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120-601: The county is inhabited by several ethnic minorities , including the Miao , Yi , Gelao and Zhuang , who constitute approximately 80% of the county's population. Present-day Longlin was first incorporated into the Song dynasty in 1253, when it fell under the jurisdiction of Anlongdong as part of the Sicheng Prefecture  [ zh ] . In 1402, the area was reorganized as Anlong Prefecture , until 1666, when it

240-531: A black market trade in contraceptives, smuggled in from neighbouring Thailand. In 1990, five years after the Iraq-Iran war ended, Iran saw the fastest recorded fall in fertility in world history. Revolution gave way to consumerism and westernization. With TVs and cars came condoms and birth control pills. A generation of women had been expected to produce soldiers to fight Iraq, but the next generation of women could choose to enjoy some newfound luxuries. During

360-660: A part of China . Also, where the Republic of China (ROC) government in Taiwan, as of 2020, officially recognises 16 Taiwanese indigenous tribes, the PRC classifies them all under a single ethnic group, the Gāoshān ( 高山 , 'high mountain') minority, out of reluctance to recognize ethnic classifications derived from the work of Japanese anthropologists during the Japanese rule . (Despite

480-520: A "category" and focuses on their maintenance of boundaries and their self-definition in relation to the majority group. These changes are reflected in uses of the term mínzú ( 民族 ) and its translations. The official journal Minzu Tuanjie changed its English name from Nationality Unity to Ethnic Unity in 1995. Similarly, the Central University for Nationalities changed its name to Minzu University of China . Scholars began to prefer

600-523: A "dual structure" of governance in which the representation and identity given to recognized ethnic groups would increase ethnocultural differences and create social conflict. He recommended new policies of ethnic fusion and assimilation. These proposals made by Ma and others were controversial at the time but they would find a place at the heart of the policy of the Xi Jinping administration . Xi has shifted state policy towards assimilation in what he calls

720-652: A "racial minority" was wrong. It also came to the conclusion that the Japanese military spokesman was the only person who was propagating the false assertion that Chinese Muslims had " racial unity ", which was disproved by the fact that Muslims in China were composed of multitudes of different races, separate from each other as were the "Germans and English", such as the Mongol Hui of Hezhou, Salar Hui of Qinghai, and Chan Tou Hui of Turkistan. The Japanese were trying to spread

840-513: A correlation between economic difficulties and fertility decline by race and ethnicity. Hispanics (particularly affected by the recession) have experienced the largest fertility decline, particularly compared to Caucasians. In 2008–2009 the birth rate declined 5.9 percent for Hispanic women, 2.4 percent for African American women and 1.6 percent for white women. The relatively large birth rate declines among Hispanics mirror their relatively large economic declines, in terms of jobs and wealth. According to

960-492: A country undergoes economic development and social change its population growth declines, with birth rates serving as an indicator. At the 1974 World Population Conference in Bucharest , Romania , women's issues gained considerable attention. Family programs were discussed, and 137 countries drafted a World Population Plan of Action. As part of the discussion, many countries accepted modern birth control methods such as

1080-519: A family-coefficient of income tax ( le quotient familial ). Since the end of World War II, early family policy in France has been based on a family tradition that requires children to support multi-child family, so that a third child enables a multi-child family to benefit from family allowances and income tax exemptions. This is intended to allow families with three children to enjoy the same living standards as households without children. In particular,

1200-404: A given period divided by the length of the period in years. The number of live births is normally taken from a universal registration system for births; population counts from a census , and estimation through specialized demographic techniques. The birth rate (along with mortality and migration rates) is used to calculate population growth . The estimated average population may be taken as

1320-415: A lesser degree) increased male age . Many of these factors however are not universal, and differ by region and social class. For instance, at a global level, religion is correlated with increased fertility. Reproductive health can also affect the birth rate, as untreated infections can lead to fertility problems, as can be seen in the "infertility belt" - a region that stretches across central Africa from

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1440-587: A lower birth rate than underdeveloped countries (see Income and fertility ). A parent's number of children strongly correlates with the number of children that each person in the next generation will eventually have. Factors generally associated with increased fertility include religiosity , intention to have children, and maternal support. Factors generally associated with decreased fertility include wealth , education, female labor participation , urban residence, intelligence , increased female age , women's rights, access to family planning services and (to

1560-473: A majority population of official minorities, while all other provinces , municipalities and regions of China have a Han majority. In Beijing itself, the Han ethnic composition makes up nearly 96% of the total population, while the ethnic minority total is 4.31%, or a population of 584,692 (as of 2008). Much of the dialog within China regarding minorities has generally portrayed minorities as being further behind

1680-627: A one-son policy. In many countries, the steady decline in birth rates over the past decades can largely be attributed to the significant gains in women's freedoms, such as tackling forced marriage and child marriage , access to contraception , equal access to education, and increased socioeconomic opportunities. Women of all economic, social, religious and educational persuasions are choosing to have fewer children as they are gaining more control over their own reproductive rights . Apart from more children living into their adult years, women are often more ambitious to take up education and paid work outside

