Misplaced Pages

#726273

139-509: In Greek , logothetēs means "one who accounts, calculates or ratiocinates", literally "one who sets the word". The exact origin of the title is unclear; it is found in papyri and works of the Church Fathers denoting a variety of junior officials, mostly charged with fiscal duties. The ancestors of the middle Byzantine logothetes were the fiscal officials known as rationales during Late Antiquity . The office dates back to at least

278-577: A Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language . Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now-extinct Anatolian languages . The Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods: In the modern era, the Greek language entered

417-534: A "Byzantine logothete." The epithet insinuated that, like pencil-pushing Byzantine logothetes, or administrators, Wilson was dillydallying by not declaring America's participation in World War I . Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : Ελληνικά , romanized :  Elliniká , [eliniˈka] ; Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνική , romanized :  Hellēnikḗ ) is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within

556-577: A basis for coinages: anthropology , photography , telephony , isomer , biomechanics , cinematography , etc. Together with Latin words , they form the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary ; for example, all words ending in -logy ('discourse'). There are many English words of Greek origin . Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. The ancient language most closely related to it may be ancient Macedonian , which, by most accounts,

695-613: A concept of spreading the religion. Though records mention no Christianization attempts toward the Serbs specifically, there are writings regarding the, more or less successful missionary attempts among the Bavarians and Thuringians , the neighboring Germanic tribes which were conquered by the Franks in the 6th century. Though the DAI asserts that already during the reign of Emperor Heraclius

834-508: A faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of ink and quill . The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with an uppercase ( majuscule ) and lowercase ( minuscule ) form. The letter sigma has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in the final position of a word: In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet features a number of diacritical signs : three different accent marks ( acute , grave , and circumflex ), originally denoting different shapes of pitch accent on

973-556: A half of the people with him, migrated over to Heraclius, emperor of the Romans, who took him in, and gave him the settling location in the Theme of Thessalonica , which is since then called Servia . But, after a while, those same Serbs decided to return to their [home]land and the emperor dispatched them. After they crossed the Danube, however, they changed their mind and sent out a note to

1112-590: A lesser extent, in the Western Mediterranean in and around colonies such as Massalia , Monoikos , and Mainake . It was also used as the official language of government and religion in the Christian Nubian kingdoms , for most of their history. Greek, in its modern form, is the official language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population. It is also the official language of Cyprus (nominally alongside Turkish ) and

1251-400: A limited but productive system of compounding and a rich inflectional system. Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in the nominal and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the dative case (its functions being largely taken over by

1390-459: A mixed syllable structure, permitting complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas. It has only oral vowels and a fairly stable set of consonantal contrasts . The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period (see Koine Greek phonology for details): In all its stages, the morphology of Greek shows an extensive set of productive derivational affixes ,

1529-521: A number of years, Višeslav was born who fathered Radoslav , who fathered Prosigoj , who fathered Vlastimir . There are no dates in this genealogy, but some can be extrapolated. The first archon arrived during the 610-626 period, and died (long time?) before the Bulgar invasion which occurred in 680. Historian Konstantin Jireček in his History of the Serbs I , page 69, estimates the rule of Višeslav,

SECTION 10

#1732775437727

1668-432: A senior position was the "most glorious logothete and patrician " Theodosios in 626, possibly either in charge of the genikon or the stratiōtikon . Although the first concrete evidence for the existence of many of the subsequent offices is often of a much later date, the chief departments, the genikon , the (e)idikon , the stratiōtikon and the dromos were in place by the late 7th century. There were also logothetes in

1807-488: A small geographical area, usually a river valley or a basin with the villages in it, bounded by the surrounding hills. The unit was called župa and the local chieftain who administered it was called župan . Župans, in turn, were subordinated to the knez or prince ( archon , ἄρχων in Greek; dux in Latin). The knez was the supreme elder and ruler of the entire people while župans were intermediaries between him and

1946-626: A small military elite which managed to organize other already settled and more numerous Slavs. Historical source which reappeared in the 9th century mention Serbs as a people "which is said to be holding the large part of Dalmatia", but Dalmatia in the Roman sense, as a region between the Adriatic on the south, the Sava on the north and the Drina (or Ibar ) on the east, but according to John (Jr.) Fine ,

2085-460: A state of diglossia : the coexistence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of the language. What came to be known as the Greek language question was a polarization between two competing varieties of Modern Greek: Dimotiki , the vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and Katharevousa , meaning 'purified', a compromise between Dimotiki and Ancient Greek developed in the early 19th century that

2224-597: A tribal community into a feudal society. The first Serbian state with established political identity was founded by prince Vlastimir in the mid-9th century. It was followed by other Serbian proto states, unstable due to the constant clashes with the Bulgarians , Hungarians and Byzantines , and by the conflict between Rome and Constantinople regarding the Christianization with the Byzantines getting

2363-906: Is sometimes called aljamiado , as when Romance languages are written in the Arabic alphabet. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Greek: Transcription of the example text into Latin alphabet : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Proto-Greek Mycenaean Ancient Koine Medieval Modern Serbia in the Middle Ages The medieval period in

2502-763: Is still used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek . In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (•), known as the ano teleia ( άνω τελεία ). In Greek the comma also functions as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing ό,τι ( ó,ti , 'whatever') from ότι ( óti , 'that'). Ancient Greek texts often used scriptio continua ('continuous writing'), which means that ancient authors and scribes would write word after word with no spaces or punctuation between words to differentiate or mark boundaries. Boustrophedon , or bi-directional text,

2641-632: Is to modern spoken English ". Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus along with a sizable Greek-speaking minority in Albania near the Greek-Albanian border. A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of the Greek language due in part to the Albanian wave of immigration to Greece in the 1980s and '90s and the Greek community in

2780-500: Is when the first Christian names appear among the Serbs. Prince Mutimir , who ruled c. 850-891 named his son Stefan Mutimirović , while his nephew was named Petar Gojniković . Serbs who were relocated to Gordoserba in the Asia Minor were probably already Christianized by the end of the 7th century, as they had their bishop and were presumably part of the army of "selected peoples" (Christians) in 692. From this period originates

