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115-433: Logic Pro is a proprietary digital audio workstation (DAW) and MIDI sequencer software application for the macOS platform developed by Apple Inc. It was originally created in the early 1990s as Notator Logic , or Logic , by German software developer C-Lab which later went by Emagic . Apple acquired Emagic in 2002 and renamed Logic to Logic Pro. It was the second most popular DAW – after Ableton Live – according to

230-676: A DEC PDP-11/60 minicomputer running a custom software package called DAP (Digital Audio Processor), a Braegen 14"-platter hard disk drive, a storage oscilloscope to display audio waveforms for editing, and a video display terminal for controlling the system. Interface cards that plugged into the PDP-11's Unibus slots (the Digital Audio Interface, or DAI) provided analog and digital audio input and output for interfacing to Soundstream's digital recorders and conventional analog tape recorders. The DAP software could perform edits to

345-480: A GEMDOS file system which became part of Atari TOS (for "The Operating System", colloquially known as the "Tramiel Operating System"). This gave the ST a fast, hierarchical file system , essential for hard drives , and provided programmers with function calls similar to MS-DOS . The Atari ST character set is based on codepage 437 . After six months of intensive effort following Tramiel's takeover, Atari announced

460-406: A mix assistant that uses machine learning to analyze audio and automatically apply processing effects. TAIP provides tape saturation powered by AI neural networks that imitate traditional DSP processing. Synthesizer V offers several AI vocalists whose notes can be manipulated. To reduce the strain on computer memory, some plugin companies have developed thin client VSTs that use resources from

575-452: A multitrack tape recorder metaphor, making it easier for recording engineers and musicians already familiar with using tape recorders to become familiar with the new systems. Therefore, computer-based DAWs tend to have a standard layout that includes transport controls (play, rewind, record, etc.), track controls and a mixer. A waveform display is another common feature. Single-track DAWs display only one ( mono or stereo form) track at

690-470: A 16-bit bus, which reduces performance and cost. In another cost-reduction measure, Atari shipped the Falcon in an inexpensive case much like that of the ST and ST . Aftermarket upgrade kits allow it to be put in a desktop or rack-mount case, with the keyboard separate. Released in 1992, the Falcon was discontinued by Atari the following year. In Europe, C-Lab licensed the Falcon design from Atari and released

805-486: A 4-track editing-recorder application called DECK that ran on Digidesign's hardware system, which was used in the production of The Residents ' Freakshow [LP]. An integrated DAW consists of a digital signal processing , control surface , audio converters , and data storage in one device. Integrated DAWs were popular before commonly available personal computers became powerful enough to run DAW software. As personal computer power and speed increased and price decreased,

920-434: A DAW can also route in software or use audio plug-ins (for example, a VST plugin) to process the sound on a track. Perhaps the most significant feature available from a DAW that is not available in analog recording is the ability to undo a previous action, using a command similar to that of the undo function in word processing software . Undo makes it much easier to avoid accidentally permanently erasing or recording over

1035-597: A chord arpeggiator. A completely rebuilt sound and loop library was introduced, along with a new Patch architecture. Logic Pro X also improved track organization by allowing users to group multiple tracks into 'folder' like categories (e.g., acoustics, synthesizers, vocals, percussion, etc.). In addition to this organization, Logic Pro X allowed individuals to trigger 'solo,' 'mute,' and 'volume' controls for each group. Further improvements were made to score editing, exporting (now compatible with MusicXML format), and this version introduced MIDI plug-in compatibility. Coinciding with

1150-478: A cloud server. For example, the audio-to-midi plugin Samplab offers a desktop application with user authentication and API calls that perform stem separation and MIDI transcription off of the computer's local device. This can improve load speeds or prevent applications from crashing. DAWs can be implemented in a music education class to show kids how to use them and learn how to produce their own music. According to

1265-509: A feature of Logic since version 3.5, was not supported by Logic 7.2 on Intel-based Mac computers; TDM support returned with the release of Logic 8. On September 12, 2007, Apple released the Logic Studio suite that included Logic Pro 8 . Logic Pro was no longer a separate product, although a limited version Logic Express 8 was released on the same day, and remained a separate product. Significant changes were made for Logic 8. Logic Pro 8

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1380-404: A few months later and were included in new machines and as an upgrade for older machines. Atari originally intended to include GEM's GDOS (Graphical Device Operating System), which allows programs to send GEM VDI ( Virtual Device Interface ) commands to drivers loaded by GDOS. This allows developers to send VDI instructions to other devices simply by pointing to it. However, GDOS was not ready at

1495-585: A host for the sound card, while the software provides the interface and functionality for audio editing. The sound card typically converts analog audio signals into a digital form, and digital back to analog audio when playing it back; it may also assist in further processing of the audio. The software controls all related hardware components and provides a user interface to allow for recording, editing, and playback. Computer-based DAWs have extensive recording, editing, and playback capabilities (and some also have video-related features). For example, they can provide

1610-555: A letter by Gilman Louie , head of Spectrum HoloByte . He stated that he had been warned by competitors that releasing a game like Falcon on the ST would fail because BBSs would widely disseminate it. Within 30 days of releasing the non- copy protected ST version, the game was available on BBSs with maps and code wheels . Because the ST market was smaller than that for the IBM PC, it was more vulnerable to piracy which, Louie said, seemed to be better organized and more widely accepted for

1725-723: A list price of US$ 999 (equivalent to about $ 2,800 in 2023) in the US, BYTE hailed it as the first computer to break the $ 1000 per megabyte price barrier. Compute! noted that the 1040ST is the first computer with one megabyte of RAM to sell for less than $ 2,500. A limited number of 1040STFs shipped with a single-sided floppy drive. Initial sales were strong, especially in Europe, where Atari sold 75% of its computers. West Germany became Atari's strongest market, with small business owners using them for desktop publishing and CAD. To address this growing market segment, Atari introduced

