82-488: Longhi may refer to: Alessandro Longhi (1733–1813), painter Alessandro Longhi (footballer) (born 1989), Italian footballer who plays for Serie B team Padova Barbara Longhi (1552–1638), painter, daughter of Luca Damiano Longhi (born 1966), footballer Giulia Longhi (born 1993), Italian softball player Jhonatan Longhi (born 1988), skier Luca Longhi (1507–1580), painter, father of Barbara Martino Longhi
164-472: A check on the power of any one individual, in accordance with the republican belief that the powers of the former kings of Rome should be spread out into multiple offices. To that end, each consul could veto the actions of the other consul. After the establishment of the Empire (27 BC), the consuls became mere symbolic representatives of Rome's republican heritage and held very little power and authority, with
246-434: A consul could inflict any punishment he saw fit on any soldier, officer, citizen, or ally. Each consul commanded an army, usually two legions strong, with the help of military tribunes and a quaestor who had financial duties. In the rare case that both consuls marched together, each one held the command for a day respectively. A typical consular army was about 20,000 men and consisted of two citizen and two allied legions. In
328-611: A court case of 1228, confirm the consanguinity of the Longhi with the Ugonids: "You remember that more than 50 years ago the counts of Casa Ugonidi and those who are here [the counts Longhi of Montichiari, then under trial], and their fathers, and their predecessors, said and called themselves counts of Montichiari. [...] and that Montichiari was the head of the House." However, the links of this connection are not cited: The documentation on
410-399: A law, the lex curiata de imperio . If a consul died during his term (not uncommon when consuls were in the forefront of battle) or was removed from office, another would be elected by the comitia centuriata to serve the remainder of the term as consul suffectus ("suffect consul"). A consul elected to start the year—called a consul ordinarius ("ordinary consul")—held more prestige than
492-674: A part of the rite of proclamation of a new emperor from Justin II (r. 565–578) on, and is last attested in the proclamation of the future Constans II (r. 641–668) as consul in 632. In the late 9th century, Emperor Leo the Wise (r. 886–912) finally abolished the office in Novel 94 of his Basilika . By that time, the Greek titles for consul and ex-consul, " hypatos " and " apo hypaton ", had been transformed to relatively lowly honorary dignities. In
574-482: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longhi&oldid=1143440301 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Longhi (surname) Longhi ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈloŋɡi] )
656-481: A suffect consul, partly because the year would be named for ordinary consuls (see consular dating ). According to tradition, the consulship was initially reserved for patricians and only in 367 BC did plebeians win the right to stand for this supreme office, when the Licinio-Sextian rogations provided that at least one consul each year should be plebeian. The first plebeian consul, Lucius Sextius ,
738-433: A vast latifundium . They founded a monastery and owned several castles, some of which still exist. A rare case in the world of medieval nobility, the Longhi appear at a very early date already established with a surname that is not derived from a toponym . However, soon some branches, to differentiate themselves, returned to the ancient practice of adopting the name of the localities where they had fiefdoms, following
820-492: A vineyard to the Dominicans on the island of Chioggia . In the 12th century, Jacopo is mentioned as admiral, a position traditionally attributed to the patriciate, and Benedict, Dominic, and John appear signing state documents together with other patricians and the doge . In 1268, Gerard was the supreme commander of the armies of the city, and in 1272 he was part of the embassy sent to Bologna . They were excluded from
902-466: Is an Italian surname of ancient origin, initially spelled as Longo ( [ˈloŋɡo] ), of which Longhi is plural. Some groups gained great power in the Middle Ages and into the modern era , holding dozens of titles of nobility and vast estates in north-central Italy. The surname appears in many dialectal variants, such as Longis, Longoni, Longa, Longhù, Longi, Longu and others. In addition to
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#1732775519706984-414: Is an institute established by Italian scholar Roberto Longhi, who in 1971 left his library, photo library and collection of art "for the benefit of future generations" Lunghi , an alternate spelling of the name Longhi Anigre , a type of wood with a common name of Longhi [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Longhi . If an internal link intending to refer to
1066-413: Is most likely a later gloss of the term, which probably derives—in view of the joint nature of the office—from con- and sal- , "get together" or from con- and sell-/sedl- , "sit down together with" or "next to". In Greek , the title was originally rendered as στρατηγὸς ὕπατος , strategos hypatos ("the supreme general"), and later simply as ὕπατος ( hypatos ). The consulship was believed by
