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106-678: Annual Russian natural sciences and humanities award [REDACTED] This article relies excessively on references to primary sources . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . Find sources:   "Lomonosov Gold Medal"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( January 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Award Lomonosov Gold Medal [REDACTED] Country Russia Presented by Russian Academy of Sciences Reward(s) A gold medal,

212-585: A communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the Soviet–Afghan War . In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan , due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens. From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , who sought to enact liberal reforms in

318-653: A troika was designated to take charge. Eventually Joseph Stalin , the General Secretary of the Communist Party , managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s. Leon Trotsky , the main proponent of world revolution , was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929, and Stalin's idea of Socialism in One Country became

424-611: A Varangian from the Rus' people , named Rurik , was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. In 882, his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev , which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars . Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate, and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium and Persia . In

530-510: A crisis. By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation . In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected President in Russian history when he

636-462: A diploma, First awarded 1959 ; 65 years ago  ( 1959 ) Number of laureates 106 prizes to 54 laureates (as of 2019) Website http://www.ras.ru/about/awards/lomonosovgoldmedal.aspx   [REDACTED] The Lomonosov Gold Medal ( Russian : Большая золотая медаль имени М. В. Ломоносова Bol'shaya zolotaya medal' imeni M. V. Lomonosova ), named after Russian scientist and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov ,

742-664: A global superpower. After World War II, according to the Potsdam Conference , the Red Army occupied parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and the eastern regions of Austria . Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. After becoming the world's second nuclear power , the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance, and entered into

848-800: A large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks . The ancestors of Russians are among the Slavic tribes that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe c.  1500  years ago. The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia (approximately between modern Moscow and Saint-Petersburg ) in two waves: one moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov . Prior to Slavic migration, that territory

954-1459: A mathematical model of the electrical phenomena of the heart. See also [ edit ] List of general science and technology awards Prizes named after people References [ edit ] ^ Lomonosov Gold Medal 2003 ^ Lomonosov Gold Medal 2004 ^ Lomonosov Gold Medal 2014 (in Russian) Archived 2015-02-21 at the Wayback Machine ^ Lomonosov Gold Medal 2021 (in Russian) ^ Lomonosov Gold Medal 2022 (in Russian) External links [ edit ] Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in English) Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in Russian) Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in Russian) second source Lomonosov Gold Medal with pictures (in Russian) Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lomonosov_Gold_Medal&oldid=1253491022 " Categories : Awards established in 1959 Civil awards and decorations of Russia Civil awards and decorations of

1060-633: A secret protocol within the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany . The Soviet Union later invaded Finland , and occupied and annexed the Baltic states , as well as parts of Romania . On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union , opening the Eastern Front , the largest theater of World War II. Eventually, some 5 million Red Army troops were captured by the Nazis;

1166-517: A struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War , with the rivalling United States and NATO . After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule , the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and launched the policy of de-Stalinization , releasing many political prisoners from the Gulag labour camps. The general easement of repressive policies became known later as

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1272-582: Is Moscow . Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and its cultural capital . The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus' , arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire . Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated; the Grand Duchy of Moscow led

1378-794: Is awarded each year since 1959 for outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and the humanities by the USSR Academy of Sciences and later the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). Since 1967, two medals have been awarded annually: one to a Russian and one to a foreign scientist. It is the academy's highest accolade. Recipients of Lomonosov Gold Medal [ edit ] 1959 [ edit ] Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa : cumulatively, for works in physics of low temperatures. 1961 [ edit ] Aleksandr Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov : accumulatively for works in chemistry. 1963 [ edit ] Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (member of

1484-554: The Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad , in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered. Soviet forces steamrolled through Eastern and Central Europe in 1944–1945 and captured Berlin in May 1945. In August 1945,

1590-765: The Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army . However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, high casualties , and rumors of corruption and treason. All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts. In early 1917, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate ; he and his family were imprisoned and later executed during

1696-475: The Congress of Vienna , which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe. The officers who pursued Napoleon into Western Europe brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia, and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive Decembrist revolt of 1825. At the end of the conservative reign of Nicholas I (1825–1855), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in

1802-693: The Crimean War . Nicholas's successor Alexander II (1855–1881) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861 . These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War . During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and Britain colluded over Afghanistan and its neighbouring territories in Central and South Asia;