2919-596: The Aegean Sea , raided Dalmatia in 597 while the entire limes collapsed by 602. The decisive phase followed, mostly from 610 to 626, when the Slavs raided the inland of the Balkans, destroying large cities and ravaging the area between the Danube on the north and south of Greece , including the repeated sieges of Thessalonica in 616 and 618, and of Constantinople itself in 626. Only defeat at Constantinople stopped

SECTION 20

#1732775437727

3058-719: The Avars in the Pannonian Plain in 567 pushed the proper invasion raids. The Slavs followed the Avars in their, mostly destructive enterprises, into the Byzantine territory. They destroyed and conquered one by one city and fortress which constituted the Danubian Limes , northern border of the empire, like Sirmium (582) and Singidunum (modern Belgrade , 584). In 584 and 586 the Slavs already besieged Thessaloniki , on

3197-562: The British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (alongside English ). Because of the membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the organization's 24 official languages . Greek is recognized as a minority language in Albania, and used co-officially in some of its municipalities, in the districts of Gjirokastër and Sarandë . It is also an official minority language in

3336-725: The Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896 , which was continued as the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 . This affected Serbia a lot. One of the most important moments in this second war was the Battle of Anchialus , held on 20 August 917, when Simeon defeated the Byzantines. Peter apparently leaned on the Byzantine side. Right before the battle, on the bank of the Neretva river, he met with Leo Rhabdouchos , Byzantine strategos of Dyrrachium . Michael Višević , ruler of Zachlumia, who held good personal relations with Simeon, dispatched this to

3475-547: The Dinarides and reached the Adriatic coast, but a closer reading of the DAI suggests that Constantine VII's consideration about the Serbian ethnic identity of the population of Pagania , Travunia and Zachlumia is based on 10th century Serbian political rule and does not indicate ethnic origin, neither a small group of people led by " Unknown Archon " could settle a large territory and they most probably arrived as

3614-646: The Drina river valley, in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially the large settlement near the village of Batković . The settlement had furnaces for the ore melting and smithing workshops. Serbian archaeologist Đorđe Janković considered that the Serbian Danube ornamental ceramic pots' analogies northwest of the Carpathian Basin (in Moravia and Austria) are evidence of the Serbian migration from

3753-657: The European canon . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science and philosophy were originally composed. The New Testament of the Christian Bible was also originally written in Greek. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the Greek texts and Greek societies of antiquity constitute the objects of study of the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek

3892-516: The Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ), but little definitive evidence has been found. In addition, Albanian has also been considered somewhat related to Greek and Armenian, and it has been proposed that they all form a higher-order subgroup along with other extinct languages of the ancient Balkans; this higher-order subgroup is usually termed Palaeo-Balkan , and Greek has a central position in it. Linear B , attested as early as

4031-629: The Peter's Church in Ras, built in the 7-9th century. The oldest phase of the construction of the Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul (Bijelo Polje)  [ sr ] in Bijelo Polje (Montenegro) was moved also to the 8th century after the recent re-examination of the construction works and stone ornaments, and was enhanced or finished in the 12th century. Remains of the 8th-century churches, before

4170-723: The Trullan Council , held in Constantinople in 692, bishop Isidore of Gordoserba was mentioned, which is the possibly first mention of the Serbian name in the south of Europe. Prior to the migration to the south, while still living in the Polabian region, Serbs may be among the first Slavic people who came in contact with Christianity. In the 7th century, they became part of the Merovingian kingdom , which not only had Christianity as an official religion but also had

4309-780: The United Kingdom , and throughout the European Union , especially in Germany . Historically, significant Greek-speaking communities and regions were found throughout the Eastern Mediterranean , in what are today Southern Italy , Turkey , Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , Egypt , and Libya ; in the area of the Black Sea , in what are today Turkey, Bulgaria , Romania , Ukraine , Russia , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan ; and, to

Logothete - Misplaced Pages Continue

4448-468: The genitive ). The verbal system has lost the infinitive , the synthetically -formed future, and perfect tenses and the optative mood . Many have been replaced by periphrastic ( analytical ) forms. Pronouns show distinctions in person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), number (singular, dual , and plural in the ancient language; singular and plural alone in later stages), and gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and decline for case (from six cases in

4587-575: The history of Serbia began in the 6th century with the Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe , and lasted until the Ottoman conquest of Serbian lands in the second half of the 15th century. The period is also extended to 1537, when Pavle Bakić , the last titular Despot of Serbia in Hungarian exile, fell in the Battle of Gorjani . At the time of settling, Serbs were already transitioning from

4726-399: The sacrae largitiones too disappeared altogether, while its various sections, as those of the praetorian prefecture, were separated and set up as autonomous departments, some of them headed by a logothete. These were under the supervision of the sakellarios , who functioned as a "general comptroller of finances", and ultimately of the emperor himself. The first mention of a logothete in

4865-417: The syntax of Greek have remained constant: verbs agree with their subject only, the use of the surviving cases is largely intact (nominative for subjects and predicates, accusative for objects of most verbs and many prepositions, genitive for possessors), articles precede nouns, adpositions are largely prepositional, relative clauses follow the noun they modify and relative pronouns are clause-initial. However,

5004-474: The theme of Thessalonica , which was formed ca. 150 years after the reign of Heraclius which was in the 7th century. For the purposes of its narrative, the DAI formulates a mistaken etymology of the Serbian ethnonym which it derives from Latin servi (serfs). The DAI mentioned that the Serbs from Polabia settled the Balkans during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641); however, some scholars consider that

5143-566: The 20th century on), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected; other modern borrowings are derived from Albanian , South Slavic ( Macedonian / Bulgarian ) and Eastern Romance languages ( Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian ). Greek words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English. Example words include: mathematics , physics , astronomy , democracy , philosophy , athletics , theatre, rhetoric , baptism , evangelist , etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements continue to be productive as

5282-489: The 6th century, under Emperor Justinian I ( r.  527–565 ), the logothetes gained in prominence and power, as they were placed in charge of the emperor's revenue-gathering measures and dispatched as fiscal agents to the provinces or accompanied military expeditions. They were allowed to keep a twelfth of the sums they would gather for the treasury, and some, such as the notorious Alexander "Scissors" , amassed considerable fortunes in this way. The major transformation of