1148-674: Is that formed by the Ugoni-Longhi counts or Ugonidi. Tradition claims they descended from the Long Semprons of Ancient Rome, but there is no documentary proof. According to Marchetti-Longhi, this is "an ancient feudal family of Lombard origin, scattered in Lombardy , Liguria , and Veneto , and then rooted also in Rome . [...] The origin of these counts is rather obscure and controversial, but they claimed to have been invested of
1230-589: The cursus honorum —an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspired—after that of the censor , which was reserved for former consuls. Each year, the Centuriate Assembly elected two consuls to serve jointly for a one-year term. The consuls alternated each month holding fasces (taking turns leading) when both were in Rome. A consul's imperium (military power) extended over Rome and all its provinces . Having two consuls created
1312-663: The Emperor acting as the supreme authority. The practice of dual leaders ( diarchy ) continues to this day in San Marino and is directly derived from the customs of the Roman Republic. Equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome, the Captains Regent serve as dual leaders of the country. They are however not heads of government, but only heads of state without executive power. According to Roman tradition, after
1394-652: The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic and now the name of an important cultural foundation, and the De' Longhi branch, owner of the eponymous group, industrial magnates with 1.6 billion euros in revenue in 2013. Roman consul A consul was the highest elected public official of the Roman Republic ( c. 509 BC to 27 BC). Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of
1476-511: The Order of the Golden Spur . In 1586, Giovanni Longhi, also an Ugonidi descendant, was admitted to the patriciate of Rome. There the Longhi flourished - and are likely to be all from the same branch - with a few individuals with no clear connection. The Longhi were admitted to the Order of Malta in 1587, and produced two beatified , Fillipo and Bartolo. They maintained kinship relations with numerous other less significant families of
1558-1552: The Renaissance : Alessio, Martino Longhi the Elder , Onorio Longhi , and Martino Longhi the Younger . In the 15th and 17th centuries, the Italian Longhi population was already numerous and the relations of consanguinity between the various groups, if they existed, are obscure, although some families, such as the aforementioned Ugonidi, have generated vast descendants. Many groups are still noble, recognized in Naples, Palermo , Vicenza , Seggio, Parma , Salerno , Rimini , Messina , Faenza , Trieste , Todi , Ravello , Como , Taormina , Milan , Mantua , Lecco , Cremona , Casale , Siena , Benevento , Turin , Trento , Nola , among other places. They received many fiefs , coats of arms and titles, among them those of hereditary knights ; lords and marquises of Monforte; co-gentlemen of Ceresole; lords of Betta dal Toldo and Val di Rabbi; castellans ( barons ) of Castronuovo , Fiumetorto and Racalxacca; counts of Urgnano , Lomello and Torre Longhi; marquises of San Giuliano, Casentino and Vinchiaturo ; barons and marquises of San Lorenzo del Vallo ; besides producing bishops, archbishops , legates and pontifical governors and other prelates, ambassadors, officers, and communal syndics, In
1640-506: The Second Celtiberian War , from 153 BC onwards the consuls took office on 1 January. The practice of dating years ab urbe condita (from the supposed foundation date of Rome) was less frequently used. In Latin, the ablative absolute construction is frequently used to express the date, such as " M. Messalla et M. Pupio Pisone consulibus ", translated literally as "With Marcus Messalla and Marcus Pupius Piso (being)
1722-598: The executive power of the state and headed the government of the Republic. Initially, the consuls held vast executive and judicial power. In the gradual development of the Roman legal system, however, some important functions were detached from the consulship and assigned to new officers. Thus, in 443 BC, the responsibility to conduct the Census was taken from the consuls and given to the censors . The second function taken from
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#17327755197061804-541: The expulsion of the last king, Tarquin Superbus , the powers and authority of the king were given to the newly instituted consulship. Originally, consuls were called praetors ("leader"), referring to their duties as the chief military commanders. By at least 300 BC the title of consul became commonly used. Ancient writers usually derive the title consul from the Latin verb consulere , "to take counsel", but this
1886-532: The head of government , and all the other magistrates, with the exception of the tribune of the plebs , were subordinate to them, but retained independence of office. The internal machinery of the Republic was under the consuls' supervision. In order to allow the consuls greater authority in executing laws, the consuls had the right of summons and arrest, which was limited only by the right of appeal from their judgement. This power of punishment even extended to inferior magistrates. As part of their executive functions,
