51-615: [REDACTED] Look up sa:लोहर or लोहार in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lohara may refer to: People [ edit ] Lohara dynasty , a dynasty in Kashmir Andhra Pradesh, India [ edit ] Lohara, Andhra Pradesh , a village in Adilabad Mandal, Adilabad district Bihar, India [ edit ] Lohara, Nalanda ,
102-518: A Divira (clerk), became king. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (980–1003 CE) placed Samgrāmarāja , son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty . Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Despite
153-406: A cultured man with much to offer his people but became as prone to the influence of specific favorites and as corrupt, cruel, and profligate as his predecessors. He, too, indulged in incest and Stein has said that he was; undoubtedly the most striking figure among the later Hindu rulers of Kashmir. His many and varied attainments and the strange contrasts in his character must have greatly exercised
204-425: A fightback by Sussala, who had decamped in defeat from Srinagar to Lohara, resulted in the pretender being deposed around six months later, in early 1121. Thereafter, Sussala resumed his oppression and treated the wealth of his people as his own. He also imprisoned troublesome members of his own family but, like others before him, he was unable to control the lawlessness among the feudatory chiefs. While squabbling among
255-416: A foreign policy that improved the influence the dynasty held over surrounding hill tribes. Kalaśa experienced difficulties with his oldest son, Harsa, who felt that the allowance granted by his father was insufficient for his extravagant tastes. Harsa plotted to kill Kalaśa, was found out, and was eventually imprisoned. His position as heir to the throne was given instead to his younger brother, Utkarsa, who
306-447: A kingmaker in allying with Sussala, whom Stein believes to have been "personally brave but rash, cruel, and inconsiderate" and whose rule was "practically one long and disastrous struggle with the irrepressible Dāmaras and with dangerous pretenders." As part of their alliance, Gargacandra arranged the marriage of two of his daughters, one to Sussala and one to Sussala's son, Jayasimha. Having turned on Gargacandra and defeated him, Sussala
357-751: A panchayat village in Harnaut Tehsil, Nalanda District Lohara, Munger , a village in Tetiha Bambor Tehsil, Munger District Chhattisgarh, India [ edit ] Lohara, Durg , a village in Dondiluhara tehsil, Durg district Lohara, Kawardha , a village in Kawardha tehsil, Kawardha district Maharashtra, India [ edit ] Lohara, Akola , a village in Balapur Taluka, Akola district Lohara, Latur ,
408-658: A panchayat village in Udgir Taluka, Latur district Lohara Tahsil , an administrative division in Osmanabad district Lohara Bk. , a panchayat village in Lohara Taluka in Osmanabad district Punjab, Pakistan [ edit ] Lohara, Punjab , a village in Zafarwal tehsil, Narowal District See also [ edit ] Lahore (disambiguation) Lohar (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
459-512: A period of consolidation and of prosperous peace ... [it] had subsequently fallen victim to his own Nero -like propensities". Uchchala , who was from a side branch of the Lohara royal line, succeeded to the throne and reigned for a decade. He and his younger brother, Sussala, had been spotted by Harsa as pretenders to his crown during the unrest, and in 1100, they were forced to flee. The move did them no harm as it increased their status among
510-444: A result of a conspiracy and after a prior attempt by Sussala to overthrow him. Sussala was not in the vicinity at the time that Uccala was murdered, but within days she had attempted a hazardous winter crossing over the mountains to Srinagar. Foiled by the winter weather on this occasion, he was able a few months later to venture once more, and he proceeded to take control of Kashmir from a half-brother, Salhana. Salhana had himself taken
561-411: A standstill. Socially and morally too the court and the country had sunk to the depths of degradations. Rajatarangini Rājataraṅgiṇī ( Sanskrit : राजतरङ्गिणी , romanized : rājataraṅgiṇī , IPA: [ɾɑː.d͡ʑɐ.t̪ɐˈɾɐŋ.ɡi.ɳiː] , lit. ' The River of Kings ' ) is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of Indian sub-continent , particularly
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#1732772247519612-416: A trade route between western Punjab and Kashmir in the present-day Poonch district . The kingdom of Lohara was centered around a group of large villages collectively known as Lohrin in a valley, and likely extended into neighboring valleys. Didda , a daughter of the king of Lohara named Simharja, married the king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, thereby uniting the two regions. In comparison to other societies of
663-482: A turbulent time, being, at one stage, forced out of his own kingdom by his officials. His death came by poison in 1212 or 1213, and his successors met with no more success; his son, Rājadeva, survived until 1235 but any power that he may have had was shackled by the nobility; his grandson, Samgrāmadeva, who ruled from 1235 to 1252, was forced out of the kingdom just as Jagadeva had been and then killed soon after his return. Another son of Rājadeva became king in 1252. This