1800-579: A representative to the National People's Congress —the social scientists attempted to construct coherent groupings of minorities using language as the main criterion for differentiation. Thus some villages with very different cultural practices and histories were lumped together under the same ethnonym. For example, the " Zhuang " ethnic group largely served as a catch-all for various hill villages in Guangxi province. The actual census taking of who

1920-654: A series of ongoing human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other ethnic and religious minorities in Xinjiang. Since the People's Republic of China was established, ethnic minorities have made up around 10% of the Central Committee, whereas the rest of the members are of the Han Chinese ethnic group. That being said, a majority of the ethnic minority members of the Central Committee are alternate members. In

2040-413: A single Chinese nation. The ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the PRC include those residing within mainland China, as well as Taiwanese indigenous peoples pursuant to its sovereign claim over Taiwan . However, the PRC does not accept the term indigenous people or its variations, since it might suggest that Han people are not indigenous to Taiwan, or that Taiwan is not historically

2160-714: A single group. The vast majority of this group is found in Guizhou Province . These "undistinguished ethnic groups" do not include groups that have been controversially classified into existing groups. For example, the Mosuo are officially classified as Naxi , and the Chuanqing are classified as Han Chinese , but they reject these classifications and view themselves as separate ethnic groups. Citizens of mainland China who are of foreign origin are classified using yet another separate label: "foreigners naturalized into

2280-573: A strong sense of identity and distinctive customs, including dress, religion and foods." Following the breakup of the Soviet Union intellectuals and policymakers within China began to argue that the designation of minority groups could be a threat to the country. Violence in Xinjiang and Tibet provided evidence for this argument. Beijing University professor Ma Rong argued that the Chinese Communist Party had unwittingly created

2400-400: A substitute to maternity leave. The payment known as the 'Baby Bonus' was A$ 3000 per child. This rose to A$ 5000 which was paid in 13 installments. At a time when Australia's unemployment was at a 28-year low of 5.2%, the then Treasurer Peter Costello stated there was opportunity to go lower. With a good economic outlook for Australia, Costello held the view that now was a good time to expand

2520-450: A well paid job. Minorities have widely benefited from China's minimum livelihood guarantee program (known as the dibao ) a programme introduced nationwide in 1999 whose number of participants had reached nearly twenty million by 2012. The nature of the selection process entails that the programme's providers be proactive and willing in seeking out impoverished prospective participants, as opposed to more comprehensive welfare schemes such as

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2640-530: Is fixed at birth, a practice that can be traced to the foundation of the PRC, when the Communist Party commissioned studies to categorize and delineate groups based on research teams' investigation of minorities' social history, economic life, language and religion in China's different regions. The degree of variation between ethnic groups is not consistent. Many ethnic groups are described as having unique characteristics from other minority groups and from

2760-951: Is home to a considerable amount of Yi (autonym: ŋo³³pʰu²¹ ), who historically lived in western Yunnan . Historical documents from the Nanzhao State suggest that certain Yi populations left Yunnan to avoid inter-tribal violence. Considerable Yi populations live in Xinzhou  [ zh ] , De'e , and Zhuchang Township  [ zh ] . Within De'e, Yi people are concentrated in Agao ( 阿稿 ), Nadi ( 那地 ), Nongbao ( 弄保 ), Tangshi ( 塘石 ), and 10 other villages. Yi are also found scattered across various villages in Yancha Township  [ zh ] , Zhelang Township  [ zh ] , and

2880-552: Is home to six different groups of Miao people: Despite these different groups within the Miao populations of Longlin, all groups share similar ethnic origins. The Miao People of Longlin County are believed to be native to Hubei and Hunan who migrated southwest towards Guizhou and Yunnan , and later arrived in the region during the late Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty . The probably reason for this migration appears connected to

3000-424: Is home to some Bolyu people , an unrecognized ethnic minority . The Bolyu mostly live in the northern portion of the autonomous county, alongside local Miao populations. Some Longjia people also live in the northern part of the county. As of 2019, the county's primary sector accounts for 26.1% of the economy, the secondary sector accounts for 19.5%, and the tertiary sector accounts for 54.4%. As of 2019,

3120-580: Is only 8.3 per thousand, lower than the UK and France. In Europe as of July 2011, Ireland's birth rate was 16.5 per 1000 (3.5 percent higher than the next-ranked country, the UK). As of 2016, Japan has the third lowest crude birth rate (i.e. not allowing for the population's age distribution) in the world, with only Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Monaco having lower crude birth rates. Japan has an unbalanced population with many elderly but few young people, and this