1908-534: The Eastern Front . With the onset of the Cold War , it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence . The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements , including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space . In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of

2014-614: The Great Northern War (1700–1721), securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. Throughout his rule, sweeping reforms were made , which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia. He was succeeded by Catherine I (1725–1727), followed by Peter II (1727–1730), and Anna . The reign of Peter I's daughter Elizabeth in 1741–1762 saw Russia's participation in

2120-701: The Khrushchev Thaw . At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba . In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite , Sputnik 1 , thus starting the Space Age . Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit

2226-707: The Oldowan period in the early Lower Paleolithic . About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia. Flint tools, some 1.5 million years old, have been discovered in the North Caucasus . Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195–122,700 years ago. Fossils of Denny , an archaic human hybrid that

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2332-568: The Rurik dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east, the Novgorod Republic in the north, and Galicia-Volhynia in the south-west. By the 12th century, Kiev lost its pre-eminence and Kievan Rus' had fragmented into different principalities. Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky sacked Kiev in 1169 and made Vladimir his base, leading to political power being shifted to

2438-843: The Russian Civil War . The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government , and proclaimed the Russian Republic . On 19 January [ O.S. 6 January], 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). The next day the Constituent Assembly

2544-509: The Russian Federation , is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia . It is the largest country in the world by area , extending across eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries . It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country . Russia is a highly urbanised country including 16 population centres with over a million inhabitants. Its capital and largest city

2650-689: The Russian SFSR —the world's first constitutionally socialist state . Following the Russian Civil War , the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics , within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the expense of millions of lives , the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on

2756-632: The Seven Years' War (1756–1763). During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia , reaching Berlin. However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian Peter III of Russia . Catherine II ("the Great"), who ruled in 1762–1796, presided over the Russian Age of Enlightenment . She extended Russian political control over

2862-852: The Siberian River Routes , and by the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula , along the Amur River , and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. In 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov became the first European to navigate through the Bering Strait . Under Peter the Great , Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in

2968-472: The Soviet Union , by joining the Russian SFSR into a single state with the Byelorussian , Transcaucasian , and Ukrainian republics. Eventually internal border changes and annexations during World War II created a union of 15 republics ; the largest in size and population being the Russian SFSR, which dominated the union politically, culturally, and economically. Following Lenin's death in 1924,

3074-414: The largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure . Russia is generally considered a great power and is a regional power . Internationally, Russia ranks very low in measurements of democracy , human rights and freedom of the press ; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption . As of 2024, Russia has a high-income economy which ranks eleventh in

3180-666: The 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054) constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium , and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code , the Russkaya Pravda . The age of feudalism and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of

3286-587: The 11th century and frequently in 12th-century British sources, in turn derived from Russi , 'the Russians'; and the suffix -ia . In modern historiography, this state is usually denoted as Kievan Rus' after its capital city. Another Medieval Latin name for Rus' was Ruthenia . In Russian, the current name of the country, Россия ( Rossiya ), comes from the Byzantine Greek name for Rus', Ρωσία ( Rosía ). A new form of

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3392-566: The 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains . However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ), the Kingdom of Sweden , and Denmark–Norway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade. In 1572, an invading army of Crimean Tatars were thoroughly defeated in

3498-735: The Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic): for outstanding achievements in the physics of plasma and applied physics. 1973 [ edit ] Aleksandr Pavlovich Vinogradov : for outstanding achievements in geochemistry. Vladimír Zoubek (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in geology. 1974 [ edit ] Aleksandr Ivanovich Tselikov : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology. Angel Balevski (full member of

3604-631: The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology. 1975 [ edit ] Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh : for outstanding achievements in mathematics, mechanics and space research. Maurice Roy  [ fr ; de ; ru ] (full member of the Académie française): for outstanding achievements in mechanics and its applications. 1976 [ edit ] Semyon Isaakovich Volfkovich : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and

3710-599: The Byzantine double-headed eagle his own, and eventually Russia's, coat-of-arms. Vasili III united all of Russia by annexing the last few independent Russian states in the early 16th century. In development of the Third Rome ideas, the grand duke Ivan IV ("the Terrible") was officially crowned the first tsar of Russia in 1547. The tsar promulgated a new code of laws ( Sudebnik of 1550 ), established