5421-466: The 7th to the middle of the 9th century". The settlements were unfortified and of small size, at the outskirts of ancient ramparts . Numerous finds give evidence to the conclusion that a good part of native Roman population remained and continued to live within and near those ramparts. After the Christianization, under influence of Byzantine and Bulgarian Empires, since the mid-9th century

5560-553: The Balkans and allied with the more numerous Slavs living in the region, forming an independent and well organized political entity, the First Bulgarian Empire in 681. The major expansion of Bulgaria began in the first half of the 9th century when they attacked Constantinople and conquered numerous Slavic tribes on the Balkans ( Guduscani , doubtful, and Timočani , which fled to the Frankish controlled areas in

5699-641: The Bulgarian emperor, accusing Petar of collusion with the Byzantines. He also reported that the Byzantines are bribing Peter in order for him to cooperate with the Hungarians in the joint attack against Bulgaria. This was used by Simeon to start the Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924 . Bulgarian army which attacked Serbia was headed by Pavle Branović , son of blinded Bran. Despite that safety was granted to Petar because of his close relations with Simeon, he

Logothete - Misplaced Pages Continue

5838-572: The Bulgarians, managed to briefly capture the city of Dostinika, but was ultimately defeated and killed by Peter. During his reign, Petar kept good relations with both the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise (ruled 886–912) and the emperor Simeon I of Bulgaria , second son of late emperor Boris, (893-927). He was connected with Simeon by the peace treaty but also with the custom of kumstvo . Strains between Bulgarian and Byzantine empires resulted in

5977-543: The Byzantine efforts to weaken the Bulgarian-Frankish alliance against the Great Moravia and cultural turning of the Bulgarians to Rome. The Serbian army led by Mutimir and his brothers was again victorious, capturing the leader of the Bulgarian army, and Boris' son and heir, Vladimir of Bulgaria and 12 boyars . This pressured Boris to reluctantly agree to a peace treaty. As a guarantee that his son and

6116-474: The Christianization process was finished, include localities of Bilimišće ( Zenica , previously thought to be late-Roman church from the 5th or the 6th century), Dabravine ( Visoko ), Mali Mošunj ( Vitez ), Lepenica ( Kiseljak ), but also in the vicinities of Stolac , Ljubuški , Livno , Glamoč , Foča , Breza (all in modern Bosnia) and Imotski (Croatia). However, though active during this period, many of them may be pre-Slavic, Roman churches. Either through

6255-734: The Deacon tells about the Slavic flotilla which attacked the town of Sipont in Italy in 642 (or 646). The Slavs arrived with "many ships", landed on the Gargano Promontory , close to Sipont, where they set their tent camp. They confronted the Lombards ' duke Aiulf I , killing him. They were then approached by the Aiulf's adopted younger brother Radoald who "spoke their language", confusing

6394-502: The Emperor Heraclius, through the strategos of Singidunum, that they want him to give them another land to settle. And since the modern Serbia and Paganija and the so called land of Zachlumia and Travunija and the land of Konavle remained desolate because of the Avars (who expelled the Romans from there which now inhabits Dalmatia and Dyrrachium ), the emperor settled Serbs in these lands, and they were subordinated to

6533-742: The Governance of the Empire", DAI ), compiled by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus , mentions that the White Serbs relocated from the land of Bojka , also called the White Serbia . Historiography can't pinpoint for sure where that is, but the general consensus is that it was around the region of Bohemia ( Boihaemum = Bojka) and Saxony . After a death of

6672-486: The Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. It was created by modifying the Phoenician alphabet , with the innovation of adopting certain letters to represent the vowels. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late Ionic variant, introduced for writing classical Attic in 403 BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit

6811-442: The Greek language was the Cypriot syllabary (also a descendant of Linear A via the intermediate Cypro-Minoan syllabary ), which is closely related to Linear B but uses somewhat different syllabic conventions to represent phoneme sequences. The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet. Greek has been written in

6950-484: The Indo-European language family. It is native to Greece , Cyprus , Italy (in Calabria and Salento ), southern Albania , and other regions of the Balkans , Caucasus , the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor , and the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system is the Greek alphabet , which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek

7089-413: The Isaurian began to transfer regions and cities to the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , including some parts of the Balkans. Despite this, the division wasn't as sharp as it will become after the East–West Schism in 1054. The most important material testimony of the Christianization of the Serbs and other Slavs is the oldest known Christian temple among in Serbian lands,

SECTION 50

#1732775437727

7228-523: The Roman historians Tacitus and Pliny the Elder and by Claudius Ptolemy , under the name Veneti in the 1st and 2nd century AD. In the 6th century, Byzantine author Procopius and Gothic historian Jordanes mention them as Sclaveni . By this time, the Slavs already settled in the wide areas of central and eastern Europe, reaching lower and central Danube regions and invading Byzantine territories from Thrace , throughout Illyricum , up to Pannonia and Dalmatia . De Administrando Imperio ("On

7367-410: The Serbian prince, his two sons took over the rule and divided White Serbs in two groups. One remained in White Serbia, while the other group migrated to the Balkans. Frankish Chronicle of Fredegar mentions Dervan , chieftain of the Serbs, in c. 631, who may be the first Serb mentioned by name in history. Dervan is considered to be the father or, more likely, brother of the nameless prince who led

7506-403: The Serbian tribe was not part of some later migration, as usually held by historiography, rather than migrating with the rest of early Slavs from Eastern Europe (with Đ. Janković theorizing even earlier presence of the Serbs and Antes in the Danube region). For the first two centuries after the settlement, from the early 7th century on, there are almost no historical records about the Serbs, and

7645-403: The Serbs ( civitas , or city-states). Ljudevit then fled to the Croatian domain, but was soon murdered. During the 822 uprising, Serbs supported the rebellion, thus siding against the Frankish Empire and indirectly supporting the Byzantines, but it is unknown to which extent they participated in the skirmishes between two empires in the 8th and the 9th century. In 680 the Bulgars settled on