714-466: A work written by Kalhana in the mid-12th century, upon which many studies of the first 150 years of the dynasty depend. Subsequent accounts, which provide information up to and beyond the end of the dynasty, come from Jonarāja and Śrīvara . The later rulers of the dynasty were perceived as weak. Internal conflicts and instances of corruption were prevalent during this era, occasionally interrupted by short periods of stability. These factors contributed to
765-485: Is considered the founder of the Lohara dynasty. He inherited the throne from his aunt Queen Didda after her death in 1003 CE. Samgrāmarāja was able to repel several attacks of Mahmud of Ghazni against Kashmir, and he also supported Shahis of Gandhara against Ghaznavid attacks. The reign of Samgrāmarāja between 1003 and June or July 1028 was primarily characterized by the actions of those in his court, those who preyed on his subjects to satisfy their greed, and by
816-535: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lohara dynasty The Lohara dynasty was a Kashmiri Hindu dynasty that ruled over Kashmir and surrounding regions in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent between 1003 CE and approximately 1320 CE. The early history of the dynasty was described in the Rajatarangini ( Chronicle of Kings ),
867-521: Is often described as the last king of the Lohara dynasty. With the end of the Loharas, Vantideva was replaced by a new ruler named Vuppadeva, who was apparently elected by the people and who started the eponymous dynasty of the Vuppadevas. Vuppadeva was succeeded in 1181 CE by his brother Jassaka, who was then succeeded by his son Jagadeva in 1199 CE. Jagadeva attempted to emulate Jayasimha but had
918-400: Is possible that Harirja was killed by his mother, Shrilakhā, who may have been desirous of holding power herself but was ultimately thwarted in that scheme by those protecting her children. It was around this time that Vigraharāja attempted once more to take control of Kashmir, taking an army to do battle near the capital at Srinagar and being killed in defeat. The period of rule by Ananta
969-497: The Kashmir Sultanate . After Sultan Sadr-ud-Din's death, Sūhadeva's brother Udayanadeva was invited to return to Kashmir to rule, while Sadr-ud-Din's son and heir Haidar was still a minor. Queen Kota Rani made the decision to marry Udayanadeva to legitimise his rule, but many suspected Kota Rani to be the real ruler of Kashmir, and after Udayanadeva's death in 1338, Kota Rani herself ruled Kashmir directly herself. During
1020-526: The kings of Kashmir . It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years. Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when
1071-505: The dynasty's susceptibility to the expansion of Islamic conquests in the region. According to the 12th-century text Rajatarangini translated by Sir Marc Aurel Stein , the family of the chiefs of Lohara were from the Khaśa tribe . The original seat of the Lohara dynasty was a hill fortress called Loharkot. Stein identified its location in the Pir Panjal range of mountains, situated on
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#17327722475191122-426: The dāmaras had assisted him in regaining the throne, he found himself frequently under siege upon his return as they sought to maintain a state of near anarchy in which they could profit for themselves. In 1123, during a period of intense pressure from besieging dāmaras and while mourning the death of one of his wives, Sussala abdicated in favour of his son, Jayasimha. He soon changed his mind, and although Jayasimha
1173-462: The dāmaras, as so often in the past, and also, as in the past, it was the fact that those chiefs also fought among themselves that enabled Jayasimha to survive. Peace came after 1145, and Jayasimha was able to employ his methods of kingship, which relied on diplomacy and Machiavellian plotting, for the greater good of his kingdom. In particular, Kalhana refers to the piety of Jayasimha, who rebuilt or constructed many temples which had been destroyed during
1224-550: The dāmaras: if Harsa wanted the brothers dead, then that was all the more reason to rally around them. It was as a consequence of this that Uccala was able to mount armed attacks on Harsa, as in 1101, which, although initially unsuccessful, eventually achieve their aim as those closest to Harsa deserted him. The two kingdoms of Kashmir and Lohara were again split at the time of Uccala's accession, with Uccala ceding rule over Lohara to Sussala in an attempt to head off any potential challenge from his ambitious brother. The rule of Uccala
1275-412: The effective rule of his father in 1076, causing Ananta to leave the capital along with many loyal courtiers and then lay siege to them in their new abode at Vijayesvara, on the verge of being pushed into exile and faced with a wife who, even at this stage, doted on her son, Ananta committed suicide in 1081. After this, Kalaśa reformed his licentious ways and began to govern responsibly, as well as operating
1326-399: The kingdom under his control there is a sense in which the majority of it was united against him. Ladakhi Buddhist prince Rinchan aided in overthrowing Shadeva and, taking the widow of Shadeva queen Kota Rani as his wife, claimed the throne for himself in 1320 and reigned until 1323. Shortly after taking the throne, Rinchan converted to Islam, changing his name to Sadr-ud-Din and beginning