3240-424: Is projected to be more extreme in the future, unless there are major changes. An increasing number of Japanese people are staying unmarried: between 1980 and 2010, the percentage of the population who had never married increased from 22% to almost 30%, even as the population continued to age, and by 2035 one in four people will not marry during their childbearing years. The Japanese sociologist Masahiro Yamada coined

3360-789: Is seated in the town of Xinzhou  [ zh ] (新州镇). The county's 6 towns are Xinzhou, Yacha (​桠杈镇), Tianshengqiao  [ zh ] (天生桥镇), Pingban  [ zh ] (平班镇), De'e (​德峨镇), and Longhuo  [ zh ] (隆或镇). The county's 10 townships are Shali Township  [ zh ] (沙梨乡), Zhebao Township  [ zh ] (者保乡), Zhelang Township  [ zh ] (者浪乡), Gebu Township  [ zh ] (革步乡), Jinzhongshan Township  [ zh ] (金钟山乡), Zhuchang Township  [ zh ] (猪场乡), Shechang Township  [ zh ] (蛇场乡), Kechang Township  [ zh ] (克长乡), Yancha Township  [ zh ] (岩茶乡), and Jieting Township  [ zh ] (介廷乡). As of 2010,

3480-577: Is seen by the central government as important for improving the economic development of ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities are represented in the National People's Congress as well as governments at the provincial and prefectural levels. Some ethnic minorities in China live in what are described as ethnic autonomous areas . These "regional autonomies" guarantee ethnic minorities the freedom to use and develop their ethnic languages, and to maintain their own cultural and social customs. In addition,

3600-712: The Dragon Boat Festival and the Double Third Festival . National Highway 324 runs through the county. Ethnic minorities in China Ethnic minorities in China are the non- Han population in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The PRC officially recognizes 55 ethnic minority groups within China in addition to the Han majority. As of 2020 , the combined population of officially-recognized minority groups comprised 8.89% of

3720-865: The Mongols . Groups that have been more willing to assimilate (and accept the help of the government) are often portrayed as feminine and sexual, including the Miao , Tujia and the Dai . The largest ethnic group, Han, according to a 2005 sampling, constitute about 91.9% of the total population. The next largest ethnic groups in terms of population include the Zhuang (18 million), Manchu (10 million), Hui (10 million), Miao (9 million), Uyghur (8 million), Yi (7.8 million), Tujia (8 million), Mongols (5.8 million), Tibetans (5.4 million), Buyei (3 million), Yao (3.1 million), and Koreans (2.5 million). Minority populations have grown fast due to them being unaffected by

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3840-516: The One Child Policy . Ethnic minorities with low populations (fewer than 100,000 individuals) were not taken into account here. Ethnic Hans Ethnic minorities "Undistinguished" ethnic groups are ethnic groups that have not been officially recognized or classified by the central government. The group numbers more than 730,000 people, and would constitute the twentieth most populous ethnic group of China if taken as

3960-557: The World Health Organization , the country with the highest birth rate is Niger at 6.49 children born per woman and the country with the lowest birth rate is Taiwan, at 1.13 children born per woman. However, despite not having any official records, it can be presumed for obvious reasons (only men are allowed to be Catholic priests) that the Holy See has the lowest birth rate of any sovereign state . Compared with

4080-757: The birth control pill and the condom while opposing abortion . Population concerns, as well as the desire to include women in the discourse, were discussed; it was agreed that improvements in women's status and initiatives in defense of reproductive health and freedom, the environment, and sustainable socioeconomic development were needed. Birth rates ranging from 10 to 20 births per 1,000 are considered low, while rates from 40 to 50 births per 1,000 are considered high. There are problems associated with high birth rates, and there may be problems associated with low birth rates. High birth rates may contribute to malnutrition and starvation, stress government welfare and family programs, and more importantly store up overpopulation for

4200-636: The disposable income of the county's urban residents averages 32,508 Yuan , and the disposable income of the county's rural residents averages 9,972 Yuan. Each year, at the beginning of the lunar new year , a festival in the village of De'e is held, featuring the music and dance of the various ethnic groups who live in the area. Each ethnic group also has its own traditions to celebrate the lunar new year, some of which are shared across multiple different groups. The county's different peoples also have festivals unique to their own ethnicity, as well as festivals shared across multiple different ethnicities, such as

4320-523: The first national census in 1954. This further increased to 54 by the second national census in 1964, with the Lhoba group added in 1965. The last change was the addition of the Jino people in 1979, bringing the number of recognized ethnic groups to the current 56. However, as China opened up and reformed post-1979, many Han acquired enough money to begin to travel. One of the favorite travel experiences of

4440-540: The "grand minzu fusion" or "the coalescing of blood and minds." The CCP under Xi has reacted to violence committed by a number of Uyghurs by the imprisonment of this group in the Xinjiang internment camps . In 2020 a Han Chinese was named director of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission for the first time since 1954. China is officially composed of 56 ethnic groups (55 minorities plus