7784-492: The Serbs and the Croats, some of the Slavic tribes which settled the Balkan peninsula included: According to archaeological evidence in Serbia, mainly along Morava River Basin (which was settled by Bulgarian-Slavic tribes of Timočani, Eastern Obotrites and Moravians ), the Slavs may have reached it earlier than thought, between late 6th and early 7th century, according many findings of fibulae and Slavic pottery at Roman forts, but "no grave has been found so far to be related to

7923-476: The Serbs during his reign ( Bulgar–Serb War (839–842) ) in order to "subdue them". Unlike the tribes on the east, Vlastimir decided to stand the ground and not to lead Serbs to the west. Aside from the Bulgarians, he was surrounded by the Franks on the entire north, west and southwest side, including the vassal Zachlumia. He tried to strengthen his position by connecting with the subordinated Travunija, marrying his daughter into Travunija's ruling family. However, after

8062-420: The Serbs in 924, but were defeated. Both commanders were killed and their heads, so as the confiscated weapons, were sent to the Byzantine emperor as the trophies. Later that year Simeon sent much larger army. Among the soldier was Klonimir's son, Časlav Klonimirović. In front of the much larger Bulgarian army, Zaharija fled to Croatia. The Bulgarian Empire summoned Serbian župans to gather and accept Časlav as

8201-457: The Serbs settled only a small, isolated and mutually distant river valleys, karst fields and fertile basins. Those patches of the territory had fertile land, suitable for the agriculture, while the barely accessible, some mountain regions remained uninhabited. By the 7th century, the Serbs scattered all the way south to the Peloponnesus and other regions of Greece, while the emperor Heraclius originally settled them around Thessaloniki. However,

8340-418: The Serbs were Christianized and that the process was performed by the priests from Rome , it took some time before the new religion spread through the entire population. Other reports confirm that the church missionary activities were organized among the South Slavs already from the late 7th and mid-8th century. The process was mostly finished by the late 9th century during Byzantine Emperor Basil I which

8479-412: The Serbs were not mentioned during first Siege of Thessalonica (617) and second Siege of Thessalonica (676–678) , indicating the Serbs did not live in the area before and after that date. Emperor Justinian II possibly resettled some Serbs from the surroundings of Thessaloniki to Bithynia , in Asia Minor , in 688–689, and there they founded the town/district of Gordoservon . Among the participants of

SECTION 60

#1732775437727

8618-421: The Slavs long enough to defeat them and expel them from the Apennine Peninsula . Unlike some later attacks on modern Italian soil, it is unknown which specific Slavic tribe conducted this excursion. However, with some other data (Italian monks claim that Slavs acknowledged paramount rule of the Byzantine emperor), the well equipped attack on the Lombards, main opponents of the Byzantine Empire in Italy, points to

8757-539: The Slavs with a degree of certainty" and "the date when the Slavs started settling in Illyricum remains a question". In the Danube Basin of Serbia ( Vojvodina ) thirteen sites show that the earliest presence of Slavs in that area could be dated to the late second-half of the 6th century or later (with radiocarbon dating of 7-8th century), and possibly served as foederati protecting the Byzantine border fortresses. The sites have paralles with findings from both Central and Lower Danube and Sava Basin, with analogies showing that

8896-402: The White Serbs into the Balkans. Sclaveni raided and settled the western Balkans in the 6th and 7th century. Jointly with the Antes , another Slavic group, they conducted intrusions south of the Danube and Sava rivers into the Balkans, and the territory of the Byzantine Empire ruled by Justinian I (527-565), who reconquered several former territories of the Roman Empire . The arrival of

9035-404: The acute during the late 20th century, and it has only been retained in typography . After the writing reform of 1982, most diacritics are no longer used. Since then, Greek has been written mostly in the simplified monotonic orthography (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system),

9174-411: The area was not well re-populated by the Slavs, and settlement patterns in the 8th and 9th century show "successive population inflows from the surrounding regions" (with significant Bulgarian influence ). The findings indicating Slavic residence in Byzantine cities puts into question survival of local Roman population. The found coins indicate "renewal of life in the central Balkans from the middle of

9313-423: The arrival of Proto-Greeks, some documented in Mycenaean texts ; they include a large number of Greek toponyms . The form and meaning of many words have changed. Loanwords (words of foreign origin) have entered the language, mainly from Latin, Venetian , and Turkish . During the older periods of Greek, loanwords into Greek acquired Greek inflections, thus leaving only a foreign root word. Modern borrowings (from

9452-441: The battle, its participants and circumstances were enshrined and immortalized in folk poetry and literature. It transcended the historical importance, reaching a spiritual level by the 19th century, and turned Kosovo into the "Jerusalem of the Serbs". Despite the defeat, Serbia endured for another 70 years, experiencing a territorial and cultural revival under Despot Stefan Lazarević (1389-1427). Serbian resistance continued until

9591-407: The church, assisting the patriarch and the metropolitan bishops , while a logothetēs tou praitoriou was a senior official under the Eparch of Constantinople . Under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos ( r.  1081–1118 ), the logothete of the bureaux ( logothetēs tōn sekretōn ) was instituted, who supervised all state departments, evolving eventually into the Grand Logothete ( megas logothetēs ) of

9730-412: The close connections between the Slavs and the Byzantines and the Byzantine overall influence, corroborating the DAI s claim that Serbs settled in the Balkans in accordance with the Byzantine emperor. Through linguistical studies, it is concluded that the early South Slavs were made up of a western and eastern branch, of parallel streams, roughly divided in the Timok – Osogovo – Šar line. Apart from

9869-495: The country. Prior to the Greco-Turkish War and the resulting population exchange in 1923 a very large population of Greek-speakers also existed in Turkey , though very few remain today. A small Greek-speaking community is also found in Bulgaria near the Greek-Bulgarian border. Greek is also spoken worldwide by the sizable Greek diaspora which has notable communities in the United States , Australia , Canada , South Africa , Chile , Brazil , Argentina , Russia , Ukraine ,