1968-403: The 18th century, records of Longhis without any indication of nobility began to multiply. Although many formerly noble branches ended up impoverished and thereby lost their original status, there are many others of popular origin, which took their name, for example, from the physical characteristics of their founders, who may have been unusually tall and thin men, or who reached very old age, two of
2050-454: The 3rd century onwards. However, the imperial consuls maintained the right to preside at meetings of the Senate. They could also administer matters of justice, and organize games ( ludi ) and all public solemnities at their own expense. Roman dates were customarily kept according to the names of the two consuls who took office that year, much like a regnal year in a monarchy. For instance,
2132-491: The 3rd century, holding an ordinary consulate was occasionally left out of the cursus inscriptions, while suffect consulships were hardly ever recorded by the first decades of the 4th century. One of the reforms of Constantine I (r. 306–337) was to assign one of the consuls to the city of Rome , and the other to Constantinople . Therefore, when the Empire was divided into two halves on the death of Theodosius I (r. 379–395),
2214-599: The County of Brescia at the end of 974 by Otto II ." Their most immediate roots probably lie in Ugo, who in 1085 inherited the County of Sabioneta from his father, Boson II, and pass his name onto his offspring. His wife was Matilde, daughter of the counts Arduini of Parma . The first record of the surname in this region, dated 1167, cites Narisio, Vizzolo, and Azzo Longhi as counts of Montichiari , Asola , and Mosio. The testimonies of Andrione of Redondesco, along with others in
2296-413: The Elder (1534–1591), architect Martino Longhi the Younger (1602–1660), architect Onorio Longhi (1568–1619), architect Pietro Longhi (1701–1785 or 1702–1785), painter Roberto Longhi (1890–1970), Italian academic and art historian Giuseppe Longhi (1766–1831), Italian printmaker and writer See also [ edit ] Fondazione Roberto Longhi , Via Benedetto Fortini, Florence,
2378-467: The Genoese doge . To the east, they went as far as Trento , Venice, and beyond, and to the south, they advanced as far as Parma , Bologna, Rome, Florence , and many other cities. Marco Tulio was the brother of Cardinal William of Longis and custodian of Clement V , castellan of Fumone , and the origin of the marquises Longhi of Paolis, who survive to this day. One of his sons was a knight of
2460-676: The Hospital of the Incurables in Naples . Many other members were notable elsewhere, such as Pietro, podestà of Treviglio ; Gerard was the supreme commander of the army of Rimini ; William, first squire of the king of Savoy and secret chamberlain of Pius V ; Bartholomew, adviser to Alfonso I of Aragon ; Albert, master of Pope Innocent III and bishop of Anagni . They also emerged as renowned artists, literati, politicians, and other experts, and four Longhi stood out as architects in
2542-623: The Imagna valley, the Seriana valley, and Asola . In Venice, of note is also Laura, a "virtuous lady" and wife of the powerful Bergamo nobleman Gian Girolamo Albani , an official in Venice and cardinal after he became a widower. She descended from Abbondio Longhi, lord of the Castle of Urgnano and secretary to Bartolomeo Colleoni , celebrated condottiero . The most notable medieval group
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2624-844: The Italian nobility, such as the Bellarmino , Malatesta, Caetani , Vitelleschi , Tebaldeschi, Bosone, Forteguerra, and Brancaccio . Other groups appeared in Sicily , the kingdom of Naples, and the far south of Italy, but they are likely independent branches, although Lellis attributes to the Neapolitan branch (the main one) the same Roman origin derived from the Sempronios Longos, based on tradition. They produced notaries , judges , councilors, and other dignitaries, such as Filippo, knight of Malta in 1453, and Annamaria, founder of
2706-561: The Longus, the plural Longi is usually found in Latin texts. However, since in Italian longo means "long", "tall", "ancient" or "long", and is a word of common usage, it is likely that many of the numerous groups scattered throughout Italy had independent origins. The word appeared as a denominator of persons since Ancient Rome , arising in a branch of the Sempronia gens , the Long Semprons. Two of their representatives were consuls ,
2788-473: The Romans to date back to the traditional establishment of the Republic in 509 BC, but the succession of consuls was not continuous in the 5th century BC, when the consulship was supposedly replaced with a board of consular tribunes , which was elected whenever the military needs of the state were significant enough to warrant the election of more than the usual two consuls. These remained in place until
2870-410: The Senate and foreign states. The consuls could convene the Senate, and presided over its meetings. The consuls served as president of the Senate, one at a time, alternating every month. They could also summon any of the three Roman assemblies (Curiate, Centuriate, and Tribal) and presided over them. Thus, the consuls conducted the elections and put legislative measures to the vote. When neither consul