1840-449: A little under one year. Atari had intended to release the 130ST with 128 KB of RAM and the 260ST with 256 KB. However, the ST initially shipped without TOS in ROM and required booting TOS from floppy, taking 206 KB RAM away from applications. The 260ST was launched in Europe on a limited basis. Early models have six ROM sockets for easy upgrades to TOS. New ROMs were released

1955-470: A low-cost desktop publishing package. A custom blitter coprocessor improved some graphics performance, but was not included in all models. Developers wanting to use it had to detect its presence in their programs. Properly written applications using the GEM API automatically make use of the blitter. In late 1989, Atari Corporation released the 520ST and 1040ST (also written STE), enhanced version of

2070-587: A new design with an integrated hard-drive enclosure. The final model of ST computer is the Falcon030. Like the TT, it is 68030-based, at 16 MHz, but with improved video modes and an on-board Motorola 56001 audio digital signal processor . Like the Atari STE , it supports sampling frequencies above 44.1 kHz; the sampling master clock is 98340 Hz (which can be divided by a number between 2 and 16 to get

2185-552: A new program, Notator Logic , which attempted to fuse both track- and pattern-based operation (but looked much more like track-based sequencers than Notator). While rich in features, early versions of Logic on the Atari lacked the intuitiveness and immediacy of either Cubase or Notator, and never achieved the same success. However, by this time the Atari was becoming obsolete, and part of the reason why Notator Logic had been written from scratch with an object oriented GUI (though it shared

2300-515: A practically limitless number of tracks to record on, polyphony , and virtual synthesizers or sample-based instruments to use for recording music. DAWs can also provide a wide variety of effects , such as reverb, to enhance or change the sounds themselves. Simple smartphone -based DAWs, called mobile audio workstation (MAWs), are used (for example) by journalists for recording and editing on location. As software systems, DAWs are designed with many user interfaces , but generally, they are based on

2415-615: A previous recording. If a mistake or unwanted change is made, the undo command is used to conveniently revert the changed data to a previous state. Cut, Copy, Paste, and Undo are familiar and common computer commands and they are usually available in DAWs in some form. More common functions include the modifications of several factors concerning a sound. These include wave shape, pitch, tempo, and filtering. Commonly DAWs feature some form of mix automation using procedural line segment-based or curve-based interactive graphs. The lines and curves of

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2530-599: A product that was developed by Apple. Additions to Logic Pro 7 included: the integration of Apple Loops, Distributed Audio Processing (a technology for combining the power of multiple computers on a network), 3 new instruments including Sculpture (a sound modeling synth) and Ultrabeat (a drum synth and sequencer), and 9 new effect plug-ins including Guitar Amp Pro (guitar amp simulator), and a linear phase corrected version of their 6 channel parametric equalizer. In total, Logic Pro 7 now included 70 effect plug-ins and 34 instrument plug-ins. Pro-Tools TDM compatibility, which had been

2645-534: A sample-manipulation synthesizer that was previously developed by Camel Audio. The software instruments are activated by MIDI information that can be input via a MIDI instrument or drawn into the MIDI editor. Audio effects include amp and guitar pedal emulators, delay effects, distortion effects, dynamics processors, equalization filters, filter effects, imaging processors, metering tools, modulation effects, pitch effects, and reverb effects. Among Logic's reverb plugins

2760-493: A score editor. The software was later released as Personal Composer System/2 (1988). In 1996, Steinberg introduced a revamped Cubase (which was originally launched in 1989 as a MIDI sequencing software for the Atari ST computer, later developed for Mac and Windows PC platforms, but had no audio capabilities until 1993's Cubase Audio) which could record and play back up to 32 tracks of digital audio on an Apple Macintosh without

2875-721: A single double-sided one, to avoid alienating early adopters . Some software uses formats which allow the full disk to be read by double-sided drives but still lets single-sided drives access side A of the disk. Many magazine coverdisks (such as the first 30 issues of ST Format ) were designed this way, as were a few games. The music in Carrier Command and the intro sequence in Populous are not accessible to single-sided drives, for example. STs with double-sided drives can read disks formatted by MS-DOS , but IBM PC compatibles can not read Atari disks because of differences in

2990-481: A single product package. Apple also released a scaled down version of Logic called Logic Express, replacing two previous versions that filled that position called Logic Silver and Logic Gold. Apple began promoting Logic Pro as one of its flagship software 'Pro' applications for the Macintosh platform. Logic Pro 7 was released September 29, 2004. Most notably, Apple modified the interface of Logic 7 to look more like

3105-627: A single resolution of 640 × 400 at 71.25 Hz. The attached monitor determines available resolutions, so each application either supports both types of monitors or only one. Most ST games require colour with productivity software favouring the monochrome. The Philips CM8833-II was a popular color monitor for the Atari ST. Atari initially used single-sided 3.5 inch floppy disk drives that could store up to 360 KB. Later drives were double-sided and stored 720 KB. Some commercial software, particularly games, shipped by default on single-sided disks, even supplying two 360 KB floppies instead of

3220-534: A study done by the Indonesia University of Education , the use of a DAW in music learning can let students build their learning of music production on their own. Another study done by the University of Milan made a DAW accessible to kids. The usage of DAW can be found in most hip hop and EDM music with the use of looping an instrumental. With music production also moving to a laptop can put

3335-476: A survey conducted in 2015. A consumer-level version based on the same interface and audio engine but with reduced features called Logic Express was available starting in 2004. Apple's GarageBand comes free with all new Macintosh computers and iOS devices and is another application built on Logic's audio engine. On December 8, 2011, the boxed version of Logic Pro was discontinued, along with Logic Express, and as with all other Apple software for Macs, Logic Pro

3450-402: A time. Multitrack DAWs support operations on multiple tracks at once. Like a mixing console , each track typically has controls that allow the user to adjust the gain , equalization and stereo panning of the sound on each track. In a traditional recording studio additional rackmount processing gear is physically plugged into the audio signal path to add reverb, compression, etc. However,

