IDL (an interface description language implementation for CORBA interoperability), and the integration of the Swing graphical API into

5767-855: The vulnerability could be disabled with a configuration setting, which had been removed in Log4j version 2.15.0-rc1 (officially released on December 6, 2021, three days before the vulnerability was published), and replaced by various settings restricting remote lookups, thereby mitigating the vulnerability. For additional security, all features using JNDI , on which this vulnerability was based, will be disabled by default, and support for message lookups removed from version 2.16.0 onward. Java (software platform) 21.0.5 LTS (October 15, 2024 ; 40 days ago  ( 2024-10-15 ) ) [±] 17.0.13 LTS (October 15, 2024 ; 40 days ago  ( 2024-10-15 ) ) [±] 11.0.25 LTS (October 15, 2024 ; 40 days ago  ( 2024-10-15 ) ) [±] Java

5846-404: Was 9.0.4. Since Java Platform SE 9, the whole platform also was grouped into modules . The modularization of Java SE implementations allows developers to bundle their applications together with all the modules used by them, instead of solely relying on the presence of a suitable Java SE implementation in the user device. In most modern operating systems (OSs), a large body of reusable code

5925-455: Was created as a cast placeholder. After binding to an address, the server opens a listen channel to a port by executing listen() . Its usage is: Snippet to listen: For a Unix domain socket , listen() most likely will succeed and return 0 . For an Internet domain socket , if the port is in use, listen() returns -1 . The backlog parameter sets the queue size for pending connections. The server may be busy when

6004-472: Was designed for use with the Java platform. Programming languages are typically outside of the scope of the phrase "platform", although the Java programming language was listed as a core part of the Java platform before Java 7. The language and runtime were therefore commonly considered a single unit. However, an effort was made with the Java ;7 specification to more clearly treat the Java language and

6083-620: Was extended with support for dynamic languages, while the class library was extended among others with a join/fork framework, an improved new file I/O library and support for new network protocols such as SCTP . Java 7 Update 76 was released in January 2015, with expiration date April 14, 2015. In June 2016, after the last public update of Java 7, " remotely exploitable " security bugs in Java 6, 7, and 8 were announced. Java SE 8 (March 18, 2014) – Codename Kenai . Notable changes include language-level support for lambda expressions ( closures ) and default methods,

6162-417: Was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE). The heart of the Java platform is the "virtual machine" that executes Java bytecode programs. This bytecode is the same no matter what hardware or operating system the program is running under. However, new versions, such as for Java 10 (and earlier), have made small changes, meaning the bytecode is in general only forward compatible . There

6241-528: Was released by Ceki Gülcü as Reload4j version 1.2.18.0 with the aim of fixing the most urgent issues in log4j 1.2.17 that had accumulated since its release in 2013. On December 9, 2021, a zero-day vulnerability involving arbitrary code execution in Log4j 2 was published by the Alibaba Cloud Security Team and given the descriptor " Log4Shell ". It has been characterized by Tenable as "the single biggest, most critical vulnerability of

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