2952-405: The Senate's selections. The emperor did not assume the consulship of every year of his reign, but did nominate himself multiple times; Augustus was consul 13 times, Domitian 17, and Theodosius II 18. The proliferation of suffect consuls through this process, and the allocation of this office to homines novi tended, over time, to devalue the office. However, the high regard placed upon
3034-604: The Ugonids, in general, is poor and unclear, and there are several hypotheses circulating about the origin and descent of this strain, very branched and associated with many other important Houses, which flourished with great power between the 10th and 12th centuries but almost always involved in disputes, wars and exchanges of territories. They incorporated several other count titles, such as Desenzano , Marcaria , Bizzolano, Redondesco , Casaloldo , San Martino Gusnago, Ceresino , and Belforte , among several other fiefs, which formed
3116-401: The axes from the fasces to show that a citizen could not be executed without a trial. Upon entering the comitia centuriata , the lictors would lower the fasces to show that the powers of the consuls derive from the people. Outside the walls of Rome, the powers of the consuls were far more extensive in their role as commanders-in-chief of all Roman legions . It was in this function that
3198-458: The campaign with spoils. If the consul won an overwhelming victory, he was hailed as imperator by his troops, and could request to be granted a triumph . The consul could conduct the campaign as he saw fit, and had unlimited powers. However, after the campaign, he could be prosecuted for his misdeeds (for example for abusing the provinces, or wasting public money, as Scipio Africanus was accused by Cato in 205 BC). Abuse of power by consuls
3280-410: The celebrations attending it—above all the chariot races —had come to involve considerable expense; part of the expense had to be covered by the state. At times the consulship was given to teenagers or even children, as in the cases of Varronianus , Valentinianus Galates , Olybrius Junior , and the children of the emperor. In the 6th century, the consulship was increasingly sparsely given, until it
3362-430: The consuls prior to Sextius had plebeian, not patrician, names. It is possible that only the chronology has been distorted, but it seems that one of the first consuls, Lucius Junius Brutus , came from a plebeian family. Another possible explanation is that during the 5th-century social struggles, the office of consul was gradually monopolized by a patrician elite. During times of war, the primary qualification for consul
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3444-474: The consuls was subordinate to the dictator. After Augustus became the first Roman emperor in 27 BC with the establishment of the Principate , the consuls lost most of their powers and responsibilities. Though still officially the highest office of the state, they were merely a symbol of Rome's republican heritage. One of the two consular positions was often occupied by emperors themselves, especially from
3526-439: The consuls were responsible for carrying into effect the decrees of the Senate and the laws of the assemblies . Sometimes, in great emergencies, they might act on their own authority and responsibility. The consuls also served as the chief diplomats of the Roman state. Before any foreign ambassadors reached the Senate, they met with the consuls. The consul would introduce ambassadors to the Senate, and they alone negotiated between
3608-523: The consuls were vested with full imperium . When legions were ordered by a decree of the Senate, the consuls conducted the levy in the Campus Martius . Upon entering the army, all soldiers had to take their oath of allegiance to the consuls. The consuls also oversaw the gathering of troops provided by Rome's allies. Within the city a consul could punish and arrest a citizen, but had no power to inflict capital punishment. When on campaign, however,
3690-457: The consuls", with 'being' implied, as it appears in Caesar's De Bello Gallico . Consular Dating Key In Roman inscriptions, the word consul was abbreviated cos . The disappearance of the ⟨N⟩ was based on the classical Latin pronunciation of the word as /kõːsul/ or [ko:sul] since an /n/ sound before a fricative was omitted or solely nasalized the previous vowel instead. The word
3772-446: The consulship and the office of rex sacrorum . While the rex sacrorum inherited the kings' position as royal priest and various religious functions were handed off to the pontiffs , the consuls were given the remaining civil and military responsibilities. To prevent abuse of the kingly power, this authority was shared by two consuls, each of whom could veto the other's actions, with short annual terms. The consuls were invested with
3854-412: The consulship was their judicial power . Their position as chief judges was transferred to the praetors in 366 BC. After this time, the consul would only serve as judges in extraordinary criminal cases and only when called upon by decree of the Senate. For the most part, power was divided between civil and military spheres. As long as the consuls were in the pomerium (the city of Rome), they were at
