39-418: The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ( LDOCE ), first published by Longman in 1978, is an advanced learner's dictionary , providing definitions using a restricted vocabulary, helping non-native English speakers understand meanings easily. It is available in four configurations: The dictionary is currently in its sixth edition. The premium website was revised in 2014 and 2015. It now offers over
78-618: A milder climate in the summer of 1784. He never returned. Murray was a recorded minister of the York Monthly Meeting for eleven years until his voice failed. For the last 16 years of his life, he never left the house. Murray died on 16 February 1826, near York, England. Hannah died on 25 September 1834. In England, he spent his time in literary pursuits at Holgate House , near York . His library became noted for its theological, philological (English linguistics ), and historical treasures. He studied botany, and his garden
117-546: A million corpus examples (exceeding the paper version's), and includes sound files for every word, 88,000 example sentences, and various tools for study, teaching, examinations and grammar. The 9000 Most Important English Words to Learn have been highlighted via the Longman Communication 9000. The free online version was updated in 2008 and offers search (with spelling assistance), definitions, collocations , and many examples and illustrations. A key feature of
156-469: A partner; in the same year, Thomas Brown (c. 1777–1869) entered the house as an apprentice. Longman had three sons. Of these, Thomas Norton Longman (1771–1842) succeeded to the business. In 1804, two more partners, including Edward Orme & Thomas Hurst, were admitted, and the former apprentice Brown became a partner in 1811; in 1824, the title of the firm was changed to 'Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green'. A document of 1823 "Grant of Land in
195-542: A shareholder in 1918. In December 1940, Longman's Paternoster Row offices were destroyed in The Blitz , along with most of the company's stock. The company survived this crisis, however, and became a public company in 1948. Longman was acquired by the global publisher Pearson , owner of Penguin and The Financial Times , in 1968. Longman's medical lists was merged with other Pearson subsidiaries to form Churchill Livingstone in 1972. Also in 1972, Mark Longman, last of
234-701: A sum of money for the purchase and distribution of religious literature was vested in trustees in America. When the Retreat for the Insane was founded in York by William Tuke in 1792, Murray continued Tuke's efforts to introduce a humane system of treatment. There are two historical markers for Murray in Harper Tavern , Lebanon County, Pennsylvania on PA 934 , one of them .2 mile north of US 22 . The other at
273-623: Is also used for the Longman Schools in China and the Longman Dictionary . The Longman company was founded by Thomas Longman (1699 – 18 June 1755), the son of Ezekiel Longman (died 1708), a gentleman of Bristol . Thomas was apprenticed in 1716 to John Osborn, a London bookseller, and at the expiration of his apprenticeship married Osborn's daughter. In August 1724, he purchased the stock and household goods of William Taylor ,
312-686: Is now only used for the Longman Schools in China and oddments such as the Longman Dictionary and Kennedy's Revised Latin Primer . All other textbooks and products use the Pearson brand/imprint. Longman imprints: Attribution: Lindley Murray Lindley Murray (1745 – 16 February 1826) was an American Quaker lawyer, writer, and grammarian , best known for his English-language grammar books used in schools in England and
351-697: The American Revolutionary War . The colonists who wanted to break away from British governance were patriots ; those who remained loyal to The Crown were loyalists . A nonimportation clause of Article 10 of the Continental Association called for a complete ban on British goods effective 1 February 1775. The Committee of Sixty in New York saw it as their mission to prevent British goods from being unloaded from ships onto Colonial land. According to Monaghan, Murray joined
390-453: The Grammar was the standard textbook for fifty years throughout England and America. While he was able, he was an active member of the local Quproaker Meeting. Lindley Murray was born in 1745, in Harper Tavern , near Swatara Township, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania , His father, Robert Murray , a Quaker , was one of the leading New York merchants. His mother, Mary Lindley Murray ,
429-552: The LDOCE is its utilization of the Longman Defining Vocabulary, a 2000-word controlled defining vocabulary used to write all of the definitions in the dictionary. This defining vocabulary was developed from Michael West 's General Service List of high-frequency words and their most common meanings. The controlled defining vocabulary is not only helpful to second-language learners, but has also facilitated
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#1732766053330468-551: The Scottish Enlightenment , Murray's book won Abraham Lincoln 's approval and is said to have inspired anti-slavery sentiment in America and abroad. In 1816, an edition corrected by the author was issued in 2 volumes. An 'Abridgment' of this version by Murray, issued two years later, went through more than 120 editions of 10,000 each. In 1835, it was printed at the New England Institution for
507-609: The Treaty of Paris (3 September 1783). Once the soldiers left the city, loyalists did not benefit from their protection. After he retired, Murray and his wife Hannah moved to a manor that he named Bellevue. ( Bellevue Hospital is named after the estate.) His estate was near his father, about 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the city (now Lower Manhattan). He had developed a painful muscular problem, and had little success with treatments he received. In hopes of improving his health, Murray and his wife left America and moved to England for