4560-539: The 1950s (when the birth rate was 36 per thousand), as of 2011, the world birth rate has declined by 16 per thousand. As of 2017, Niger has had 49.443 births per thousand people. Japan has one of the lowest birth rates in the world with 8 per thousand people. While in Japan there are 126 million people and in Niger 21 million, both countries had around 1 million babies born in 2016. The region of Sub-Saharan Africa has

4680-723: The 1970s, the focus has been on supporting families who are vulnerable such as single parent families and the children of a poor family in order to ensure equality of opportunity. In addition, as many women began to participate in the labor market, the government introduced policies of financial support for childcare leave as well as childcare facilities. In 1994, the government expanded the parent education allowance ( l'allocation parentale d'éducation ) for women with two children to ensure freedom of choice and reduce formal unemployment in order to promote family well-being and women's labor participation. There are also: The birth rate in Germany

4800-423: The 19th Congress there are only 16 full time members who are ethnic minorities. While only 6 of the 55 ethnic minorities are represented in the Central Committee, the percentage of ethnic minority members in the Central Committee exceeds the percentage of ethnic minority population in China. Ethnic minorities only make up roughly 7.5% of China's population, whereas 92% are Han Chinese, the dominant ethnicity. Still

4920-551: The Chinese citizenship" ( 外国人入中国籍 ). However, if a newly naturalized citizen already belongs to a recognized existing group among the 56 ethnic groups, then he or she is classified into that ethnic group rather than the special label. The PRC's Constitution and laws guarantee equal rights to all ethnic groups in China and help promote ethnic minority groups' economic and cultural development. The constitution prohibits both discrimination and acts of disunity. Articles 115 and 116 of

Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County - Misplaced Pages Continue

5040-399: The Communist Party's categorization was also rampantly criticized since it reduced the number of recognized ethnic groups by eightfold, and today the wei shibie menzu (literally 'undistinguished ethnic groups') total more than 730,000 people. These groups include Geija, Khmu, Kucong , Mang, Deng, Sherpas, Bajia and Youtai (Jewish). After the breakup of Yugoslavia and the dissolution of

5160-478: The Decree ). These policies temporarily increased birth rates for a few years, but this was followed by a decline due to the increased use of illegal abortion . Ceaușescu's policy resulted in over 9,000 deaths of women due to illegal abortions, large numbers of children put into Romanian orphanages by parents who could not cope with raising them, street children in the 1990s (when many orphanages were closed and

5280-470: The French income taxation system is structured so that families with children receive tax breaks greater than single adults without children. This income tax imposition system is known as the family coefficient of income tax. A characteristic of the family factor is that households with a large number of children, even if they are at the same standard of living, can receive more tax exemption benefits. Since

5400-455: The Han in progress toward modernization and modernity. Minority groups are often portrayed as rustic, wild, and antiquated. As the government often portrays itself as a benefactor of the minorities, those less willing to assimilate (despite the offers of assistance) are portrayed as masculine, violent, and unreasonable. Groups that have been depicted this way include the Tibetans , Uyghurs and

5520-473: The Jeonse system of renting. Landlords require the renters to upfront as much as 70% of the property value as a type of security deposit, then live rent free for the duration of the contract, usually two years. At the end of the contract, the deposit is refunded 100% back to the renter. Historically, landlords have invested the security deposit and banked on rising property values. But as inflation rises higher than

5640-404: The PRC government has provided preferential economic development and aid to areas where ethnic minorities live. Furthermore, the Chinese government has allowed and encouraged the involvement of ethnic minority participation in the party. Even though ethnic minorities in China are granted specific rights and freedoms, many ethnic minorities still have headed towards the urban life in order to obtain

5760-598: The Pew Hispanic Center revealed that Hispanics have also been the biggest losers in terms of wealth since the beginning of the recession, with Hispanic households losing 66% of their median wealth from 2005 to 2009. In comparison, black households lost 53% of their median wealth and white households lost only 16%. Other factors (such as women's labor-force participation, contraceptive technology and public policy) make it difficult to determine how much economic change affects fertility. Research suggests that much of

5880-743: The Qing suppression of Miao uprisings in Guizhou and Xiangxi . The Miao People of Longlin County have many cultural similarities to Miao populations found in Guizhou, including shared folklore, linguistic dialects, naming conventions, toponymy , rituals, and celebrations. The towns of Xinzhou  [ zh ] and De'e , as well as the townships of Zhuchang Township  [ zh ] , Shechang Township  [ zh ] , and Kechang Township  [ zh ] all have significant Miao populations. The former townships of Kechang, Changfa, and Changme also have considerable Miao populations. Longlin

6000-592: The Reform Era. These policies attempt to promote stability and legitimacy among the ethnic minority population through concerted efforts to involve them in the country's politics . Thus the authors argue this is why ethnic minorities enjoyed an advantage in the Reform Period. Other scholars add that the Party is eager to include ethnic minorities in the government because of the backlash that China has faced from