1377-627: The kingdom's subjects. These appointees and their actions made Tunga unpopular, and as he aged, his ability to address challenges from opponents within and outside the court was thought to have decreased. Samgrāmarāja quietly supported the plots to remove the minister, and eventually, Tunga was murdered. His actions did little to improve matters in the court or the country, as his death led to an influx of royal loyalists who were no less corrupt than those he had appointed. Samgrāmarāja's son, Harirāja, succeeded him but reigned for only 22 days before dying and being succeeded in turn by another son, Ananta . It
1428-647: The kingdom, and after the torture-induced death of Bhimagupta in 980, she ascended to rulership in her own right. Didda later adopted a nephew, Samgrāmarāja , as her heir in Kashmir, while entrusting the rule of Lohara to Vigraharāja, who was either another nephew or possibly one of her brothers. This decision led to the establishment of the Lohara dynasty of Kashmir, with Vigraharja making efforts during his lifetime to claim authority over both regions. Subsequently, there ensued approximately three centuries of "endless rebellions and other internal troubles." Samgrāmarāja
1479-426: The latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana , although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta,
1530-528: The long years of war. His success has led Hasan to describe him as "the last great Hindu ruler of Kashmir." An example of Jayasimha's vision can be found in his decision to enthrone his oldest son, Gulhana, as king of Lohara, even though Gulhana was a child and Jayasimha was still alive. The reason for this appears to have been better to ensure the succession would not suffer any disturbance. Jayasimha's rule continued until 1155, followed by his son Paramanuka, and then his grandson Vantideva (ruled 1165–72), who
1581-487: The mind of his contemporaries ... Cruelty and kindheartedness, liberality and greed, violent selfwilledness and reckless supineness, cunning and want of thought – these and other apparently irreconcilable features in turn display themselves in Harsa's chequered life." After an initial period during which the economic fortunes of the kingdom appear to have improved, as evidenced by the issue of gold and silver coinage,
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1632-606: The most powerful dāmara, Gargacandra. He was, in the opinion of Hasan, an able and conscientious ruler. Stein has explained the method adopted to counter the dāmaras: By fomenting among them jealousy and mutual suspicion, he secured the murder or exile of their most influential leaders, without himself incurring the odium. Then, reassured in his own position, he openly turned upon the Dāmaras and forced them into disarmament and submission. The downfall of Uccala came in December 1111, as
1683-400: The period, women in Kashmir were highly esteemed. When Kshemgupta passed away in 958, Didda took on the role of Regent for her young son, Abhimanyu II. Following Abhimanyu's death in 972, she assumed the same position for his sons, Nandigupta, Tribhuvanagupta, and Bhimagupta, successively. She orchestrated the demise of each of these grandchildren. As Regent, she wielded significant power over
1734-402: The reign of Sūhadeva, Shah Mir migrated to Kashmir from Swat with his family, whereupon he entered service to the throne. Proving himself a capable general during these tumultuous times, Shah Mir rose in popularity among Kashmiri nobles. When Kota Rani appointed Bhatta Bhikshana over Shah Mir as her prime minister, Shah Mir led a revolt and, upon succeeding, forced Kota Rani to marry him and took
1785-447: The reunification of that kingdom with Lohara, as it had been during the reign of Didda. It is at this point that the fortress became the dynastic seat. Hasan and Stein agree that Harsa became king in 1089. Utkarsa was disliked and soon deposed, with a half-brother called Vijayamalla supporting Harsa and being at the forefront of the rebellion against the king. Utkarsa was, in turn imprisoned and he committed suicide. Harsa had been
1836-450: The role of the prime minister, Tunga. Tunga was a former herdsman who had become a lover of Didda and served as her prime minister. He wielded significant power in collaboration with Didda to assert her dominance over the kingdom, and he continued to exercise that power after her death. Samgrāmarāja feared him and, for many years, allowed him to have his way. Tunga appointed many corrupt officials who proceeded to extract substantial wealth from
1887-448: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lohara . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lohara&oldid=1252702720 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1938-402: The situation deteriorated, and even night soil was taxed, while temples were looted to further raise money to fund his failed military ventures and his indulgent lifestyle. All but two of the statues of Buddha in his kingdom were destroyed during his rule. Even in 1099, when his kingdom was ravaged by plague, flood and famine, as well as by lawlessness on a large scale, Harsa continued to plunder