546-659: The Blind in embossed characters. Two years later, it was translated into Marathi and published in Bombay. English Exercises followed (1797), with A Key (1847). Murray's English Reader , Sequel , and Introduction , issued respectively in 1799, 1800, and 1801, were equally successful, as well as the Lecteur Francais , 1802, and Introduction to the Lecteur Francais , 1807. An English Spelling Book , 1804, and
585-530: The Concan" printed by the firm under this name shows the name change was from 1823 or earlier. In 1799, Longman purchased the copyright of Lindley Murray 's English Grammar , which had an annual sale of about 50 000 copies. In the following year, Richmal Mangnall 's Historical and Miscellaneous Questions for the Use of Young People was purchased, and went through 84 editions by 1857. About 1800 he also purchased
624-509: The Longman family to run the company, died. Longman continued to exist as an imprint of Pearson , under the name 'Pearson Longman'. Pearson Longman specialized in English, including English as a second or foreign language , history, economics, philosophy, political science, and religion. Longman is now primarily used by Pearson's ELT business (English Language Teaching). The Longman brand
663-716: The United States. Murray practised law in New York. As the colonies began to fight for independence with the American Revolution (1765–1783) and in the lead-up to the Revolutionary War , Murray sat on the Committee of Sixty and the Committee of One Hundred to manage events in the Province of New York . Some Quakers did not want him to be associated with a public committee. Still, he sat on
702-619: The bar in 1765 and established his law practice in the Province of New York in 1767. He joined the Debating Club to exchange viewpoints, as did Jay and other sons of prominent families. Murray left his practice to live on Long Island for the first four years of the Revolutionary War. He returned to New York in 1779. Murray retired in 1783. Murray was married on 22 June 1767, in New York City , to Hannah Dobson,
741-556: The business in Paternoster Row. Their first success was the publication of Macaulay 's Lays of Ancient Rome , which was followed in 1841 by the issue of the first two volumes of his History of England , which after a few years had a sale of 40 000 copies. The two brothers were well known for their literary talent. Thomas Longman edited a beautifully illustrated edition of the New Testament , and William Longman
780-457: The city that was in turmoil at the beginning of the war. Over the time he was gone, the British gained control of the city. Since he was considered to be loyal to the British troops, he may have lived in the city safely. In 1779, Murray decided to work for his father, Robert Murray, as a merchant. Murray earned a fortune by the end of the war. The British troops left the city after the signing of
819-431: The committee to protect his family's import and shipping-related businesses, and it is not likely that he was a patriot. Not all of the members were patriots; about 22 committee members became loyalists. Murray's father, Robert, tried to have British goods unloaded starting 1 February, when a ship arrived at his dock, but was unsuccessful. In the middle of the month, a ship that he owned, with his goods from Britain on it,
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#1732766053330858-457: The committee to protect his family's shipping interests, which would be inhibited by the Continental Association 's nonimportation clause. Murray spent the first half of the Revolutionary War in Islip , Long Island , living leisurely. With British troops in control of Manhattan, Murray returned to the island and joined his father in the import-export and shipping businesses that made him rich during
897-546: The copyright of Southey 's Joan of Arc and Wordsworth 's Lyrical Ballads , from Joseph Cottle of Bristol. He published the works of Wordsworth, Coleridge , Southey and Scott , and acted as London agent for the Edinburgh Review , which was started in 1802. In 1802 appeared the first part of Rees's Cyclopædia , edited by Abraham Rees . This was completed in 39 volumes plus 6 volumes of plates in 1819. In 1814 arrangements were made with Thomas Moore for
936-529: The daughter of Thomas Dobson. They had no children. Murray was a Quaker throughout his life. Murray and his wife followed his father to England by 1770 and lived there for up to four years. Once he returned to Colonial America, he was among the Quaker founders and a director of the Union Library Society, with about 1,000 volumes. Conflicts between colonists and their British rulers led to
975-688: The first publisher of Robinson Crusoe , for £ 2 282 9s 6d. Taylor's two shops in Paternoster Row , London, were known respectively as the Black Swan and the Ship , premises at that time having signs rather than numbers, and became the publishing house premises. Longman entered into partnership with his father-in-law, Osborn, who held one-sixth of the shares in Ephraim Chambers 's Cyclopaedia (1728). Longman himself
1014-411: The publication of Laila Rookh , for which he was paid £ 3 000; and when Archibald Constable failed in 1826, Longmans became the proprietors of the Edinburgh Review . They issued in 1829 Lardner 's Cabinet Encyclopaedia , and in 1832 McCulloch 's Commercial Dictionary . Thomas Norton Longman died on 29 August 1842, leaving his two sons, Thomas (1804–1879) and William (1813–1877), in control of
1053-402: The publications of the old firm of Rivington , established in 1711. The family control of the firm (later 'Longmans, Green & Co.') was continued by Thomas Norton Longman, son of Thomas Longman. In 1884 the firm employed John William Allen as an educationalist. Allen grew the firm's educational list, including textbooks he wrote himself. He later inherited the shares of W. E. Green and became