6120-486: The Republican period, translates this Soviet concept. The English translation (common in official documents) of 'nationality' again follows Soviet practice; in order to avoid confusion, however, alternative phraseology such as 'ethnicity' or 'ethnic group' is often used. Since the anthropological concept of ethnicity does not precisely match the Chinese or Soviet concepts (which, after all, are defined and regulated by

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6240-473: The Soviet Union , there was a shift in official conceptions of minorities in China: rather than defining them as 'nationalities', they became 'ethnic groups'. The difference between 'nationality' and 'ethnicity', as Uradyn Erden-Bulag describes it, is that the former treats the minorities of China as societies with "a fully functional division of labor," history, and territory, whereas the latter treats minorities as

6360-594: The Soviet concept of ethnicity—and shǎoshù ( 少數 ) means ' minority '. Since the anthropological concept of ethnicity does not precisely match the Chinese or Soviet concepts (which are defined and regulated by the state), some scholars use the neologism zúqún ( 族群 , 'ethnic group') to unambiguously refer to ethnicity. Including shaoshu mínzu , Sun Yat-sen used the term zhōnghuá mínzú ( 中華民族 , 'Chinese nation' or 'Chinese nationality') to reflect his belief that all of China's ethnic groups were parts of

6480-585: The UK's Office for National Statistics (ONS) announced a 2.4 percent increase in live births in the United Kingdom in 2010. This is the highest birth rate in the UK in 40 years. However, the UK record year for births and birth rate remains 1920 (when the ONS reported over 957,000 births to a population of "around 40 million"). There has been a dramatic decline in birth rates in the U.S. between 2007 and 2020. The Great Recession appears to have contributed to

6600-514: The United Republic of Tanzania in the east to Gabon in the west, and which has a lower fertility than other African regions. Child custody laws, affecting fathers' parental rights over their children from birth until child custody ends at age 18, may have an effect on the birth rate. U.S. states strict in enforcing child support have up to 20 percent fewer unmarried births than states that are lax about getting unmarried fathers to pay,

6720-556: The Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme (URBMI), which is universally implemented. As such, the selection process for participants in the dibao programme has generated a perception among observers of the scheme that this programme have been used to mitigate dissent and neutralize any threat to the government that could lead to unrest- including negative performance evaluations of local officials. The Chinese government has committed

6840-419: The adolescent birth rate continues to decline. In 2013, teenage birth rates in the U.S. were at the lowest level in U.S. history. Teen birth rates in the U.S. have decreased from 1991 through 2012 (except for an increase from 2005 to 2007). The other aberration from this otherwise-steady decline in teen birth rates is the six percent decrease in birth rates for 15- to 19-year-olds between 2008 and 2009. Despite

6960-575: The area took place shortly after the Song dynasty , and a document from 1673 suggests more than 10 Han families lived in area at the time. Areas with large Han populations are Xinzhou  [ zh ] , Yacha , Longhuo  [ zh ] , Tianshengqiao  [ zh ] , Yancha Township  [ zh ] , Jieting Township  [ zh ] , Shechang Township  [ zh ] , Kechang Township  [ zh ] , Zhebao Township  [ zh ] , and Jinzhongshan Township  [ zh ] . The autonomous county

7080-537: The area was renamed from Xilong County to Longlin County. Longlin is bordered by Tianlin County to the east, Xilin County to the south, and by Anlong County and Ceheng County in Guizhou Province to the north. The county is home to the Tianshengqiao I and Tianshengqiao II dams, which sit along the Nanpan River . Longlin County is divided into 6 towns and 10 townships . The county government

7200-517: The autonomous regions in China; these areas were thought to be their own nations that had theoretical autonomy from the central government. During World War II , the American Asiatic Association published an entry in the 40th volume of their academic journal, Asia , concerning the problem of whether Chinese Muslims were Chinese or a separate 'ethnic minority', and the factors which led to either classification. It tackled

7320-504: The children ended on the streets), and overcrowding in homes and schools. Ultimately, this aggressive natalist policy led to a generation who eventually led the Romanian Revolution which overthrew and executed him . In stark contrast to Ceaușescu's natalist policy was China's one child policy , in effect from 1978 to 2015, which included abuses such as forced abortions . This policy has also been deemed responsible for

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7440-408: The common practice of sex-selective abortion which led to an imbalanced sex ratio in the country. Given strict family size limitations and a preference for sons, girls became unwanted in China because they were considered as depriving the parents of the chance of having a son. With the progress of prenatal sex-determination technologies and induced abortion, the one-child policy gradually turned into

7560-439: The concepts of nationality, culture, and ethnicity. Those outside of the reach of imperial control and dominant patterns of Chinese culture were thought of as separate groups of people regardless of whether they would today be considered as a separate ethnicity. The self-conceptualization of Han largely revolved around this center-periphery cultural divide. Thus, the process of Sinicization throughout history had as much to do with