3565-788: A virtual bassist and keyboardist. Also introduced were Stem Splitter and ChromaGlow, two new AI-powered plugins for mixing and mastering. Logic Express was a "light" version of Logic Pro. The first version, Logic Express 6, was announced on January 15, 2004, for release in March 2004. Logic Pro and Express share most functionality and the same interface. Logic Express was limited to two-channel stereo mixdown, while Logic Pro can handle multichannel surround sound ; Logic Express also lacked support for TDM/DAE systems, high-end control surfaces and Distributed Audio Processing. Both could handle up to 255 audio tracks, depending on system performance ( CPU , hard disk throughput and seek time ). Logic Express 7

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3680-454: A virtual session player that automatically plays along with your song in a wide variety of drumming styles and techniques, and Flex Pitch , a Flex Time equivalent for pitch editing in audio recordings. Also, a new "Smart Controls" feature allows users to map parameters from an array of plugins to a single, convenient control interface. Redesigned keyboards and synths were included, together with new stomp boxes, bass amp and drum kit designers, and

3795-624: A wide variety of configurations from a single software program on a laptop , to an integrated stand-alone unit, all the way to a highly complex configuration of numerous components controlled by a central computer. Regardless of configuration, modern DAWs have a central interface that allows the user to alter and mix multiple recordings and tracks into a final produced piece. DAWs are used for producing and recording music , songs , speech , radio , television , soundtracks , podcasts , sound effects and nearly every other kind of complex recorded audio. Early attempts at digital audio workstations in

3910-534: Is synchronization with other audio or video tools. There are many free and open-source software programs that perform DAW functions. These are designed to run on a variety of operating systems and are usually developed non-commercially. Personal Composer created by Jim Miller for Yamaha was the star of the NAMM Show in 1983. Personal Composer runs under MS DOS 2.0 and includes a MIDI sequencer, synth editor (such as Yamaha's DX7), universal librarians and

4025-461: Is Space Designer, which uses convolution reverb to simulate the acoustics of audio played in different environments, such as rooms of varying size, or emulate the echoes that might be heard on high mountains. The application features distributed processing abilities (in 32-bit mode), which can function across an Ethernet LAN . One machine runs the Logic Pro app, while the other machines on

4140-453: Is based on CP/M-68K, a direct port of CP/M to the 68000. By 1985, CP/M was becoming increasingly outdated; it did not support subdirectories, for example. Digital Research was also in the process of building GEMDOS, a disk operating system for GEM, and debated whether a port of it could be completed in time for product delivery in June. The decision was eventually taken to port it, resulting in

4255-489: Is essentially no practical limit by today's standards." Third party plug-ins that are 32-bit were still compatible, but would run from a 'wrapper' inside Logic Pro itself. On December 9, 2011, Apple announced that Logic Pro Studio 9 would no longer be available on DVD, and would only be sold via the Mac App Store . The price was reduced from $ 499 to $ 199.99 for the Logic Pro app, and $ 29.99 for MainStage . The download

4370-564: Is now only available through the Mac App Store and the iPad App Store, or with a discounted Pro Apps for Education Bundle for students through the Apple Store online. In May 2023, Logic Pro for iPad was introduced and has been available since May 23. Logic Pro provides software instruments, audio effects and recording facilities for music synthesis. It also supports Apple Loops – royalty-free , professionally recorded instrument loops. Logic Pro and Express once shared many functions and

4485-900: Is possible through Logic Pro's MIDI Transform Window, where velocity, pitch, pitch-bends, note length, humanize, and precise note positioning can be edited. The software instruments included in Logic Pro X include: Drum Kit Designer, Drum Machine Designer, ES, ES2, EFM1, ES E, ES M, ES P, EVOC 20 PolySynth, Sampler, Quick Sampler, Step Sequencer, Klopfgeist, Retro Synth, Sculpture, Ultrabeat, Vintage B3, Vintage Clav, Vintage Electric Piano. These instruments produce sound in various ways, through subtractive synthesis (ES, ES2, ES E, ES M, ES P, Retro Synth), frequency modulation synthesis (EFM1), wavetable synthesis (ES2, Retro Synth), vocoding (EVOC 20 PolySynth), sampling (Sampler, Quick Sampler, Drum Kit Designer), and component modeling techniques (Ultrabeat, Vintage B3, Vintage Clav, and Vintage Electric Piano, Sculpture). As of version 10.2, Logic Pro X also includes Alchemy,

4600-467: Is the first Atari with PCM audio; using a new chip, it added the ability to play back 8-bit (signed) samples at 6258 Hz, 12,517 Hz, 25,033 Hz, and even 50,066 Hz, via direct memory access (DMA). The channels are arranged as either a mono track or a track of LRLRLRLR... bytes. RAM is now much more simply upgradable via SIMMs . Two enhanced joystick ports were added (two normal joysticks can be plugged into each port with an adapter), with

4715-758: The E-mu Emulator II and the Akai S900 . Soon, people began to use them for simple two-track audio editing and audio mastering . In 1989, Sonic Solutions released the first professional (48 kHz at 24 bit) disk-based non-linear audio editing system. The Macintosh IIfx -based Sonic System, based on research done earlier at George Lucas' Sprocket Systems , featured complete CD premastering , with integrated control of Sony's industry-standard U-matic tape-based digital audio editor. Many major recording studios finally went digital after Digidesign introduced its Pro Tools software in 1991, modeled after

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4830-552: The GarageBand instruments; Space designer, a convolution reverb effect; and delay designer, an advanced delay effect. Logic Express was discontinued in 2011, when Logic Pro moved to the Mac App Store for $ 199.99. Digital audio workstation A digital audio workstation ( DAW / d ɔː / ) is an electronic device or application software used for recording , editing and producing audio files . DAWs come in