3936-443: The decay, it had been a clan with a strong expansionist policy. They radiated westward as far as Bergamo , where the family gained power, especially after William of Longis, previously chancellor to the king of Naples , was appointed cardinal by Celestine V . The family's power was to be exercised by the king of Naples . There some adopted the name Alessandri , founding a branch that produced several notables, and others reached
4018-519: The early years of the Republic, Rome's enemies were located in central Italy, so campaigns lasted a few months. As Rome's frontiers expanded, in the 2nd century BC, the campaigns became more lengthy. Rome was a warlike society and very seldom did not wage war. So the consul upon entering office was expected by the Senate and the People to march his army against Rome's enemies, and expand the Roman frontiers. His soldiers expected to return to their homes after
4100-463: The emperor of each half acquired the right of appointing one of the consuls—although on occasion an emperor did allow his colleague to appoint both consuls for various reasons. In the Western Empire , some Eastern consuls were never recognized by the emperor, who became a puppet of powerful generals such as Stilicho . The consulship, bereft of any real power, continued to be a great honor, but
4182-436: The end of his consulship. Transferring his consular imperium to proconsular imperium , the consul would become a proconsul and governor of one (or several) of Rome's many provinces. As a proconsul, his imperium was limited to only a specified province and not the entire Republic. Any exercise of proconsular imperium in any other province was illegal. Also, a proconsul was not allowed to leave his province before his term
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#17327755197064264-412: The end of the 3rd century, much had changed. The loss of many pre-consular functions and the gradual encroachment of the equites into the traditional senatorial administrative and military functions, meant that senatorial careers virtually vanished prior to their appointment as consuls. This had the effect of seeing a suffect consulship granted at an earlier age, to the point that by the 4th century, it
4346-457: The example of the Casalodi (or Casaloldi), possibly the most powerful of all these derivative branches. The Ugonids, in the 13th century, facing the communes that were strengthening and fighting the power of the feudal lords, were deprived of numerous fiefs and castles and ended up banished from several cities, such as Brescia and Mantua , their main strongholds, and headquarters of some of
4428-420: The field. Two consuls were elected each year, serving together, each with veto power over the other's actions, a normal principle for magistracies. They were elected by the comitia centuriata , which also elected praetors and censors . However, they formally assumed powers only after the ratification of their election in the older comitia curiata , which granted the consuls their imperium by enacting
4510-625: The highest magistracy in the period of the Roman Republic , cited by Livy , Tacitus , and Polybius . Another gens also used the Longo name in Rome, the Atilia gens , which had 19 consuls as well as patrician and plebeian branches. Athilius, one of the first three consular tribunes , elected in 444 B.C., Sulpitius and Duilio, who held the same office respectively in 390 and 339 B.C., are notable individuals. Mussidius Longo, proconsul , issued several coins soon after Julius Caesar 's death. In
4592-592: The most important branches. They took refuge in the surrounding area and sought new alliances with the counts of Plasencia and Verona , the Palatine counts of Lomello , and the Obertenghi marquises . From there a dispersion began, "some retaining, others losing feudal titles and power, but always retaining their gentile name and the memory of their common origin in the fundamental identity of their family: The rampant lion", as Marchetti pointed out. Even before
4674-466: The office was abolished in 367 BC and the consulship was reintroduced. Consuls had extensive powers in peacetime (administrative, legislative, and judicial), and in wartime often held the highest military command. Additional religious duties included certain rites which, as a sign of their formal importance, could only be carried out by the highest state officials. Consuls also read auguries , an essential religious ritual, before leading armies into
4756-454: The office's duties every month and could act without direct interference. In the next month, the consuls would switch roles with one another. This would continue until the end of the consular term. Another point which acted as a check against consuls was the certainty that after the end of their term they would be called to account for their actions while in office. There were also three other restrictions on consular power. Their term in office
4838-463: The ordinary consulate remained intact, as it was one of the few offices that one could share with the emperor, and during this period it was filled mostly by patricians or by individuals who had consular ancestors. If they were especially skilled or valued, they may even have achieved a second (or rarely, a third) consulate. Prior to achieving the consulate, these individuals already had a significant career behind them, and would expect to continue serving