1092-606: The second half of the war. In 1783, Murray retired, and one year later, he left America for England. Settling at Holgate, near York , he devoted the rest of his life to literary pursuits. His first book was Power of Religion on the Mind (1787). In 1795, he issued his Grammar of the English Language . This was followed by English Exercises , and the English Reader . These books passed through several editions, and
1131-674: The ship from being unloaded. Robert was nearly banned from the city. The Committee of Sixty grew to the Committee of One Hundred and Murray remained on the committee, although he continued to get pressure from Quakers to remove himself from the public committee. He dealt with the anger that some of the city's residents had about the Beulah affair. With the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War (19 April 1775 – 3 September 1783), Murray went with his wife to Islip , Long Island , where they lived for four years, fishing, shooting, and sailing. He returned to New York in 1779. Murray left
1170-550: The use of the LDOCE as a machine-readable dictionary in computational linguistics research. It is a version of LDOCE specialized for collocations , synonyms, antonyms, designed for intermediate to advanced level learners. Longman Longman , also known as Pearson Longman , is a publishing company founded in 1724 in London, England, which is owned by Pearson PLC . Since 1968, Longman has been used primarily as an imprint by Pearson's Schools business. The Longman brand
1209-524: Was a Quaker. Mary's father, Thomas Lindley, also a member of the Society of Friends , immigrated from Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1718. Lindley was the eldest of the Murrays' twelve children, five of whom made it to adulthood. They included Lindley, John, Susannah, and Beulah, who were alive at the time of their mother's death. Susannah was married to Col. Gilbert Colden Willett, a British officer, and Beulah
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English - Misplaced Pages Continue
1248-444: Was added to the 8th edition in 1795. As requested by teachers at a Friends' school for girls in York, he wrote suitable lesson books, including his English Grammar that was published in 1795. The work became rapidly popular; it went through nearly fifty editions, was edited, abridged, simplified, and enlarged in England and America, and for a long time was used in schools to the exclusion of all other grammar books . Influenced by
1287-713: Was married to Martin Hoffman. John married Catharine Bowne. As he was growing up, Murray saw and met with people from around the world and heard the latest news of those who visited his parents. He received an education founded on values of the Age of Enlightenment . When six years old, he was sent to a Quaker school in Philadelphia , but soon departed for North Carolina with his parents, where they lived until 1753. They then moved to New York, where Murray attended school, but it proved difficult. Against his wishes, at fourteen, he
1326-399: Was one of the six booksellers, who undertook the responsibility of Samuel Johnson 's Dictionary (1746–1755). In 1754, Longman took into partnership his nephew, Thomas Longman (1730–1797), and the title of the firm became T. and T. Longman. Upon the death of his uncle in 1755, Longman became sole proprietor. He greatly extended the colonial trade of the firm. In 1794, he took Owen Rees as
1365-511: Was prevented from docking. Robert sent a ship from his business in Elizabeth, New Jersey to come alongside the loaded Beulah near Staten Island . Murray family members and crew from the ships unloaded 1.5 or 2 tons of cargo onto the ship from Elizabeth. The clandestine event was discovered, harming Robert's and other Murray family members' reputation and financial position. The Committee of Sixty were faulted by other colonies for not preventing
1404-598: Was said to have more varieties of plants than the Royal Gardens at Kew . He composed his grammar books there in the summer house at Holgate House. Murray's first published work, The Power of Religion on the Mind was originally published in 1787, and it was in its 20th edition in 1842. It was twice translated into French. "Extracts from the Writings of divers Eminent Men representing the Evils of Stage Plays, &c."
1443-566: Was sent to work at his father's accounting firm; Murray was mainly interested in science and literature. He left home to study at a Burlington, New Jersey boardingschool, and started to study French. His parents brought him back to New York and hired a private tutor. His father still wanted him to go into business, but in a letter, Lindley argued so convincingly for a literary career that his father's lawyer suggested letting Murray study law. In 1761, Murray studied law under Samuel Kissam, his father's attorney and John Jay 's teacher. Murray passed
1482-599: Was the author of several important books, among them a History of the Three Cathedrals dedicated to St Paul (1869) and a work on the History of the Life and Times of Edward III (1873). In 1863, the firm took over the business of John William Parker , and with it Fraser's Magazine , and the publication of the works of John Stuart Mill and James Anthony Froude ; while in 1890 they incorporated with their own all
1521-511: Was translated into Spanish (1841). First Book for Children was published with portrait and woodcuts in 1859. In addition to the praises that his works elicited , he was criticised for his failure to provide sufficient etymology and to have published mistakes. The sales of the Grammar , Exercises , Key , and Lecteur Francais brought Murray in each case £700, and he devoted the whole sum to philanthropic objects. The copyright of his religious works he presented to his publishers. By his will,
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