3816-763: The Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in biochemistry. 1987 [ edit ] Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov : for outstanding achievements in physics. John Bardeen (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in physics. 1988 [ edit ] Sergei Lvovich Sobolev (posthumously): for outstanding achievements in mathematics. Jean Leray (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in mathematics. 1989 [ edit ] Nikolai Gennadievich Basov : for outstanding achievements in physics. Hans Bethe (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in physics. 1993 [ edit ] Dmitri Sergeevich Likhachev : for outstanding achievements in

3922-406: The Earth, aboard the Vostok 1 crewed spacecraft on 12 April 1961 . Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the Era of Stagnation . The 1965 Kosygin reform aimed for partial decentralisation of the Soviet economy . In 1979, after

4028-572: The Great changed the name of the state from Tsardom of Russia ( Russian : Русское царство , romanized :  Russkoye tsarstvo ) or Tsardom of Muscovy ( Russian : Московское царство , romanized :  Moskovskoye tsarstvo ) to Russian Empire ( Rossiiskaia imperiia ). There are several words in Russian which translate to "Russians" in English. The noun and adjective русский , russkiy refers to ethnic Russians . The adjective российский , rossiiskiy denotes Russian citizens regardless of ethnicity. The same applies to

4134-539: The Hungarian Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in mathematics. 1980 [ edit ] Boris Yevgenevich Paton : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology. Jaroslav Kožešník (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in applied mathematics and mechanics. 1981 [ edit ] Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov : for outstanding achievements in radiophysics , radio engineering and electronics . Pavle Savić (full member of

4240-439: The Japanese academy of Sciences, president of the Scientific Council of Japan): for substantial scientific contributions to the development of physics. Hideki Yukawa (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of Basic Research at the University of Kyoto): for outstanding merits in the development of theoretical physics. 1964 [ edit ] Sir Howard Walter Florey (professor, president of

4346-415: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and annexed most of its territories into Russia , making it the most populous country in Europe. In the south, after the successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire , Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, by dissolving the Crimean Khanate , and annexing Crimea . As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars , by

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4452-692: The Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state . The Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-communist White movement and the Bolsheviks with its Red Army . In the aftermath of signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that concluded hostilities with the Central Powers of World War I ; Bolshevist Russia surrendered most of its western territories, which hosted 34% of its population, 54% of its industries, 32% of its agricultural land, and roughly 90% of its coal mines. The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. In

4558-406: The Red Army invaded Manchuria and ousted the Japanese from Northeast Asia, contributing to the Allied victory over Japan. The 1941–1945 period of World War II is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War . The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen , which

4664-416: The Royal Society of Great Britain): for an outstanding contribution in the development of medicine. 1965 [ edit ] Nikolai Vasilevich Belov : accumulatively for works in crystallography. 1967 [ edit ] Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm : for outstanding achievements in the theory of elementary particles and other domain of theoretical physics Cecil Frank Powell (professor, member of

4770-565: The Royal Society of Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in the physics of elementary particles. 1968 [ edit ] Vladimir Aleksandrovich Engelgardt : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and molecular biology. István Rusznyák (president of the Academy of Sciences of the Hungarian People's Republics): for outstanding achievements in medicine. 1969 [ edit ] Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov : for outstanding achievements in chemical physics. Giulio Natta (professor, Italy): for outstanding achievements in

4876-403: The Russian autocratic state. The destruction of Kievan Rus' saw the eventual rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow , initially a part of Vladimir-Suzdal . While still under the domain of the Mongol - Tatars and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the region in the early 14th century, gradually becoming the leading force in the "gathering of the Russian lands". When

4982-476: The Russian parliament culminated in a constitutional crisis which ended violently through military force. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed. In December, a referendum was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers. The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus , both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections. From

5088-1273: The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia): for outstanding achievements in chemistry and physics. 1982 [ edit ] Julii Borisovich Khariton : for outstanding achievements in physics. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (professor, member of the London Royal Society): for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and crystal chemistry. 1983 [ edit ] Andrei Lvovich Kursanov : for outstanding achievements in physiology and biochemistry of plants. Abdus Salam (professor, Pakistan): for outstanding achievements in physics. 1984 [ edit ] Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and theoretical physics. Rudolf Mössbauer (professor, Federal Republic of Germany): for outstanding achievements in physics. 1985 [ edit ] Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sadovsky (Soviet academician): for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics. Guillermo Haro (professor, Mexico): for outstanding achievements in astrophysics. 1986 [ edit ] Svyatoslav Nikolaevich Fyodorov : for outstanding achievements in ophthalmology and eye microsurgery. Josef Říman  [ cs ] (academician, Chairman of