7680-445: The constitution state that in the provincial level autonomous regions and the autonomous prefectures and counties set aside for minority administration, local states via the local people's congresses "have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of the political, economic, and cultural characteristics" of those areas. One notable preferential treatment ethnic minorities enjoy

7800-459: The contemporary United States can possibly be ascribed to the recession, which led families to postpone having children and fewer immigrants coming to the US. The current US birth rates are not high enough to maintain the size of the U.S. population, according to The Economist . There are many factors that interact in complex ways, influencing the birth rates of a population. Developed countries have

7920-601: The county government after a five-day hearing on the matter. When the change was made in 1990, 978 people who were formerly classified as Lai in ethnicity were re-designated Gelao in ethnicity. The county's Gelao people are largely found in De'e , Kechang Township  [ zh ] , Zhelang Township  [ zh ] , Yancha Township  [ zh ] , and Shechang Township  [ zh ] . The villages of Sanchong ( 三冲 ) and Moji ( 么基 ) have particularly large Gelao populations. The first migration of Han Chinese to

8040-698: The county had a crude birth rate of 20.04 per 1,000, and a crude death rate of 5.37 per 1,000, giving the county a rate of natural increase of 14.67 per 1,000. The Zhuang people of Longlin have various cultural similarities with the Yue people who historically inhabited the area, including the use of bronze drums  [ zh ] , as well as various autonyms . The towns of Xinzhou  [ zh ] , Tianshengqiao  [ zh ] , and Pingban  [ zh ] , as well as Zhebao Township  [ zh ] and Gebu Township  [ zh ] all have significant Zhuang populations. The county

8160-403: The decline in the early period. A 2022 study did not identify any other economic, policy, or social factor that contributed to the decline. The decline may be due to shifting life priorities of recent cohorts that go through childbearing age, as there have been "changes in preferences for having children, aspirations for life, and parenting norms." A Pew research center study found evidence of

8280-447: The decrease, U.S. teen birth rates remain higher than those in other developed nations. Racial differences affect teen birth and pregnancy rates: American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic black teen pregnancy rates are more than double the non-Hispanic white teenage birth rate. States strict in enforcing child support have up to 20 percent fewer unmarried births than states that are lax about getting unmarried dads to pay,

8400-460: The different roles of men and women, and the cultural desire to have several sons. Historically, Australia has had a relatively low fertility rate, reaching a high of 3.14 births per woman in 1960. This was followed by a decline which continued until the mid-2000, when a one off cash incentive was introduced to reverse the decline. In 2004, the then Howard government introduced a non-means tested 'Maternity Payment' to parents of every newborn as

8520-560: The dominant Han). However, some of the ethnic groups as classified by the PRC government contain, within themselves, diverse groups of people. Various groups of the Miao minority, for example, speak different dialects of the Hmong–Mien languages , Tai–Kadai languages , and Chinese , and practice a variety of different cultural customs. Whereas in many nations a citizen's minority status is defined by their self-identification as an ethnic minority, in China minority nationality ( xiaoshu minzu )

8640-451: The dominant Han, but there are also some that are very similar to the Han majority group. Most Hui Chinese are indistinguishable from Han Chinese except for the fact that they practice Islam , and most Manchu are considered to be largely assimilated into dominant Han society. China's official 55 minorities are located primarily in the south, west, and north of China. Only Tibet Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region have

8760-449: The economic crisis in 1997; fathers abandoning their families because they could not financially support them. In addition, the abortion of female fetuses lead to a relative shortage of women, resulting in overall lowerall birthrate in the country. In August 2011, Taiwan's government announced that its birth rate declined in the previous year, despite the fact that the government implemented approaches to encourage fertility. In July 2011,

8880-419: The economic demand of consumers for their performances. The categorization of 55 minority groups was a major step forward from denial of the existence of different ethnic groups in China which had been the policy of Sun Yet-Sen 's Nationalist government that came to power in 1911, which also engaged in the common use of derogatory names to refer to minorities (a practice officially abolished in 1951). However,

9000-410: The elders themselves. There will be fewer younger able-bodied people who may be needed to support an ageing population, if a high proportion of older people become disabled and unable to care for themselves. In the 20th century, several authoritarian governments sought either to increase or to decrease the birth rates, sometimes through forceful intervention. One of the most notorious natalist policies

9120-477: The fact that not all Taiwanese indigenous peoples inhabit in the mountains; for example, the Tao People traditionally inhabit the island of Lanyu .) The regional governments of Hong Kong and Macau do not use this ethnic classification system, so figures by the PRC government exclude these two territories. Throughout much of recorded Chinese history , there was little attempt by Chinese authors to separate