4945-586: The Mega STE , is an STE in a grey Atari TT case that had a switchable 16 MHz, dual-bus design (16-bit external, 32-bit internal), optional Motorola 68881 FPU , built-in 1.44 MB "HD" 3 1 ⁄ 2 -inch floppy disk drive, VME expansion slot, a network port (very similar to that used by Apple's LocalTalk ) and an optional built-in 3 1 ⁄ 2 " hard drive. It also shipped with TOS 2.00 (better support for hard drives, enhanced desktop interface, memory test, 1.44 MB floppy support, bug fixes). It

5060-564: The Motorola 68000 's 16-bit external bus and 32-bit internals. The ST was sold with either Atari's color monitor or less expensive monochrome monitor . Color graphics modes are available only on the former while the highest-resolution mode requires the monochrome monitor. Some models can display the color modes on a TV. In Germany and some other markets, the ST gained a foothold for CAD and desktop publishing . With built-in MIDI ports, it

5175-583: The Motorola 68000 . The Atari ST design was completed in five months in 1984, concluding with it being shown at the January 1985 Consumer Electronics Show. A custom sound processor called AMY had been in development at Atari, Inc. and was considered for the new ST computer design. The chip needed more time to complete, so AMY was dropped in favor of a commodity Yamaha YM2149F variant of the General Instrument AY-3-8910 . Soon after

5290-460: The pedalboard from GarageBand was included, together with a new virtual guitar amplifier where the modeled components could be combined in different ways. There were also a number of improvements to audio editing, fulfilled user requests such as "bounce in place" and selective track and channel strip import, as well as an expanded content library including one more Jam Pack . Some of the bundled software, including MainStage 2 and Soundtrack Pro 3,

5405-451: The 1970s and 1980s faced limitations such as the high price of storage, and the vastly slower processing and disk speeds of the time. In 1978, Soundstream , who had made one of the first commercially available digital audio tape recorders in 1977, built what could be considered the first digital audio workstation using some of the most current computer hardware of the time. The Digital Editing System , as Soundstream called it, consisted of

5520-565: The 520ST at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas in January 1985. InfoWorld assessed the prototypes shown at computer shows as follows: Pilot production models of the Atari machine are much slicker than the hand-built models shown at earlier computer fairs; it doesn't look like a typical Commodore 64-style, corner-cutting, low-cost Jack Tramiel product of the past. Atari unexpectedly displayed

5635-481: The AD516 soundcard for big-box Amiga computers. This allowed up to 8 tracks of 16-bit 48 kHz direct-to-disk recording and playback using its Studio 16 software. It could also integrate directly into Blue Ribbon Soundworks ' Bars & Pipes Pro MIDI software or NewTek 's Video Toaster , thus providing a complete package of MIDI sequencing and/or video synchronization with non-linear hard disk recording. In 1993,

5750-505: The Amiga had almost none. After Atlanta COMDEX, The New York Times reported that "more than 100 software titles will be available for the [ST], most written by small software houses that desperately need work", and contrasted the "small, little-known companies" at Las Vegas with the larger ones like Electronic Arts and Activision , which planned Amiga applications. Trip Hawkins of Electronic Arts said, "I don't think Atari understands

5865-536: The Atari 520ST in June 1985. In March 1987, the two companies settled the dispute out of court in a closed decision. The lead architect of the new computer project at Tramel Technology and Atari Corporation was ex-Commodore employee Shiraz Shivji , who previously worked on the Commodore 64 's development. Different CPUs were investigated, including the 32-bit National Semiconductor NS32000 , but engineers were disappointed with its performance, and they moved to

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5980-403: The Atari buyout, Microsoft suggested to Tramiel that it could port Windows to the platform, but the delivery date was out by two years. Another possibility was Digital Research , which was working on a new GUI-based system then known as Crystal, soon to become GEM . Another option was to write a new operating system, but this was rejected as Atari management was unsure whether the company had

6095-625: The C-Lab Falcon Mk I, identical to Atari's Falcon except for slight modifications to the audio circuitry. The Mk II added an internal 500 MB SCSI hard disk; and the Mk X further added a desktop case. C-Lab Falcons were also imported to the US by some Atari dealers. As with the Atari 8-bit computers , software publishers attributed their reluctance to produce Atari ST products in part to—as Compute! reported in 1988—the belief in

6210-465: The Centronics printer port can be used for joystick input, and several games used available adaptors that used the printer socket, providing two additional 9-pin joystick ports. The ST supports a monochrome or colour monitor. The colour hardware supports two resolutions: 320 × 200 pixels, with 16 of 512 colours; and 640 × 200, with 4 of 512 colours. The monochrome monitor was less expensive and has

6325-705: The Digital Audio Workstation, proposed the term Generative Audio Workstation to describe this emerging class of DAWs. Three examples of notable GAWs are AIVA , WavTool, and Symphony V. AIVA provides parameter-based AI MIDI song generation within a DAW. WavTool offers a browser DAW equipped with a GPT-4 composition assistant and AI text-to-sample generator. Symphony V provides generative vocal synthesis, note editing, and mixing tools. Generative AI services have also become available through plugins that integrate with conventional DAWs, such as Izotope Neutron 4 , TAIP, and Synthesizer V. Neutron 4 includes

6440-725: The EXS24 as Logic Pro X's flagship sampling plugin. 10.5 also came with a demo project for Billie Eilish's hit song Ocean Eyes available for all Logic Pro X users to download. In November 2020, Logic Pro X was renamed "Logic Pro", coinciding with the release of macOS 11 Big Sur . In October 2021, Apple released Logic Pro 10.7 coinciding with the release of Apple's new M1 Pro and M1 Max chips for its latest MacBook Pro 2021 lineup. Logic Pro 10.7 supports audio production mixing in Dolby Atmos and surround sound format. This version also included two more demo projects. These were two versions of