5194-600: The Soviet Union Awards of the Russian Academy of Sciences USSR Academy of Sciences 1959 establishments in the Soviet Union Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles lacking reliable references from January 2020 All articles lacking reliable references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Russian-language text Russia Russia , or

5300-554: The Soviet Union as the Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system . Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin , under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and become an authoritarian dictatorship . Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries , including its war with Georgia in 2008 and its war with Ukraine since 2014, which has involved

5406-408: The Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of " shock therapy ". The privatisation largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in

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5512-523: The Soviet Union. The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought, led to the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 ; which killed 5.7 to 8.7 million, 3.3 million of them in the Russian SFSR. The Soviet Union, ultimately, made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse within a short span of time. The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland , in accordance with

5618-406: The Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government . This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into

5724-519: The US National Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in chemistry and biochemistry. 1978 [ edit ] Anatolii Petrovich Aleksandrov : for outstanding achievements in nuclear science and technology. Alexander Robertus Todd (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in organic chemistry. 1979 [ edit ] Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry. Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy (full member of

5830-493: The Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky , offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Alexis ; whose acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War . Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper , leaving the eastern part, ( Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev ) under Russian rule. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of vast Siberia continued, hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along

5936-516: The Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and Ukraine as the urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans . Early Indo-European migrations from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and Russia spread Yamnaya ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia. Nomadic pastoralism developed in the Pontic–Caspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic . Remnants of these steppe civilizations were discovered in places such as Ipatovo , Sintashta , Arkaim , and Pazyryk , which bear

6042-447: The archaeological studies of medieval Russia. Michael Müller-Wille (professor, Germany): for achievements in the study of foreign relations of early medieval Russia. 2000 [ edit ] Andrei Viktorovich Gaponov-Grekhov : for fundamental works in the fields of electrodynamics, plasma physics and physical electronics. Charles Hard Townes (professor, United States): for fundamental works in quantum electronics leading to

6148-423: The capital Moscow. In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky . The Romanov dynasty acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of the Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis. Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks . In 1654,

6254-669: The chemistry of polymers 1970 [ edit ] Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov : for outstanding studies in mathematics. Arnaud Denjoy (member of the Académie française): for outstanding achievements in mathematics. 1971 [ edit ] Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian : for outstanding achievements in astronomy and astrophysics. Hannes Alfvén (professor, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in physics of plasma and astrophysics. 1972 [ edit ] Nikoloz Muskhelishvili : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics. Max Steenbeck (full member of

6360-414: The control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire . Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina , the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI , and made

6466-719: The creation of new models and methods of solving problems of nuclear-reactor physics, atmosphere and ocean physics. Edward N. Lorenz (professor, United States): for major achievements in developing the theory of general circulation of the atmosphere and the theory of chaotic attractors of dissipative systems. 2005 [ edit ] Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan : for outstanding achievements in solid state physics. Peter Hirsch (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in solid state physics. 2006 [ edit ] Nikolay Pavlovich Laverov : for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics. Rodney Charles Ewing (professor, United States): for his research on

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6572-400: The crucial Battle of Molodi . The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient Rurik dynasty in 1598, and in combination with the disastrous famine of 1601–1603 , led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , taking advantage, occupied parts of Russia, extending into

6678-826: The development of the maser and laser. 2001 [ edit ] Alexander Sergeevich Spirin : for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes. Alexander Rich (professor, United States): for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes. 2002 [ edit ] Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya : for outstanding achievements in mathematics. Lennart Carleson (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in mathematics. 2003 [ edit ] Evgeny Chazov : for outstanding achievements in cardiology. Michael E. DeBakey (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in cardiology. 2004 [ edit ] Gury Ivanovich Marchuk : for his outstanding contribution to

6784-405: The earliest known traces of horses in warfare . The genetic makeup of speakers of the Uralic language family in northern Europe was shaped by migration from Siberia that began at least 3,500 years ago. In the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns . Between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE, the Bosporan Kingdom , which