9240-444: The fertility decline during an economic downturn is a postponement of childbearing, not a decision to have fewer (or no) children; people plan to "catch up" to their plans of bearing children when economic conditions improve. Younger women are more likely than older women to postpone pregnancy due to economic factors, since they have more years of fertility remaining. In July 2011, the U.S. National Institutes of Health announced that

9360-497: The fertility rate has fallen to below one child per woman. The total fertility rate in South Korea sharply declined from 4.53 in 1970 to 2.06 in 1983, falling below the replacement level of 2.10. The low birth rate accelerated in the 2000s, with the fertility rate dropping to 1.48 in 2000, 1.23 in 2010, and reaching 0.72 in 2023. One example of Korea's economic crisis is the housing market. Tenants may choose to buy, rent, or use

9480-437: The forefront of development initiatives will lead to a decline in birth rates. In some countries, government policies have focused on reducing birth rates by improving women's rights, sexual and reproductive health . Typically, high birth rates are associated with health problems, low life expectancy , low living standards, low social status for women and low educational levels. Demographic transition theory postulates that as

9600-517: The former townships of Changfa and Kechang. The county's Gelao people moved to the area from Guizhou during the early Qing dynasty , with local legends suggesting that the reason for this migration could have been conflict or famine. In May 1990, a group of people known as the Lai ( 徕 ), who moved to the area from Guizhou during the early Ming dynasty , were determined to be part of the Gelao people by

9720-460: The future, and increase human damage to other species and habitats, and environmental degradation. Additional problems faced by a country with a high birth rate include educating a growing number of children, creating jobs for these children when they enter the workforce, and dealing with the environmental impact of a large population. Low birth rates may stress the government to provide adequate senior welfare systems and stress families who must support

9840-414: The highest birth rate in the world. As of 2016, Niger , Mali , Uganda , Zambia , and Burundi have the highest birth rates in the world. This is part of the fertility-income paradox , as these countries are very poor, and it may seem counter-intuitive for families there to have so many children. The inverse relationship between income and fertility has been termed a demographic-economic " paradox " by

9960-480: The home, and to live their own lives rather than just a life of reproduction and unpaid domestic work. Birth rates have fallen due to the introduction of family planning clinics and other access to contraception. In Bangladesh, one of the poorest countries in the world, women are less likely to have two children (or more) than they were before 1999, according to Australian demographer Jack Caldwell . Bangladeshi women eagerly took up contraceptives, such as condoms and

10080-491: The interest rates, property values plummeted. Recent government caps, aimed at protecting the renters from being victims of price gouging, restricted the profit the landlord can make on renewing the contract. The Korean government offers a wide range of financial incentives to parents; however, many new parents, both mother and father, refuse to take full advantage of postpartum parental leave. Some fathers fear being ridiculed for taking "mom leave" while both working parents fear

10200-513: The lie that Chinese Muslims were one race, in order to propagate the claim that they should be separated from China into an "independent political organization." Early documents of the People's Republic of China (PRC), such as the 1982 constitution, followed the Soviet practice of identifying ' nationalities ' in the sense of ethnic groups (the concept is not to be confused with state citizenship). The Chinese term mínzú ( 民族 ), made during

10320-408: The list of all the ethnic groups also described what they considered to be the key differentiating attributes between each group, including culture, custom, and language. The center then used this list of attributes to select representatives of each group to perform on television and radio in an attempt to reinforce the government's narrative of China as a multi-ethnic state and to prevent the culture of

10440-445: The low levels seen in the late 1980s, after a continuous fall in the birth rate. In 1994, the total fertility rate was as low as 1.66, but perhaps due to the active family policy of the government in the mid-1990s, it has increased, and maintained an average of 2.0 from 2008 until 2015. France has embarked on a strong incentive policy based on two key measures to restore the birth rate: family benefits ( les allocations familiales ) and

10560-689: The majority of ethnic minorities are severely underrepresented in the Central Committee. A study conducted by three scholars in 2012, "Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members", found that ethnic minorities had an advantage when being considered for promotion in Congress. They explain this phenomenon through the United Front policies that China has been engaged with since

10680-503: The mid-year population. When the crude death rate is subtracted from the crude birth rate (CBR), the result is the rate of natural increase (RNI). This is equal to the rate of population change (excluding migration). The total (crude) birth rate (which includes all births)—typically indicated as births per 1,000 population—is distinguished from a set of age-specific rates (the number of births per 1,000 persons, or more usually 1,000 females, in each age group). The first known use of

10800-424: The minority ethnic groups from assimilating by the Han and the rest of the world. However, with the development of modern technology, these attempts brought little effect. In fact, many of those labeled as specific minorities bore no relationship to the music, clothing, and other practices presented with images and representations of "their people" in the media. Under this process, 39 ethnic groups were recognized by

10920-415: The neighbouring countries of Vietnam and Laos —but the Soviet definition of minorities did not cleanly map onto the Chinese people's historical definition of minorities. Soviet thinking about minorities was based on the belief that a nation consisted of people who spoke and wrote a common language, people whose culture was historic, and historic territory. Therefore, The people who inhabited each nation had