1989-402: The throne after the briefest of reigns by Radda, one of the leaders of the conspiracy against Uccala, whose rule lasted a single day. It was Gargacandra who organised the defeat of the conspirators, and it was he who installed Salhana, using him as a puppet for the violent four months until the arrival of Sussala, a period that Kalhana described as a "long evil dream". Gargacandra had again been
2040-425: The throne during the first two years, and no sooner had he been killed than another challenger, Lothana, a brother of Salhana, succeeded in taking control of Lohara. That territory was subsequently recaptured, but challenges continued from Lothana and two others who sought the throne, Malljuna and Bhoja, the latter being a son of Salhana. Throughout this period, there was also further troublesome behaviour generally from
2091-548: The throne for himself, ending the last remnants of the Lohara dynasty and beginning the Shah Mir dynasty of the Kashmir Sultanate. Mohibbul Hasan describes the collapse of order as: The Dãmaras or feudal chiefs grew powerful, defied royal authority, and by their constant revolts plunged the country into confusion. Life and property were not safe, agriculture declined, and there were periods when trade came to
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2142-462: The throne, the kingdom was a much smaller place. Simhadeva survived until 1301, a largely ineffective ruler who was dominated by his advisers. He was killed by a man whom he had cuckolded. The last of the dynasty was Sūhadeva, the brother of Simhadeva. He was a strong ruler but also an unpopular one. He taxed heavily and exempted not even the Brahmins from his exactions. Although he managed to unite
2193-601: The value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini . For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of
2244-415: The wealth of his subjects. Harsa faced numerous challenges to his reign, and he executed many of his relatives, some but not all of whom had been among the challengers. He conducted campaigns in the east of the valley to wrest control of land back from feudatory landlords, who were known as dāmaras , and in 1101 they murdered him. Stein describes that while Harsa's rule seemed at first to have "secured
2295-522: Was Rāmadeva, who had no children and appointed Laksmandadeva, the son of a Brahmin , to be his heir. Although the period of Rāmadeva's reign was calm, that of Laksmandadeva saw deterioration in the situation once more. In this reign, which began in 1273, the troubles were caused not only by the fractious nobility but also by the territorial encroachment of Turks . As with his predecessors and successors, he thought little of spending money on border protection. By 1286, when Laksmandadeva'a son, Simhadeva, came to
2346-407: Was already ruler of Lohara. The strain of dealing with Harsa caused Kalaśa to revert to his previous dissolute lifestyle, and Stein believes that this contributed to his death in 1089. Despite being removed as heir, Hasan believes Harsa immediately succeeded his father, but Stein says that Utkarsa succeeded and that Harsa remained imprisoned. With the accession of Utkarsa to the throne of Kashmir came
2397-450: Was characterised by royal profligacy; he accumulated debts so large that it necessitated the pawning of the royal diadem , although when his queen, Sryamat, intervened, the situation improved. She was able to settle the debts incurred by her husband by using her resources, and she also oversaw the appointment of ministers with the ability to stabilise the government. In 1063, she forced Ananta to abdicate in favour of their son, Kalaśa. This
2448-479: Was faced by other dāmaras who, in the absence of the once-dominant kingmaker, saw an opportunity to challenge the king. They found a potential candidate for the throne in Bhikşācara, a grandson of Harsa, and managed to install him briefly in 1120, when their numbers had swollen sufficiently in opposition to the brutally oppressive measures adopted by Sussala. The restoration of Harsa's dynastic line did not last for long:
2499-458: Was formally crowned as king it was Sussala who continued to govern. Jayasimha succeeded his father in 1128, during a period when there was open rebellion. A plot intended to assert authority backfired on Sussala and caused his death. Jayasimha was not a forceful character, but he did nonetheless manage to bring about both peace and a degree of economic well-being during his reign, which lasted until 1155. Bhikşācara mounted further attempts to regain
2550-402: Was largely a victim of inherited circumstances, and in particular, the fact that the power of the dāmaras that had caused the downfall of Harsa was also a strength that could now be turned on him. He was unable to stabilise the penurious kingdom, either economically or in terms of authority, although it was not due to any lack of capability on his part and he did succeed in forming an alliance with
2601-464: Was probably to preserve the dynasty, but the strategy proved unsuccessful because of Kalaśa's unsuitability. It was then arranged that Ananta was the king even though his son held the title. Kalaśa was king until 1089. Another weak-willed man who involved himself in an incestuous relationship with his daughter, Kalaśa, was dominated by those surrounding him at court and spent little time on matters of government until his later years. He freed himself from
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