6890-454: The field of interaction of complex nuclei and experimental confirmation of the hypothesis of the existence of "stability islands" of superheavy elements. Björn Jonson (professor, Sweden): for work of a fundamental nature, which are of fundamental importance for the study of the nuclear structure and nuclear stability of exotic lightest nuclei at the boundaries of nucleon stability. 2018 [ edit ] Joseph Isaevich Gitelzon : for

6996-534: The field of nucleic acid chemistry, affinity modification of biopolymers, becoming the most important areas of pharmacology - therapeutic nucleic acids and the development of gene therapy techniques. Sidney Altman (Canada and United States): for his outstanding contribution in the field of biochemistry of nucleic acids, the discovery of the catalytic activity of the nucleic acids and the creation of new biologically active substances. 2017 [ edit ] Yuri Tsolakovich Oganesyan : for fundamental research in

7102-482: The field of soil science. Richard Warren Arnold (professor, United States): for his outstanding contribution to the development of theoretical and applied soil science and modeling the behavior of soils in different landscapes of the world. 2013 [ edit ] Ludvig Dmitrievich Faddeev : for outstanding contribution to quantum field theory and the theory of elementary particles. Peter David Lax (professor, United States): for outstanding contribution to

7208-417: The first Europeans to reach and colonise Alaska . In 1803–1806, the first Russian circumnavigation was made. In 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica . During the Napoleonic Wars , Russia joined alliances with various European powers, and fought against France. The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed as

7314-399: The first Russian feudal representative body (the Zemsky Sobor ), revamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local government. During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga , and the Khanate of Sibir in southwestern Siberia. Ultimately, by the end of

7420-418: The first half of the 19th century, Russia also conquered the Caucasus . Catherine's successor, her son Paul , was unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues . Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with Alexander I's (1801–1825) wresting of Finland from the weakened Sweden in 1809, and of Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812. In North America, the Russians became

7526-422: The genome of higher eukaryotes. Richard John Roberts (professor, Great Britain): for his great contribution to the study of pro- and eukaryotic genomes, RNA splicing, gene identification restriction enzymes and methylases. 2022 [ edit ] Yuri Victorovich Natochin for studying the mechanism of water-salt metabolism in astronauts and ways to normalize it in stroke. Denis Noble for developing

7632-485: The government, which led to the rise of Russian oligarchs . Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight . The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social services—the birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed, and millions plunged into poverty; while extreme corruption, as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly. In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and

7738-762: The humanities. John Kenneth Galbraith (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in economic and social sciences. 1994 [ edit ] Nikolai Konstantinovich Kochetkov : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of carbohydrates and organic synthesis. James D. Watson (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in molecular biology. 1995 [ edit ] Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg : for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and astrophysics. Anatole Abragam (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in physics of condensed state and methods of research in nuclear physics. 1996 [ edit ] Nikolai Nikolaevich Krasovsky : for outstanding achievements in

7844-549: The internationally unrecognised annexations of Ukrainian territory including Crimea in 2014 and four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion . Russia is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council ; a member state of the G20 , SCO , BRICS , APEC , OSCE , and WTO ; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS , CSTO , and EAEU/EEU . It possesses

7950-505: The justification and development of the ecological direction of biophysics, which has achieved a number of outstanding fundamental and practical results, in particular in marine and laboratory studies of bioluminescence. Martin Chalfie (professor, United States): for developing new methods for bioluminescent analysis using GFP luminescent protein. 2019 [ edit ] Georgy Sergeyevich Golitsyn : for outstanding contribution to

8056-535: The latter deliberately starved to death or otherwise killed 3.3 million Soviet POWs , and a vast number of civilians, as the " Hunger Plan " sought to fulfil Generalplan Ost . Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow . Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–1943, and then in

8162-578: The mathematical theory of control and the theory of differential games . Friedrich Hirzebruch (professor, Federal Republic of Germany): for outstanding achievements in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology. 1997 [ edit ] Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov : for outstanding achievements in the studies of the early biosphere of the Earth, the discovery of the ancient Wend geological system and classical works in fossil corals. Frank Press (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in

8268-686: The meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror . By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians. Millions became White émigrés , and the Russian famine of 1921–1922 claimed up to five million victims. On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides formed