10008-664: The dates in the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church - St. Vitus' Day ( Vidovdan ), Michaelmas ( Miholjdan ), Theodore the Studite ( Mratindan ). Confirmation of the early missionary work by Rome, already in the 7th century, are writings of Pope Agatho and Thomas the Archdeacon . This wasn't unusual, as, following the ancient rules, this region of the still unified church was administered by Rome. This began to change after 732, when Byzantine emperor Leo III

10147-441: The dative led to a rise of prepositional indirect objects (and the use of the genitive to directly mark these as well). Ancient Greek tended to be verb-final, but neutral word order in the modern language is VSO or SVO. Modern Greek inherits most of its vocabulary from Ancient Greek, which in turn is an Indo-European language, but also includes a number of borrowings from the languages of the populations that inhabited Greece before

10286-406: The destruction of Serbian state and society was by the Bulgarians, considered that "at this point, fortifications were temporarily abandoned". Časlav recognized the supreme authority of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, who became his mentor and protector. The emperor helped Časlav to restore Serbia, including the heavy financial aid. Časlav repopulated Serbia returning some of

10425-528: The earliest forms attested to four in the modern language). Nouns, articles, and adjectives show all the distinctions except for a person. Both attributive and predicative adjectives agree with the noun. The inflectional categories of the Greek verb have likewise remained largely the same over the course of the language's history but with significant changes in the number of distinctions within each category and their morphological expression. Greek verbs have synthetic inflectional forms for: Many aspects of

10564-417: The eastern or western border, with the latter more probable localization. They were not mentioned afterwards, possibly because of remote location, lost importance or became desolated after Bulgarian Samuel 's conquest in the end of the 10th century. It is considered that Destinikon was the ecclesiastical centre and capital of early medieval Serbia. There's no consensus in the scholarship whether Stari Ras

10703-473: The eldest one. Presian's son and successor, Boris I of Bulgaria , decided to avenge his father, and attacked Serbia again, instigating the Bulgar–Serb War of 853 , though the warfare is variously set by the historians in 854, 858, 863–864, 870 or even in the 880s. The war was also part of the larger skirmish in the region, which included the Bulgarian expansion in the direction of the central Danube Valley and

10842-536: The emperor of the Romans, the emperor brought priests from Rome to baptize them and teach them to perform the pious duties in order, and displayed the Christian faith to them. Another source on early medieval Serbia are the Royal Frankish Annals by Einhard , that recorded Serbs (in 822) who controlled great part of Dalmatia (" ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur "). It

10981-412: The extent that one can speak of a new language emerging. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language. It is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, " Homeric Greek is probably closer to Demotic than 12-century Middle English

11120-457: The fact that the major role in the Christianization of the Serbs had priests and missionaries from Rome, rather than from the closer Constantinople. This can also be seen in the earliest Christian terms in the Serbian language which came from the Latin language ( oltare from altare , altar), the earliest Christian toponymy and presence of several religious feasts and holidays which corresponded to

11259-551: The fall of Smederevo in 1459. Despite the claimed significance in which Turkish rule shaped national consciousness of the Serbs, the fall under the Ottomans was dubbed by the Serbian historians as “Turkish night”. The conquest severed continuity of economic, social and political development, and Serbia was cut off from the European cultural and political society where it was carving its own place. When development of Serbia and

11398-569: The first Serbian ruler whose name is known, around 780. One of his two successors was in power in 822, as mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals . The work deals with an episode concerning the Pannonian ruler Ljudevit Posavski . Under the Frankish attack he left his capital Sisak and fled over to the Serbs, for which is "said to be as holding the large part of (Roman) Dalmatia": Siscia civitate relicta, ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur, fugiendo se contulit . However,

11537-469: The inhabited cities (καστρα/kastra) of Destinikon (or Serbian Dostinika) (Δεστινίκον), Tzernabouskeï (Τζερναβουσκέη), Megyretous (Μεγυρέτους), Dresneïk (Δρεσνεήκ), Lesnik (Λεσνήκ), Salines (Σαληνές), while the "small land" (χοριον/chorion) of Bosnia (Βοσωνα), part of Serbia, had the cities of Katera (Κατερα) and Desnik (Δέσνηκ). Almost all of them, apart Salines and possibly Destinikon, are still unidentified. Serbian towns could have been located more to

11676-449: The language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to the modern period. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodizations, relatively arbitrary, especially because, in all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it. Across its history, the syllabic structure of Greek has varied little: Greek shows

11815-467: The late 15th century BC, was the first script used to write Greek. It is basically a syllabary , which was finally deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick in the 1950s (its precursor, Linear A , has not been deciphered and most likely encodes a non-Greek language). The language of the Linear B texts, Mycenaean Greek , is the earliest known form of Greek. Another similar system used to write

11954-645: The late Byzantine Empire. By the Palaiologan period , the various logothetes had vanished or were converted into purely honorary titles. The title logotet ( Serbian Cyrillic : логотет ) was used in Serbia in the Middle Ages since the rule of King Stefan Milutin ( r.  1282–1321 ). Notable title-holders include Rajko , Joanikije , Pribac , Gojko , Voihna , Pahomije and Stefan Ratković . Holy Roman Emperor Otto III ( r.  996–1002 ),

12093-452: The many other countries of the Greek diaspora . Greek roots have been widely used for centuries and continue to be widely used to coin new words in other languages; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary . Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, or possibly earlier. The earliest written evidence is

12232-500: The mentioning of "Dalmatia" in 822 and 833 as an old geographical term by the authors of Frankish Annals was Pars pro toto with a vague perception of what this geographical term actually referred to. In the contemporary Vita Hludovici that description of the Serbs is omitted. Ljudevit later killed the local župan who took him in and temporarily took over the rule in his župa, which is estimated to be either somewhere in western, central or eastern Bosnia . Some historians pointed to

12371-530: The missionary works of Roman or Byzantine monks, local remnants of the Romanized people or the Byzantine population in the cities, the Christianization of the Serbs appears to be peaceful and voluntary, unlike the forceful practices of the Frankish Empire . Apart from the political implications - use of new religion for the strengthening of the central rule and concentration of the power in the hands of