6555-582: The German company Steinberg released Cubase Audio on Atari Falcon 030 . This version brought DSP built-in effects with 8-track audio recording and playback using only native hardware. The first Windows-based software-only product, introduced in 1993, was Samplitude (which already existed in 1992 as an audio editor for the Commodore Amiga). In 1994, a company in California named OSC produced

6670-598: The Linux Audio Development (LAD) mailing list have contributed to development of standards such as the LADSPA , DSSI and LV2 plugin architectures. The Virtual Studio Technology (VST) plugin standard is supported by some programs. Sequencers offer a subset of DAW functionality. Several open-source sequencer projects exist, such as: There are countless software plugins for DAW software, each one coming with its own unique functionality, thus expanding

6785-508: The Logic platform. On January 12, 2010, Apple released Logic Pro 9.1, an Intel only release, thereby officially discontinuing Logic for the PowerPC platform. Logic Pro 9.1 had the option of running in 64-bit mode, which allowed the application to address more memory than in the past. Says Apple "With 64-bit mode, the application memory is not limited to 4GB as with 32-bit applications, so there

6900-726: The ST at Atlanta COMDEX in May. Similarities to the original Macintosh and Tramiel's role in its development resulted in it being nicknamed Jackintosh . Atari's rapid development of the ST amazed many, but others were skeptical, citing its "cheap" appearance, Atari's uncertain financial health, and poor relations between Tramiel-led Commodore and software developers. Atari ST print advertisements stated, "America, We Built It For You", and quoted Atari president Sam Tramiel: "We promised. We delivered. With pride, determination, and good old ATARI know how". But Jack Tramiel admitted that sales of its earlier 8-bit systems were "very, very slow", Atari

7015-522: The ST or Amiga, and the majority of software companies were hesitant to support another platform beyond the IBM PC , Apple, and Commodore 64 . Philippe Kahn of Borland said, "These days, if I were a consumer, I'd stick with companies [such as Apple and IBM] I know will be around ". At Las Vegas COMDEX in November 1985, the industry was surprised by more than 30 companies exhibiting ST software while

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7130-473: The ST or the Amiga. John C. Dvorak wrote that the public saw both Commodore and Atari as selling "cheap disposable" game machines, in part because of their computers' sophisticated graphics. The original 520ST case design was created by Ira Velinsky, Atari's chief Industrial Designer. It is wedge-shaped, with bold angular lines and a series of grilles cut into the rear for airflow. The keyboard has soft tactile feedback and rhomboid-shaped function keys across

7245-528: The ST with improvements to the multimedia hardware and operating system. It features an increased color palette of 4,096 colors from the ST's 512 (though the maximum displayable palette without programming tricks is still limited to 16 in the lowest 320 × 200 resolution, and even fewer in higher resolutions), genlock support, and a blitter coprocessor (stylized as "BLiTTER") which can quickly move large blocks of data (particularly, graphics data) around in RAM. The STE

7360-547: The ST. After a meeting with Atari, one analyst said, "We've seen marketing strategies changed before our eyes". Tramiel's poor reputation influenced potential software developers. One said, "Dealing with Commodore is like dealing with Attila the Hun. I don't know if Tramiel will be following his old habits ... I don't see a lot of people rushing to get software on the machine." Large business-software companies like Lotus , Ashton-Tate , and Microsoft did not promise software for either

7475-516: The ST1 at Comdex in 1986. Renamed to Mega, it includes a high-quality detached keyboard, a stronger case to support the weight of a monitor, and an internal bus expansion connector. An optional 20 MB hard drive can be placed below or above the main case. Initially equipped with 2 or 4 MB of RAM (a 1 MB version, the Mega 1, followed), the Mega machines can be combined with Atari's laser printer for

7590-587: The SubGenius ). The ST was less expensive than most contemporaries, including the Macintosh Plus , and is faster than many. Largely as a result of its price and performance factor, the ST became fairly popular, especially in Europe where foreign-exchange rates amplified prices. The company's English advertising slogan of the era was "Power Without the Price". An Atari ST and terminal emulation software

7705-555: The Windows platform for the Mac version, remains unknown, but Apple Pro Apps revenue has steadily increased since Apple's acquisition of Emagic, (roughly $ 2 billion a year as of Q1 2014). Logic 5 featured significant improvements in user interface, and increased compatibility with more types of computers, operating systems, and a wide range of audio interfaces. Logic 5.5.1 was the last version to be released for Windows. From Logic 6 onwards,

7820-462: The actual sampling frequencies). It can play the STE sample frequencies (up to 50066 Hz) in 8 or 16 bit, mono or stereo, all by using the same DMA interface as the STE, with a few additions. It can both play back and record samples, with 8 mono channels and 4 stereo channels, allowing musicians to use it for recording to hard drive. Although the 68030 microprocessor can use 32-bit memory, the Falcon uses

7935-494: The audio recorded on the system's hard disks and produce simple effects such as crossfades. By the late 1980s, a number of personal computers such as the Macintosh , Atari ST , and Amiga began to have enough power to handle digital audio editing. Engineers used Macromedia 's Soundedit, with Microdeal's Replay Professional and Digidesign 's Sound Tools and Sound Designer to edit audio samples for sampling keyboards like

8050-446: The automation graph are joined by or comprise adjustable points. By creating and adjusting multiple points along a waveform or control events, the user can specify parameters of the output over time (e.g., volume or pan). Automation data may also be directly derived from human gestures recorded by a control surface or MIDI controller . MIDI recording, editing, and playback is increasingly incorporated into modern DAWs of all types, as

8165-455: The capabilities of Apple's flagship 12-core Mac Pro. In 1987, C-Lab released Gerhard Lengeling's MIDI sequencer program for the Atari ST platform called Creator . From version 2.0 onwards, released in 1988, a version with added musical notation capabilities was also available, called Notator , made with the help of Chris Adam. A later bundled multitasking utility called Soft Link rebranded

