13-500: Lolak is a Philippine language spoken in Lolak town, Bolaang Mongondow Regency , North Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia . There are fewer than 50 speakers. This article about Philippine languages is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Philippine languages The Philippine languages or Philippinic are a proposed group by R. David Paul Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust (1991; 2005; 2019) that include all
26-593: A Philippines group has been rejected particularly by Lawrence Reid . This arose with problems in reconstructing Philippine subgroups within MP (Pawley, 1999; Ross, 2005). In a recent state-of-the art on the classification of Philippine languages, he provides multidisciplinary arguments on the field's methodological and theoretical shortcomings since Conant's description in the early 1900s. This includes Malayo-Polynesian archeology (Spriggs, 2003; 2007; 2011), and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses (Gray et al., 2009) substantiating
39-464: A primary MP branch. In an evaluation of the lexical innovations among the Philippine languages, Alexander Smith (2017) regards the evidence for a Philippine subgroup as weak, and concludes that "they may represent more than one primary subgroup or perhaps an innovation-defined linkage ". Chen et al. (2022) present further arguments for the Philippine languages being a convergence area rather than
52-440: A single genetic unit. An earlier classification by Zorc (1979) is presented below. From approximately north to south, a Philippine group according to his analysis of previous reconstructions are divided into two main subgroups, Northern or "Cordilleran" and Southern or "Sulic". Note that the groupings herein no longer reflect widely accepted classifications or naming conventions today. For example South Extension nowadays reflects
65-416: A unified phylogenetic subgroup. The Philippine group is proposed to have originated from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and ultimately from Proto-Austronesian . There have been several proposals as to the composition within the group, but the most widely accepted groupings today is the consensus classifications by Blust (1991; 2005) and Reid (2017); however, both disagree on the existence of a Philippine group as
78-522: The Philippine archipelago to be under a single group. Formal arguments in support of a specific "Proto-Philippines" were followed by Matthew Charles in 1974, Teodoro Llamzon in 1966 and 1975, and Llamzon and Teresita Martin in 1976. Blust (1991) two decades later updates this based on Zorc's (1986) inclusion of Yami , and the Sangiric , Minahasan , and Gorontalo groups. The genetic unity of
91-637: The South Mindanao languages , the Klata language is now considered to be a primary branch of the Southern Philippine languages by Zorc (2019). Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages spoken from north to south with Proto-Austronesian first for comparison. Central Luzon languages The Central Luzon languages are a group of languages belonging to the Philippine languages . These are predominantly spoken in
104-615: The languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi , Indonesia —except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and the Molbog language —and form a subfamily of Austronesian languages . Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan , there is relatively little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by
117-455: The multiplicity of historical diffusion and divergence of languages across the archipelago. He suggests that the primary branches under this widely acknowledged Philippine group should instead be promoted as primary branches under Malayo-Polynesian . Malcolm Ross (2005) earlier also noted that the Batanic languages , constituting Yami , Itbayat , and Ivatan , should in fact be considered as
130-473: The spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages . One of the first explicit classifications of a "Philippine" grouping based on genetic affiliation was in 1906 by Frank Blake, who placed them as a subdivision of the "Malay branch" within Malayo-Polynesian (MP), which at that time was considered as a family. Blake however encompasses every language within the geographic boundaries of
143-455: The vitality of Kapampangan. Another Central Luzon language, Sambal or Sambali , experiences same situation, the speakers of the language are decreasing due to the globalization that many of the speakers of younger generation are shifting to Tagalog & Ilocano . The only Central Luzon language spoken outside Central Luzon is Hatang Kayi or Sinauna , located in northeast Calabarzon . Ronald Himes (2012) and Lawrence Reid (2015) suggest that
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#1732790760246156-574: The western portions of Central Luzon in the Philippines . One of them, Kapampangan , is the major language of the Pampanga - Mount Pinatubo area. However, despite having three to four million speakers, it is threatened by the diaspora of its speakers after the June 1991 eruption of that volcano. Globalization also threatened the language, with the younger generation more on using and speaking Tagalog and English , but promotion and everyday usage boosted
169-513: The widely established Central Luzon , and North Mangyan within Cordilleran is not supported by later reconstructions; the group containing Yami , Ivatan and Itbayat is called " Bashiic " in Zorc (1977) and remains generally accepted. From approximately north to south, the Philippine languages are divided into 12 subgroups (including unclassified languages): Formerly classified as one of
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