12510-466: The modern village of Srb in the region of Lika in modern Croatia, as the possible location as in the medieval period it was a town, described in the early 14th century as having "Serbian seat and court, like in the old times", while others opposed it. Frankish chronicle makes a distinctions between the settlements ruled by the Croats (referring to them as castellis , or castles ) and those held by

12649-465: The morphological changes also have their counterparts in the syntax, and there are also significant differences between the syntax of the ancient and that of the modern form of the language . Ancient Greek made great use of participial constructions and of constructions involving the infinitive, and the modern variety lacks the infinitive entirely (employing a raft of new periphrastic constructions instead) and uses participles more restrictively. The loss of

12788-610: The most important Serbian medieval ruler, who halted expansion of state in 1299 in order to consolidate it. Serbia peaked during the reign of king and later Emperor Dušan (1331-55). He expanded the state to encompass modern Serbia south of the Sava and the Danube , Macedonia , Montenegro , Albania , east Herzegovina , Epirus and Thessaly , organized Serbia after the Byzantine Empire, and introduced codified law . There

12927-424: The names of those early princes faded from the collective memory. In the DAI , the emperor basically gives the genealogy of the first Serbian ruling dynasty: After the " Unknown Archon " of the Serbs who fled over to the emperor Heraclius, in the time when Bulgaria was under the rule of the Romans, by the inheritance (rules) his son took over the rule, then his grandson and so other archons from his family line. After

13066-526: The new archon, but they were all captured and sent to Bulgaria. In the next few years, 925 and 926, Bulgarians completely ravaged Serbia. Part of the population was enslaved and taken to Bulgaria , while some managed to escape to Croatia or to the Byzantine Empire. According to Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, the "country was left deserted". But situation changed after Simeon I the Great died in 927. His son and heir, Peter I of Bulgaria , changed completely

13205-469: The nortwest to the Danube region with consent of the Byzantine Empire, but such hypothesis based on ceramics is not well substantiated as closer ceramic analogies exist in Lower Danube and Wallachian region. The history of the early medieval Serbian Principality is recorded in the DAI . The emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus assembled it from 948 to 952 for his son and heir Romanos II . The aim

13344-785: The office came in the early 7th century: during the Heraclian dynasty , the administrative machinery of the state, inherited from the time of Diocletian and Constantine the Great , was thoroughly reformed. Thus the three chief financial "departments" of the old system, the Praetorian Prefecture, the Sacred Largesses ( sacrae largitiones ) and the Private Domains ( res privata ) were replaced by smaller specialized departments titled logothesia (sing. logothesion ) or sekreta (sing. sekreton ). This process

13483-470: The others will be freed, Boris asked for the Mutimir's sons to accompany the prisoners to the border. Mutimir sent his two younger sons, Bran and Stefan, while the eldest and heir to the throne, Pribislav , was precautionary kept at home. Pleased with the release of his son, Boris gave them "lush gifts", while the Serbian princes gave to Boris "two slaves, two falcons, two dogs, and 80 furs". Soon after

13622-532: The peace was reached with Bulgaria, the internal strife hit the ruling triumvirate. Mutimir, eldest and probably the most powerful in the state, expelled his brothers Strojimir (and his son Klonimir ) and Gojnik to khan Boris in Bulgaria, keeping only Petar Gojniković, Gojnik's son and his nephew. This happened between 863 and 873, when the pope John VIII in his letter addressed Mutimir only. However, Petar soon fled to Croatia. Strojimir remained in Bulgarian exile for

13761-470: The people who fled to the neighboring countries. Serbia prospered, keeping good relations with the Byzantines and the emperor constantly pointed out the good relations with Serbia in this period. The borders of Časlav's state are uncertain, possibly expanding into Bosnia. It is presumed his reign stopped or died in the 940s. According to semi-fictional late 13th century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja ,

13900-460: The people. As in the other parts of the early medieval Europe, Serbian "state" did not mean by default a rule over the territory, but over the people. So, the Serbian political organization included only areas which were populated by the Serbs, excluding the vast uninhabited areas in between. That way, the borders of the "state" cannot be accurately determined. According to DAI , "baptized Serbia" (known in historiography also as Raška ), included

14039-566: The politics of his country, falling under the heavy Byzantine influence. This allowed for Časlav, who returned to live in Bulgarian capital Preslav as Serbia was turned into the badlands, to come to Serbia and restore the state. This happened "7 years later", but historians are not sure is it 7 years after the 924 expedition to Serbia or after 927 and Simeon's death, but it had to be by 933–934, at latest. DAI claims that he and his entourage of 4 encountered only "50 single men, without wives and children, who lived from hunting", it shows how thorough

14178-506: The presence of Serbs in this area is disputable since the Byzantine sources were limited to the southern coast, but it is possible that among other tribes existed a tribe or group of small tribes of Serbs. According to Živković, the usage of the term Dalmatia in the Royal Frankish Annals refers both to the land where Serbs ruled as well as to the lands under the rule of Croat duke, but doesn not necessarily mean settlement of

14317-478: The prisoners and relics, whose account on the event survived. At the same time, citizens of the neighboring Spalatum complained to the "emperors in Constantinople" ( Heraclius and his son Heraklonas ) about the constant harassment by the Slavs, which prompted the emperors to issue an order to the "Goths and Slavs" to leave the town alone, which they complied to. The 8th century History of the Lombards by Paul

14456-536: The raids and pacified the situation on the peninsula, but by that time large portions of the Balkans were already inhabited by the Slavs. Around 640, the Avar-Slavic party raided the city of Salona on Dalmatian Adriatic coast, capturing Christian residents and numerous religious artifacts, including relics of the Saint Domnius and Saint Venantius of Salona . Pope John IV sent abbot Martin to buy off

14595-532: The realm of simply translating Byzantine works and established a unique Serbian civilization. Political and cultural growth was followed by economic growth. Agriculture developed; and while silver, tin and copper had been mined during the Roman era , mining vastly expanded in this period. Trade boomed as well utilizing old Roman roads. The apex was short-lived. Dušan's death was followed by disintegration of state under rival family branches and local leaders. The last emperor, Uroš , died in 1371. The major pretender to