8280-538: The channel strip opens in a new window when double-clicked. Many of the features found in Logic 7 have been consolidated into one screen. Other additions to the new interface included consolidated arrange windows, dual channel strips, built in browsers (like that in GarageBand) and production templates. On July 23, 2009, Logic Pro 9 was announced. A major new feature included "Flex Time", Apple's take on "elastic" audio, which allows audio to be quantized. A version of

8395-676: The chipset. Tramiel countered by suing Amiga Corp. on August 13, 1984, seeking damages and an injunction to bar Amiga (and effectively Commodore) from producing anything with its technology. The lawsuit left the Amiga team in limbo during mid-1984. Commodore eventually moved forward, with plans to improve the chipset and develop an operating system . Commodore announced the Amiga 1000 with the Lorraine chipset in July 1985, but it wasn't available in quantity until 1986. The delay gave Atari time to deliver

8510-530: The console and home computer departments, in July. As executives and engineers left Commodore to join Tramel Technology, Commodore responded by filing lawsuits against four former engineers for infringement of trade secrets . The Tramiels did not purchase the employee contracts with the assets of Atari, Inc. and re-hired approximately 100 of the 900 former employees. Tramel Technology soon changed its name to Atari Corporation . Amid rumors that Tramiel

8625-483: The entire ST computer line in 1993, shifting the company's focus to the Jaguar video game console. The Atari ST was born from the rivalry between home computer makers Atari, Inc. and Commodore International . Jay Miner , one of the designers of the custom chips in the Atari 2600 and Atari 8-bit computers , tried to convince Atari management to create a new chipset for a video game console and computer. When his idea

8740-621: The eventual greater integration and hybridization of the two methods in later versions of both Cubase and Logic. As Phil Hartnoll of Orbital said about a later version of Creator, "Cubase is much better for arranging: you can get an overall picture so much easier. They tried, with C-LAB, with that block arrangement, but I do like to be able to see an overview." Notable users of Creator included Coldcut , Fatboy Slim , The Future Sound of London , LFO , Clint Mansell , Nightmares on Wax , The Orb , Orbital , and System 7 . The C-Lab programmers left that company to form Emagic , and in 1993 released

8855-440: The existence of a "higher-than-normal amount of software piracy". That year, WordPerfect threatened to discontinue the Atari ST version of its word processor because the company discovered that pirate bulletin board systems (BBSs) were distributing it, causing ST-Log to warn that "we had better put a stop to piracy now ... it can have harmful effects on the longevity and health of your computer". In 1989, magazines published

8970-547: The football for Charlie Brown , you can believe Jack Tramiel"; another said that because of its experience with Tramiel, "our interest in Atari is zero, zilch". Neither Atari nor Commodore could persuade large chains like ComputerLand or BusinessLand to sell its products. Observers criticized Atari's erratic discussion of its stated plans for the new computer, as it shifted between using mass merchandisers , specialty computer stores, and both. When asked at COMDEX, Atari executives could not name any computer stores that would carry

9085-435: The keyboard. An "FM" variant includes an RF modulator allowing a television to be used instead of a monitor. The trailing "F" and "FM" were often dropped in common usage. In BYTE magazine's March 1986 cover photo of the system, the name plate reads 1040ST but in the headline and article it's simply "1040ST". The 1040ST is one of the earliest personal computers shipped with a base RAM configuration of 1 MB. With

9200-405: The layout of data on track 0. Atari upgraded the basic design in 1986 with the 1040STF, stylized as 1040ST : essentially a 520ST with twice the RAM and with the power supply and a double-sided floppy drive built-in instead of external. This adds to the size of the machine, but reduces cable clutter. The joystick and mouse ports, formerly on the right side of the machine, are in a recess underneath

9315-575: The music making outside of a studio and into a bedroom. Atari ST After Jack Tramiel purchased the assets of the Atari, Inc. consumer division in 1984 to create Atari Corporation, the 520ST was designed in five months by a small team led by Shiraz Shivji . Alongside the Macintosh , Amiga , Apple IIGS and Acorn Archimedes , the ST is part of a mid-1980s generation of computers with 16- or 32-bit processors, 256  KB or more of RAM, and mouse -controlled graphical user interfaces. "ST" officially stands for "Sixteen/Thirty-two", referring to

9430-424: The need for analog conversion, or asynchronous saving and reloading files, and ensures a high level of audio fidelity . Other open-source programs include virtual synthesizers and MIDI controllers , such as those provided by FluidSynth and TiMidity . Both can load SoundFonts to expand the voices and instruments available for synthesis and expand the ports and channels available to synthesizers. Members of

9545-706: The need of any external DSP hardware. Cubase not only modeled a tape-like interface for recording and editing, but, in addition, using VST also developed by Steinberg, modeled the entire mixing desk and effects rack common in analog studios. This revolutionized the DAW world, both in features and price tag, and was quickly imitated by most other contemporary DAW systems. Digital audio applications for Linux and BSD fostered technologies such as Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA), which drives audio hardware, and JACK Audio Connection Kit . JACK allows any JACK-aware audio software to connect to any other audio software running on

9660-533: The network run the Logic node app. Logic will then offload the effects and synth processing to the other machines on the network. If the network is fast enough (i.e., on the order of gigabit Ethernet ), this can work in near real-time, depending on buffer settings and CPU loads. This allows users to combine the power of several Macintosh computers to process Logic Pro's built-in software instruments and plug-ins, and 3rd party processing plug-ins. As of version 10.0.7, Logic can access 24 processing threads, which aligns with

9775-485: The new connectors placed in more easily accessed locations on the side of the case. The enhanced joystick ports were re-used in the Atari Jaguar console and are compatible. The STE models initially had software and hardware conflicts resulting in some applications and video games written for the ST line being unstable or even completely unusable, primarily caused by programming direct hardware calls which bypassed