4920-782: The patriciate in 1297, being reinstated in 1380 in recognition of their contribution to the war against Genoa , and confirmed as nobles in the 19th century. In the 16th century, the patricians Francesco and his son Antonio were on the Council of Ten ; the son left an important account of the war against the Turks , and a grandson was a secret counselor. Several others became known as warriors , writers, clerks, politicians. Many were podestà in Venetian cities and territories, such as Taddeo, Francesco, Antonio, Claudio, Vincenzo, and Nicolò; podestàs of Vicenza , Verona , Brescia , Martinengo ,
5002-623: The possible meanings of the word lungo . This form of surname adoption was frequent in Europe until recently. Many Longhis emigrated to America during the 19th century, fleeing the great crisis that Italy was going through, between wars, famines, and devastation. In the 20th century, there were many other Longhi in evidence, such as Aleandro, senator; the Longhi marquises of Paolis de Fumone, who still live in one of Italy's most important medieval castles, partially museumized; Roberto Longhi , influential historian and art critic, grand officer of
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#17327755197065084-430: The proconsuls of Africa and Asia, or the urban prefect of Rome. It was a post that would be occupied by a man halfway through his career, in his early thirties for a patrician, or in his early forties for most others. Emperors frequently appointed themselves, or their protégés or relatives, as consuls, even without regard to the age requirements. Caligula once said that he would appoint his horse Incitatus consul, which
5166-402: The province of senators—the automatic awarding of a suffect consulship to the equestrian praetorian prefects (who were given the ornamenta consularia upon achieving their office) allowed them to style themselves cos. II when they were later granted an ordinary consulship by the emperor. All this had the effect of further devaluing the office of consul, to the point that by the final years of
5248-551: The purposes of the consular elections, there came to be just a single "assembly of the people" which elected all the magisterial positions of the state, while the consuls continued to be nominated by the princeps. The imperial consulate during the Principate (until the 3rd century) was an important position, albeit as the method through which the Roman aristocracy could progress through to the higher levels of imperial administration—only former consuls could become consular legates,
5330-522: The region of Genoa , where William was consul and became one of the ancestors of the Giustiniani . Later, Filippo , consul, gave rise to the Gialongo branch. In Genoa, the Longhi produced several personalities, advisors, ambassadors, and officials, including three dogi , the head of state: Giannandrea, Alessandro, and Luca Giustiniani Longo. Luca was also king of Corsica , a title associated with
5412-545: The same time as that for the ordinary consuls. During reigns of the Flavian and Antonine emperors, the ordinary consuls tended to resign after a period of four months, and the elections were moved to 12 January of the year in which they were to hold office. Election of the consuls were transferred to the Senate during the Flavian or Antonine periods, although through to the 3rd century, the people were still called on to ratify
5494-442: The state, filling in the post upon which the state functioned. Consequently, holding the ordinary consulship was a great honor and the office was the major symbol of the still relatively republican constitution. Probably as part of seeking formal legitimacy, the break-away Gallic Empire had its own pairs of consuls during its existence (260–274). The list of consuls for this state is incomplete, drawn from inscriptions and coins. By
5576-534: The time of Mark Antony , Julius Longo issued coins. Lucilius, a senator , was a close friend of Tiberius ( r. 14–37 ) and accompanied him in his exile. The Atilia gens flourished at least until the second century. In the Middle Ages , the surname appears in various parts of Italy, however, without any assured connection between them. According to tradition, at the decay of the Roman Empire , Luca Longo, magister equitum , of obscure origin, in
5658-577: The west, the rank of consul was occasionally bestowed upon individuals by the Papacy. In 719, the title of Roman consul was offered by the Pope to Charles Martel , although he refused it. About 853, Alfred the Great , then a child aged four or five, was made a Roman consul by the Pope. Traditionally, after the expulsion of the kings, all the powers that had belonged to the kings were transferred to two offices:
5740-479: The year 560, began to connect the islands of Venice with bridges, erecting buildings and temples, but his tracks were subsequently lost, although it is claimed that he was the origin of some tribunes and then of a patrician lineage. There is no documentary proof, being likely an onomastic coincidence that the next people who appear, five centuries later, are effectively in the patriciate. In Venice, they reappeared in 1053, when Ursa, widow of Petrus Longus, donated