8374-609: The more recently coined noun россиянин , rossiianyn , "Russian" in the sense of citizen of the Russian state. According to the Primary Chronicle , the word Rus' is derived from the Rus' people , who were a Swedish tribe, and where the three original members of the Rurikid dynasty came from. The Finnish word for Swedes, ruotsi , has the same origin. Later archeological studies mostly confirmed this theory. The first human settlement on Russia dates back to

8480-542: The name Rus ' , Росия ( Rosiya ), was borrowed from the Greek term and first attested in 1387. The name Rossiia appeared in Russian sources in the late 15th century, but until the end of the 17th century the country was more often referred to by its inhabitants as Rus ' , the Russian land ( Russkaia zemlia ), or the Muscovite state ( Moskovskoe gosudarstvo ), among other variations. In 1721, Peter

8586-641: The north-east. Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky , Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240, as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle on the Ice in 1242. Kievan Rus' finally fell to the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240, which resulted in the sacking of Kiev and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population. The invaders, later known as Tatars , formed

8692-411: The nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear waste management. 2007 [ edit ] Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak : for outstanding achievements in research in linguistics. Simon Franklin (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in research in Russian history and culture. 2008 [ edit ] Evgenii Maksimovich Primakov : for outstanding contributions in the development of

8798-620: The obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which the pan-European Grande Armée faced utter destruction. Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly , the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the War of the Sixth Coalition , ultimately entering Paris. Alexander I controlled Russia's delegation at

8904-654: The official line. The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the Great Purge . Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy , industrialisation of the largely rural country , and collectivisation of its agriculture . During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to penal labour camps , including many political convicts for their suspected or real opposition to Stalin's rule; and millions were deported and exiled to remote areas of

9010-572: The physics of solid Earth. 1998 [ edit ] Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn : for an outstanding contribution into the development of Russian literature, Russian language and Russian history. Yosikazu Nakamura (professor, Japan): for an outstanding contribution to the study of Slavistics and the popularization of Russian literature and culture in Japan. 1999 [ edit ] Valentin Lavrentevich Yanin : for achievements in

9116-414: The physics of tunnel phenomena, including the tunnel effects in semiconductors. Paul Corkum (professor, Canada): for outstanding contribution in ultrafast physics, including attosecond range, and interferometry processes of electron wave functions in atoms and molecules with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. 2016 [ edit ] Dmitrii Knorre : for his outstanding contribution in

9222-589: The rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the Great Game . The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists. The reign of his son Alexander III (1881–1894) was less liberal but more peaceful. Under last Russian emperor, Nicholas II (1894–1917), the Revolution of 1905

9328-465: The rouble. High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis , which resulted in a further GDP decline. Nikolai Vasilevich Belov Belov worked primarily in the fields of mineralogy (particularly silicates ), determination of crystal structures using X-ray crystallography , and the theory of symmetry , specifically dichromatic , and polychromatic symmetry ,

9434-876: The seat of the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church moved to Moscow in 1325, its influence increased. Moscow's last rival, the Novgorod Republic , prospered as the chief fur trade centre and the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League . Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod . Ivan III ("the Great") threw off

9540-971: The social sciences. Hélène Carrère d’Encausse (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in research of political and social processes in soviet and postsoviet periods of Russia. 2009 [ edit ] Vadim Tikhonovich Ivanov : for outstanding contributions in the development of bioorganic chemistry . Ryōji Noyori (professor, Japan): for outstanding contributions in the development of organic chemistry and catalytic asymmetric synthesis. 2010 [ edit ] Spartak Timofeevich Belyaev : for outstanding contributions in physics. Gerard 't Hooft (professor, Netherlands): for outstanding contributions in physics. 2011 [ edit ] Vladimir Alexandrovich Tartakovsky : for outstanding contributions in chemistry. Roald Hoffmann (professor, United States): for outstanding contributions in chemistry. 2012 [ edit ] Gleb Vsevolodovich Dobrovolsky : for outstanding contribution in

9646-656: The state of the Golden Horde , which ruled over Russia for the next two centuries. Only the Novgorod Republic escaped foreign occupation after it agreed to pay tribute to the Mongols. Galicia-Volhynia would later be absorbed by Lithuania and Poland , while the Novgorod Republic continued to prosper in the north. In the northeast, the Byzantine-Slavic traditions of Kievan Rus' were adapted to form