9890-485: The operating system. Furthermore, even having a joystick plugged in would sometimes cause strange behavior with a few applications (such as the WYSIWYG word-processor application 1st Word Plus ). Sleepwalker was the only STE-only game from a major publisher, but there were STe enhancements in games such as Another World , Zool and The Chaos Engine , as well as exclusives from smaller companies. The last STE machine,

10005-464: The original multitrack project of Lil Nas X 's " Montero (Call Me by Your Name) ", one version in stereo and another in Dolby Atmos. In May 2024, Apple announced and released Logic Pro 11, the first full-number update since 2013. With a heavy emphasis on machine-learning tools, this release introduced Session Players, which took the success of the previously introduced Drummer feature further with

10120-537: The overall variety of sounds and manipulations that are possible. Each have their own form of generating or manipulating sound, tone, pitch, and speed of a simple sound and transform it into something different. To achieve an even more distinctive sound, multiple plugins can be used in layers, and further automated to manipulate the original sounds. Recent developments in generative artificial intelligence are spurring innovation in DAW software. A research paper from Georgia Tech , titled Composing with Generative Systems in

10235-655: The packages as Creator SL and Notator SL . In the United States, its main rivals at the time included Performer and Vision , whereas in Europe its main rivals were Steinberg's Pro 24 and later Cubase . Most MIDI sequencers presented a song as a linear set of tracks. However, Notator and Vision were pattern-based sequencers: songs were built by recording patterns (which might represent for example Intro, Verse, Chorus, Middle-8, Outro) with up to 16 tracks each, then assembling an Arrangement of these patterns, with up to 4 patterns playing simultaneously at any one time in

10350-505: The popularity of costly integrated systems dropped. DAW can refer to the software itself, but traditionally, a computer-based DAW has four basic components: a computer , a sound card or other audio interface, audio editing software , and at least one user input device for adding or modifying data. This could be as simple as a mouse and keyboard or as sophisticated as a piano-style MIDI controller keyboard or automated audio control surface for mixing track volumes. The computer acts as

10465-484: The release of Logic Pro X was the release of a companion iPad app called Logic Remote, which allows wireless control of Logic Pro X, including Touch Instruments for playing and recording software instruments as well as tools for navigating, making basic edits and mixing. Since this release, Logic Pro X runs in 64-bit mode only and no longer works with 32-bit plug-ins. Logic Pro X is capable of transferring most data from previous projects saved in Logic Pro 5 and later, though

10580-532: The required expertise. Digital Research was fully committed to the Intel platform, so a team from Atari was sent to the Digital Research headquarters to work with the "Monterey Team", which comprised a mixture of Atari and Digital Research engineers. Atari's Leonard Tramiel oversaw "Project Jason" (also known as The Operating System) for the ST series, named for designer and developer Jason Loveman. GEM

10695-558: The right to add a keyboard and market the complete computer, designated the 1850XLD. After leaving Commodore International in January 1984, Jack Tramiel formed Tramel (without an "i") Technology, Ltd. with his sons and other ex-Commodore employees and, in April, began planning a new computer. Interested in Atari's overseas manufacturing and worldwide distribution network, Tramiel negotiated with Warner in May and June 1984. He secured funding and bought Atari's consumer division, which included

10810-568: The rise of the PC, gained popularity again. Apple acquired Emagic in July 2002. The announcement included the news that development of the Windows version would no longer continue. This announcement caused controversy in the recording industry with an estimated 70,000 users having invested in the Windows route not wishing to reinvest in a complete new system. Despite much speculation in various Pro Audio forums however, exactly how many users may have abandoned Logic upon its acquisition by Apple, or abandoned

10925-592: The same interface. Logic Express was limited to two-channel stereo mixdown, while Logic Pro can handle multichannel surround sound . Logic Express only handled up to 255 audio tracks, depending on system performance ( CPU and hard disk throughput and seek time ), while, as of version 10.4.5, Logic Pro can handle up to 1,000. Logic Pro can work with MIDI keyboards and control surfaces for input and processing, and for MIDI output. It features real-time scoring in musical notation, supporting guitar tablature , chord abbreviations and drum notation. Advanced MIDI editing

11040-435: The same nomenclature as its predecessor) was to make it easier to port to other platforms. The Notator prefix was dropped from the product name and the software became known as simply Logic . As later versions of the software became available for Mac OS and Windows platforms, and acquired ever more sophisticated functions (especially in audio processing) to take advantage of increased computing power, Logic, together with

11155-623: The software business. I'm still skeptical about its resources and its credibility." Although Michael Berlyn of Infocom promised that his company would quickly publish all of its games for the new computer, he doubted many others would soon do so. Spinnaker and Lifetree were more positive, both promising to release ST software. Spinnaker said that "Atari has a vastly improved attitude toward software developers. They are eager to give us technical support and machines". Lifetree said, "We are giving Atari high priority". Some, such as Software Publishing Corporation , were unsure of whether to develop for

11270-533: The software would only be exclusively available on Mac OS. With Logic 6 , Emagic added the availability of separately packaged software products that were closely integrated add-ons developed specifically for use with Logic, including software instruments, the EXS sampler and audio processing plug-ins. The Logic 6 package also included the stand-alone program Waveburner , for burning redbook audio CD standard-compliant CDR masters for replication, however, that application

11385-436: The song. This more closely resembled working principles of hardware sequencers of the 1970s and 1980s. When it was released, Notator was widely regarded by both musicians and the music press as one of the most powerful and intuitive sequencing and notation programs available on any platform. After the later introduction of competitor Steinberg's Cubase , however, track-based sequencing prevailed over pattern-based, resulting in

11500-510: The system, such as connecting an ALSA- or OSS -driven soundcard to a mixing and editing front-end, like Ardour or Rosegarden . In this way, JACK acts as a virtual audio patch bay , and it can be configured to use a computer's resources in real time , with dedicated memory , and with various options that minimize the DAW's latency . This kind of abstraction and configuration allows DJs to use multiple programs for editing and synthesizing audio streams, or multitasking and duplexing , without