5822-447: The year 59 BC in the modern calendar was called by the Romans "the consulship of Caesar and Bibulus", since the two colleagues in the consulship were Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus , although Caesar dominated the consulship so thoroughly that year that it was jokingly referred to as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar". The date the consuls took office varied: from 222 BC to 153 BC they took office 15 March, and due to
5904-461: Was allowed to lapse under Justinian I (r. 527–565): the western consulship lapsed in 534, with Decius Paulinus the last holder, and the consulship of the East in 541, with Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius . Consular dating had already been abolished in 537, when Justinian introduced dating by the emperor's regnal year and the indiction . In the eastern court, the appointment to consulship became
5986-404: Was being held by men in their early twenties, and possibly younger, without the significant political careers behind them that was normal previously. As time progressed, second consulates, usually ordinary, became far more common than had been the case during the first two centuries, while the first consulship was usually a suffect consulate. Also, the consulate during this period was no longer just
6068-412: Was complete or before the arrival of his successor. Exceptions were given only on special permission of the Senate. Most terms as governor lasted between one and five years. In times of crisis, when Rome's territory was in immediate danger, a dictator was appointed by the consuls for a period of no more than six months, after the proposition of the Senate. While the dictator held office, the imperium of
6150-500: Was elected the following year. Nevertheless, the office remained largely in the hands of a few families, as only about fifteen novi homines ("new men" with no consular background) were elected to the consulship until the election of Cicero in 63 BC. Modern historians have questioned the traditional account of plebeian emancipation during the early Republic (see Conflict of the Orders ), noting for instance that about thirty percent of
6232-571: Was later changed to 32 during the Empire. Beginning in the late Republic, after finishing a consular year, a former consul would usually serve a lucrative term as a proconsul , the Roman governor of one of the senatorial provinces . It would not be uncommon for the patrician consuls of the early Republic to intersperse public office with agricultural labor. In Cicero's words: in agris erant tum senatores, id est senes : 'In those days senators—that is, seniors—would live on their farms'. This practice
6314-420: Was military skill and reputation, but at all times the selection was politically charged. With the passage of time, the consulship became the normal endpoint of the cursus honorum , the sequence of offices pursued by the Roman who chose to pursue a political career. When Lucius Cornelius Sulla regulated the cursus by law, the minimum age of election to consul became 43 or 42 years of age. This age requirement
6396-401: Was obsolete by the 2nd century. Although throughout the early years of the Principate the consuls were still formally elected by the comitia centuriata , they were de facto nominated by the princeps . As the years progressed, the distinction between the comitia centuriata and the comitia populi tributa (which elected the lower magisterial positions) appears to have disappeared, and so for
6478-466: Was prevented with each consul given the power to veto his colleague consul. Therefore, except in the provinces as commanders-in-chief where each consul's power was supreme, the consuls could only act not against each other's determined will. Against the sentence of one consul, an appeal could be brought before his colleague, which, if successful, would see the sentence overturned. In order to avoid unnecessary conflicts, only one consul would actually perform
6560-488: Was probably a joke intended to belittle the Senate's authority. The need for a pool of men to fill the consular positions forced Augustus to remodel the suffect consulate, allowing more than the two elected for the ordinary consulate. During the reigns of the Julio-Claudians, the ordinary consuls who began the year usually relinquished their office mid-year, with the election for the suffect consuls occurring at
6642-412: Was short (one year); their duties were pre-decided by the Senate; and they could not stand again for election immediately after the end of their office. Usually a period of ten years was expected between consulships. After leaving office, the consuls were assigned by the Senate to a province to administer as governor . The provinces to which each consul was assigned were drawn by lot and determined before
6724-414: Was within the city, their civic duties were assumed by the praetor urbanus . Each consul was accompanied in every public appearance by twelve lictors , who displayed the magnificence of the office and served as his bodyguards. Each lictor held a fasces , a bundle of rods that contained an axe. The fasces symbolized the military power, or imperium . When inside the pomerium , the lictors removed
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