9752-478: The study of the physics of the earth's atmosphere and planets and the development of the theory of climate and its changes. Paul Jozef Crutzen (professor, Netherlands): for outstanding contribution to chemistry atmosphere and assessment of the role of biogeochemical cycles in the climate formation. 2020 [ edit ] Sergey Petrovich Novikov : for a leading role in the revival of modern topology in our country, solving fundamental problems of topology,

9858-509: The technology of phosphorus and the development of scientific foundations of chemicalization of agriculture in the USSR. Herman Klare (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic): for outstanding achievements in the chemistry and technology of man-made fibers. 1977 [ edit ] Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics. Linus Carl Pauling (member of

9964-452: The theory of hydrodynamic solitons . 2014 [ edit ] Anatoly Derevyanko : for his outstanding contribution to the development of a new fundamental scientific concept formation of modern human physical type and its culture. Svante Pääbo (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in the field of archeology and paleogenetics. 2015 [ edit ] Leonid Veniaminovich Keldysh : for outstanding contributions to

10070-407: The theory of nonlinear waves, quantum mechanics and field theory. John Willard Milnor (professor, United States): for the discovery of non-standard smooth structures on multidimensional spheres, solving fundamental problems of topology and the theory of dynamical systems. 2021 [ edit ] Georgy Pavlovich Georgiev : for classical works on the study of the structure and expression of

10176-523: The time Chechen separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces. Terrorist attacks against civilians were carried out by Chechen separatists, claiming the lives of thousands of Russian civilians. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia assumed responsibility for settling the latter's external debts. In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing

10282-544: The unification of Russian lands, leading to the proclamation of the Tsardom of Russia in 1547. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers , developing into the Russian Empire , which remains the third-largest empire in history . However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by

10388-544: The world by nominal GDP and fourth at purchasing power parity , relying on its vast mineral and energy resources ; the world's second-largest for oil production and natural gas production . Russia is home to 32 UNESCO World Heritage Sites . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the English name Russia first appeared in the 14th century, borrowed from Medieval Latin : Russia , used in

10494-449: Was elected President of the Russian SFSR. In August 1991, a coup d'état attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On 25 December 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other post-Soviet states emerged. The economic and political collapse of

10600-687: Was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies, was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars . The Khazars , who were of Turkic origin , ruled the steppes between the Caucasus in the south, to the east past the Volga river basin, and west as far as Kyiv on the Dnieper river until the 10th century. After them came the Pechenegs who created

10706-670: Was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee . An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the Petrograd Soviet , wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called soviets . The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution , led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin , overthrew

10812-515: Was found at Kostyonki–Borshchyovo , and at Sungir , dating back to 34,600 years ago—both in western Russia . Humans reached Arctic Russia at least 40,000 years ago, in Mamontovaya Kurya . Ancient North Eurasian populations from Siberia genetically similar to Mal'ta–Buret' culture and Afontova Gora were an important genetic contributor to Ancient Native Americans and Eastern Hunter-Gatherers . The Kurgan hypothesis places

10918-581: Was half Neanderthal and half Denisovan, and lived some 90,000 years ago, was also found within the latter cave. Russia was home to some of the last surviving Neanderthals, from about 45,000 years ago, found in Mezmaiskaya cave . The first trace of an early modern human in Russia dates back to 45,000 years, in Western Siberia . The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of anatomically modern humans , from at least 40,000 years ago,

11024-584: Was populated by Finno-Ugrian peoples. From the 7th century onwards, the incoming East Slavs slowly assimilated the native Finno-Ugrians. The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of Varangians , the Vikings who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas. According to the Primary Chronicle ,

11130-539: Was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council . During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 26–27 million , accounting for about half of all World War II casualties . The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 1946–1947 . However, at the expense of a large sacrifice, the Soviet Union emerged as

11236-695: Was triggered by the humiliating failure of the Russo-Japanese War . The uprising was put down, but the government was forced to concede major reforms ( Russian Constitution of 1906 ), including granting freedoms of speech and assembly , the legalisation of political parties, and the creation of an elected legislative body, the State Duma . In 1914, Russia entered World War I in response to Austria-Hungary 's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia , and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies. In 1916,

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