11615-511: The time the ST started shipping and was included in software packages and with later ST machines. Later versions of GDOS support vector fonts . A limited set of GEM fonts were included in the ROMs, including the ST's standard 8x8 pixel graphical character set. It contains four characters which can be placed together in a square, forming the face of J. R. "Bob" Dobbs (the figurehead of the Church of

11730-435: The top. It is an all-in-one unit, similar to earlier home computers like the Commodore 64 , but with a larger keyboard with cursor keys and a numeric keypad. The original has an external floppy drive (SF354) and AC adapter . Starting with the 1040ST, the floppy drive and power supply are integrated into the base unit. The ports on the 520ST remained largely unchanged over its history. Because of its bi-directional design,

11845-516: The traditional method and signal flow in most analog recording devices. At this time, most DAWs were Apple Mac based (e.g., Pro Tools, Studer Dyaxis, Sonic Solutions ). Around 1992, the first Windows-based DAWs started to emerge from companies such as Innovative Quality Software (IQS) (now SAWStudio ), Soundscape Digital Technology , SADiE, Echo Digital Audio , and Spectral Synthesis. All the systems at this point used dedicated hardware for their audio processing. In 1992, Sunrize Industries released

11960-556: The transfer to 64-bit only means older 32-bit plugins will no longer work. Logic 10.4 introduced a new reverb called ChromaVerb, and new functionality such as Smart Tempo, as well as the option to undo mixer actions. In addition, version 10.4 introduced support for version 2 of the ARA (Audio Random Access) standard. 10.5 was released in May 2020. It features Live Loops, Sampler, Quick Sampler, Remix FX, new drag-and-drop workflows, Drum Synth, and Step Sequencer. Sampler and Quick Sampler replaced

12075-441: Was also improved. Logic Pro 9 is Universal Binary, although not officially supported for use on PowerPC computers. SoundDiver, which had been quietly bundled with previous versions, was dropped, eliminating support for arguably the world's most popular synthesizer editor/librarian. As Apple has bundled so many software instruments with Logic, it is not likely that we'll see the return of integration with external synthesizer hardware to

12190-400: Was considered a free bonus feature; it was not advertised as part of the package and did not include printed documentation. PDF documentation was included on the installer disc. In March 2004 Apple released Logic Pro 6 , which consolidated over 20 different Emagic products, including all instrument and effect plug-ins, Waveburner Pro (CD Authoring application), and Pro Tools TDM support, into

12305-540: Was just over 400MB, and 19GB of optional loops were available as in-app downloads. This version of Logic Pro Studio 9 no longer allowed users to access any microtunings in Scala format other than those provided with the software by Apple. Released as successor to Logic Pro 9 on July 16, 2013, Logic Pro X (10.0.0) included a new, single-window customizable interface, with a design in line with Final Cut Pro X , as well as new features. New tools in this release are Drummer ,

12420-455: Was marketed as more affordable than a TT but more powerful than an ordinary ST. In 1990, Atari released the high-end workstation-oriented Atari TT030, based on a 32 MHz Motorola 68030 processor. The "TT" name ("Thirty-two/Thirty-two") continued the nomenclature because the 68030 chip has 32-bit buses both internally and externally. Originally planned with a 68020 CPU, the TT has improved graphics and more powerful support chips. The case has

12535-413: Was much cheaper than a Digital VT220 terminal, commonly needed by offices with central computers. By late 1985, the 520ST added an RF modulator for TV display. Computer Gaming World stated that Tramiel's poor pre-Atari reputation would likely make computer stores reluctant to deal with the company, hurting its distribution of the ST. One retailer said, "If you can believe Lucy when she holds

12650-401: Was negotiating to buy Atari, Amiga Corp. entered discussions with Commodore. This led to Commodore wanting to purchase Amiga Corporation outright, which Commodore believed would cancel any outstanding contracts, including Atari's. Instead of Amiga Corp. delivering Lorraine to Atari, Commodore delivered a check of $ 500,000 on Amiga's behalf, in effect returning the funds Atari invested in Amiga for

12765-451: Was now mainly Cocoa code, but still included some Carbon Libraries. Alongside changes such as the new processing plug-in (Delay Designer), Apple included features such as Quick Swipe Comping, similar to Soundtrack Pro 2 , and multi-take management. Apple also made changes to ease of use. These include the discontinuation of the XSKey dongle , and a streamlined interface. Each plug-in used in

12880-401: Was out of cash, and employees feared that he would shut the company down. In early 1985, the 520ST shipped to the press, developers, and user groups , and in early July 1985 for general retail sales. It saved the company. By November, Atari stated that more than 50,000 520STs had been sold, "with U.S. sales alone well into five figures". The machine had gone from concept to store shelves in

12995-491: Was popular for music sequencing and as a controller of musical instruments among amateur and professional musicians. The Atari ST's primary competitor was the Amiga from Commodore . The 520ST and 1040ST were followed by the Mega series, the STE, and the portable STacy . In the early 1990s, Atari released three final evolutions of the ST with significant technical differences from the original models: TT030 (1990), Mega STE (1991), and Falcon (1992). Atari discontinued

13110-431: Was rejected, he left Atari to form a small think tank called Hi-Toro in 1982 and began designing the new "Lorraine" chipset. Hi-Toro, by then renamed Amiga, ran out of capital to complete Lorraine's development, and Atari, now owned by Warner Communications , paid Amiga to continue its work. In return, Atari received exclusive use of the Lorraine design for one year as a video game console. After that time, Atari had

13225-677: Was released alongside Logic Pro 7 on September 29, 2004. Logic Express 8 came with 36 software instruments and 73 effect plug-ins, including almost all of those in the Logic Pro Package. Those that it didn't include are Sculpture, a physical modelling synthesiser; the "vintage" instruments (the EVB3 tonewheel organ, the EVD6 Clavinet and the EVP88 Electric Piano), however a cut-down version of these are included with

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