14734-404: The region in general, as even in the entire Byzantine Empire almost no contemporary chronicles or historical works survived. But in this period the process of resettling of the Serbs in the central region of the peninsula was finished. They inhabited the narrow valleys in the watersheds of Lim , Tara , Piva , Ibar , West Morava , Upper Drina and Upper Bosna . Certain groups possibly crossed

14873-591: The regions of Apulia and Calabria in Italy. In the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Greek is protected and promoted officially as a regional and minority language in Armenia, Hungary , Romania, and Ukraine. It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . The phonology , morphology , syntax , and vocabulary of

15012-569: The reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian I (527–565), defensive structures in the region were reinforced. In 535, the newly founded city of Justiniana Prima became center of the Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima , with metropolitan jurisdiction over all provinces of the Diocese of Dacia . At the beginning of the 7th century, region was invaded by Avars and Slavs , thus ending the Byzantine rule. The Slavs in general were mentioned by

15151-616: The rest of Europe in the 15th and the 19th century are compared, it shows the enormous erosion and falling behind. During the 6th century, at the beginning of the early medieval period, territory of later Serbia was controlled mainly by the Byzantine Empire (southern and central regions), and also by Byzantine neighboring rivals, the Gepid Kingdom and the Ostrogothic Kingdom (northern regions). During

15290-736: The rest of his life. Boris married him to a Bulgarian noblewoman and they had a son, Časlav Klonimirović . Mutimir's eldest son, Pribislav, succeeded to the throne after his father's death in 891. This was an opportunity for the descendants of the Mutimir's brothers to take over the Serbian throne. Already in 892 Petar Gojniković returned from Croatia, expelled all three Mutimir's sons to Croatia - Pribislav, Bran and Stefan - and began his rule which lasted until 917. In this period he suppressed two attempts for his dethronement. Petar defeated and blinded Bran who tried to overthrow him in 895 attacking from Croatia while in 897 he crushed Klonomir's attempt from Bulgaria to depose him. Klonimir, probably instigated by

15429-484: The ruler - there was also a cultural and spiritual dimension, which included acceptance of the basic cultural values and principles of the day, and the church was the founding stone of literacy and education in the Middle Age societies. The entire religious-cultural process spanned through three centuries. In those small, isolated areas, the Serbs formed their basic territorial and political units. Each unit comprised

15568-467: The same area by the Serbs, and was likely a reflection of the Franks' territorial aspirations towards the entire area of the former Roman Province of Dalmatia. In the contemporary Vita Hludovici that description of the Serbs is omitted. Though the described borders mark a large area, it is mostly a mountainous and inaccessible terrain, rugged with the high ranges of the Dinarides. Within this region,

15707-482: The seal of the prince Strojimir , Mutimir's brother. The seal has a representation of a cross and the inscription Lord, help Strojimir ( ICE BOIΘ CTPOHMIP in Greek) around it. Pope John VIII addressed prince Mutimir in 873 and called in the letter for Mutimir that, "following the tradition of his ancestors", he submits his land to the jurisdiction of the new Pannonian bishop Methodius . Numerous arguments point to

15846-459: The settlements number increased and became fortified, also were re-settled ancient hillforts (more than 30%) but with reduced area size. No cemetery has been found, showing that the burial was mainly cremation and later biritual. Outside of Serbia, in lands which were settled by early Serbs (and other Slavs), main remains of the Slavic culture and social organization, from the 7th to the 9th century, includes several localities around Doboj and in

15985-614: The son of the Byzantine princess Theophanu , bestowed it on his chancellor, Leo of Vercelli (999–1026). In the end, it only became firmly established in Sicily , where the logothete occupied the position of chancellor elsewhere, his office being equal if not superior to that of the Magnus Cancellarius . Thus, the title was borne for example by Pietro della Vigna , the all-powerful minister of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II ( r.  1220–1250 ), king of Sicily. The title

16124-454: The southeastern part of Serbian Danube region most probably was settled by Slavs from Ipotești–Cândești culture . The number of Slavic and Pannonian Avars findings in Serbia generally are very small, could be traces of warrior excursions or acculturation, and only since second half of the 7th century "can be interpreted with considerable certainty as a model of Slavic colonisation". However,

16263-437: The stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks ( rough and smooth breathing ), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the diaeresis , used to mark the full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in handwriting saw a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of

16402-406: The three years-long warfare, Presian didn't gain any territories and, additionally, lost the majority of its army. Vlastimir died c. 850 and Presijan in 852. Serbian throne was inherited by Vlastimir's sons, Mutimir, Strojimir and Gojnik . According to the conventional inheritance rules of the period, the state was probably administratively divided in three, but Mutimir held the "ruling right" as

16541-457: The time of Emperor Septimius Severus ( r.  193–211 ), where a procurator a rationibus is attested. In late Roman times, the rationales were officials attached to the praetorian prefectures and charged with supervising the state treasury and the emperor's private domains. The first notable official titled as a logothete was Marinus , the future praetorian prefect and chief minister of Emperor Anastasius I ( r.  491–518 ). In

16680-635: The unbaptized Serbs, also called White Serbs, which live on the other side of the Turkey (i.e. Hungary ), in the land which they call Bojka, close to the Frankish Empire and the great Croatia, unbaptized, also known as the White Croatia ". The emperor also describes how the Serbian tribe was divided in two, with one group migrating to the Balkans: As two brothers inherited the rule over the Serbs after their father, one of them, taking

16819-420: The unified throne was King Vukašin , but he died clashing with the Ottomans in 1371 . The next who appeared able to restore Serbia was Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović , ruler of the expanded Moravian Serbia . The major clash with advancing Ottomans occurred on 28 June 1389 at Kosovo Polje . Both rulers, Sultan Murad I and prince Lazar, were killed in the battle. Due to its importance, magnitude, and consequences,

16958-445: The upper hand in the 9th century. By the second-half of the 10th century Principality of Serbia , enlarged but unconsolidated, prone to the internal tribalism and foreign attacks, collapsed leaving Serbian lands to the plunderers. Serbian statehood moved to Duklja , which at one point reunited almost all Serbian lands, but the Byzantines successfully sidelined it. The stable, unified, and continuous Grand Principality of Serbia

17097-493: The west, Praedenecenti in c. 825, Merehani - all of which disappeared from history afterwards), so as the remnants of the Avars in the Pannonian plain. By acquiring the Morava Valley and Belgrade, they came in contact with the Serbs. Because of the ensuing Bulgarian-Serbian relations, the reign of prince Vlastimir can be determined with greater certainty. According to the DAI , Presian I , Khan of Bulgaria , attacked

17236-574: Was a distinct dialect of Greek itself. Aside from the Macedonian question, current consensus regards Phrygian as the closest relative of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological and lexical isoglosses , with some being exclusive between them. Scholars have proposed a Graeco-Phrygian subgroup out of which Greek and Phrygian originated. Among living languages, some Indo-Europeanists suggest that Greek may be most closely related to Armenian (see Graeco-Armenian ) or

17375-497: Was a tight union of state and church which became autocephalous in 1219 under Saint Sava , and a patriarchate in 1346, rivaling the status of Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople . The rulers endowed numerous monasteries, like Mileševa , Peć , Morača , Sopoćani , Visoki Dečani , Gračanica , which are today monuments with an important symbolism for Serbs. The union accelerated cultural development and moved beyond

17514-603: Was also borrowed in the internal organization of the medieval Romanian countries, Moldavia and Wallachia . In Moldavia, the Great Logothete ( mare logofăt ) was the chief minister of the prince and head of the chancellery, while in Wallachia, he was the second-most senior member of the prince's council, after the ban . Several other officials were also called logothetes: Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt accused then-President Woodrow Wilson of being

17653-505: Was also used in Ancient Greek. Greek has occasionally been written in the Latin script , especially in areas under Venetian rule or by Greek Catholics . The term Frankolevantinika / Φραγκολεβαντίνικα applies when the Latin script is used to write Greek in the cultural ambit of Catholicism (because Frankos / Φράγκος is an older Greek term for West-European dating to when most of (Roman Catholic Christian) West Europe

17792-490: Was by far the most widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world . It eventually became the official language of the Byzantine Empire and developed into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . It is spoken by at least 13.5 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey , and

17931-475: Was captured and sent to Bulgaria where he died imprisoned, while Pavle became the new ruler by the end of 917. At the beginning, Pavle ruled as a Bulgarian protégé . This prompted the new Byzantine emperor, Romanos I Lekapenos , to organize a party in 921 to overthrow Pavle. The campaign was headed by Pribislav's son, Zaharija Pribislavljević , who lived in Constantinople at the time, in the Romanos' court. He

18070-443: Was defeated and Pavle sent him to Bulgaria as a prisoner. In 923 Pavle turned against his sponsors, the Bulgarians, so Zaharija was again dispatched against him, now by Simeon. This time he was successful, expelling Pavle and taking over the rule himself. But Zaharija soon switched back to his original allies, the Byzantines. Simeon sent an army to conquer the shifty archon. His troops, headed by Theodore Sigritsa and Marmais attacked

18209-504: Was established in the late 11th century by Vukan . While under the rule of Stefan Nemanja and his descendants, the Nemanjić dynasty , Serbia achieved its Golden Age which lasted until the 14th century, when as a powerful state ( kingdom from 1217 , empire from 1346 ), it dominated the majority of the Balkan peninsula . By the 14th century, Serbia was a fully developed feudal state. Foundations were set by King Milutin (1282-1321),

18348-438: Was located on the Serbian or Bulgarian side of the border, but newer research indicates that Ras since the mid-9th century was renovated, inhabited and controlled by the Bulgarians hence being "a frontier district of Bulgaria". The ruling princely line originated from the first archon who led the Serbs to the Balkans during the emperor Heraclius' reign. However, by the time of the emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus,

18487-597: Was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems. The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with the epics of Homer , ancient Greek literature includes many works of lasting importance in

18626-400: Was the oldest historical record which mentioned the name Serbs and gave some details about them. In contemporary historiography and archaeology, the narratives of De Administrando Imperio have been reassessed as they contain anachronisms and factual mistakes. The account in DAI about the Serbs mentions that they requested from the Byzantine commander of present-day Belgrade to settle in

18765-411: Was the result of severe territorial loss and the need to rationalize revenue collection during the final Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 and the early Muslim conquests , but had already been presaged by Emperor Justinian's reforms in the 6th century, when the res privata , responsible for the managing of imperial estates, had been divided by kind into five separate departments. By the mid-7th century,

18904-412: Was to warn the young prince on the problems which might occur during his reign. The Serbs are mentioned in the total of 8 chapters, from 29 to 36. The most important is the chapter 32, which is titled "About the Serbs and the lands in which they dwell today". The DAI drew information on the Serbs from, among others, Serbian sources. On the origin of the Serbs, the DAI says that "Serbs originate from

19043-516: Was under the control of the Frankish Empire ). Frankochiotika / Φραγκοχιώτικα (meaning 'Catholic Chiot') alludes to the significant presence of Catholic missionaries based on the island of Chios . Additionally, the term Greeklish is often used when the Greek language is written in a Latin script in online communications. The Latin script is nowadays used by the Greek-speaking communities of Southern Italy . The Yevanic dialect

19182-637: Was used for literary and official purposes in the newly formed Greek state. In 1976, Dimotiki was declared the official language of Greece, after having incorporated features of Katharevousa and thus giving birth to Standard Modern Greek , used today for all official purposes and in education . The historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language are often emphasized. Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, never since classical antiquity has its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition been interrupted to

19321-673: Was written by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews using the Hebrew Alphabet . In a tradition, that in modern time, has come to be known as Greek Aljamiado , some Greek Muslims from Crete wrote their Cretan Greek in the Arabic alphabet . The same happened among Epirote Muslims in Ioannina . This also happened among Arabic-speaking Byzantine rite Christians in the Levant ( Lebanon , Palestine, and Syria ). This usage

#726273