11040-469: The notion that greater means would enable the production of more offspring as suggested by the influential Thomas Malthus . Afghanistan has the 11th highest birth rate in the world, and also the highest birth rate of any non-African country (as of 2016). The rapid population growth of Afghanistan is considered a problem when it prevents population stabilization and affects maternal and infant health. Reasons for large families include tradition, religion,

11160-417: The oldest son, aware of his financial obligation to feed, clothe and shelter the aging parents. As a result, in 1988 the government banned doctors from telling expectant parents the sex of the fetus.  Effective 1 January 2021, abortion has been decriminalized.  Divorce is another deterrent to childbirth. Although divorce has been on the rise over the last 50 years, it hit families especially hard after

11280-650: The past 30 years Turkey's fertility rate of children per woman has dropped from 4.07 to 2.08. Tunisia has dropped from 4.82 to 2.14 and Morocco from 5.4 to 2.52 children per woman. Latin America, of predominately Catholic faith, has seen the same trends of falling fertility rates. Brazilian women are having half the children compared to 25 years ago: a rate of 1.7 children per woman. The Vatican now has less influence over women in other hard-line Catholic countries. Mexico, El Salvador, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru have all seen significant drops in fertility in

11400-584: The pill, according to a study in 1994 by the World Bank. The study proved that family planning could be carried out and accepted practically anywhere. Caldwell also believes that agricultural improvements led to the need for less labour. Children not needed to plough the fields would be of surplus and require some education, so in turn, families become smaller and women are able to work and have greater ambitions. Other examples of non-coercive family planning policies are Ethiopia, Thailand and Indonesia. Myanmar

11520-533: The population of Mainland China . In addition to these officially-recognized ethnic minority groups, there are Chinese nationals who privately classify themselves as members of unrecognized ethnic groups , such as the very small Chinese Jewish , Tuvan , and Ili Turk communities, as well as the much larger Oirat and Japanese communities. In Chinese, 'ethnic minority' has translated to shǎoshù mínzú ( 少數民族 ), wherein mínzú ( 民族 ) means ' nationality ' or ' nation ' (as in ethnic group)—in line with

11640-432: The population, with his famous quote that every family should have three children "one for mum, one for dad and one for the country". Australia's fertility rate reached a peak of 1.95 children per woman in 2010, a 30-year high, although still below replacement rate . Phil Ruthven of the business information firm IBISWorld believes the spike in fertility was more about timing and less about monetary incentives. Generation X

11760-627: The practice is far more widespread and systematic than previously known, according to an AP investigation based on government statistics, state documents and interviews with 30 ex-detainees, family members and a former detention camp instructor. The campaign over the past four years in the far west region of Xinjiang is leading to what some experts are calling a form of "demographic genocide". Ethnic minorities enjoy other special exemptions which vary by province- these include lower tax thresholds and lower required scores for entry into university. The use of these measures to raise ethnic minorities' human capital

11880-465: The question of why Muslims who were Chinese were considered a different race from other Chinese, and the separate question of whether all Muslims in China were united into one race. The first problem was posed with a comparison to Chinese Buddhists, who were not considered a separate race. It concluded that the reason Chinese Muslims were considered separate was because of different factors like religion, culture, military feudalism, and that considering them

12000-489: The researchers found. Moreover, according to the results, if all 50 states in the United States had done at least as well in their enforcement efforts as the state ranked fifth from the top, that would have led to a 20 percent reduction in out-of-wedlock births. The United States population growth is at a historical low level as the United States current birth rates are the lowest ever recorded. The low birth rates in

12120-492: The rest of the world concerning the way they treated Tibet and most recently the Uyghurs in Xinjiang. Including ethnic minorities in the Party's leadership adds to the "United Front" that China wants to portray. Though they are included, it remains unclear as to what amount of influence they assert. Birth rate Birth rate , also known as natality , is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population for

12240-509: The same period, all going from over six to less than three children per woman. Forty percent of married Brazilian women are choosing to get sterilised after having children, but this may be because it only requires confession on one occasion . Some observers claim this to be a triumph of modern Western values of freedom for women against states with Catholic values. According to the CIA's The World Factbook , who presumably get their figures from

12360-575: The spreading of imperial rule and culture as it did with actual ethnic migration. This understanding persisted (with some changes during the Qing dynasty due to the importation of Western ideas) until the Communists seized power in 1949 . Their understanding of minorities had been heavily influenced by the policies of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin —and they also influenced the Communist regimes in

12480-533: The state), some scholars use the neologism zuqun ( 族群 , ' ethnic group ') to unambiguously refer to ethnicity. After 1949, a team of social scientists was assembled to enumerate the various mínzú . An immediate difficulty was that identities "on the ground" did not necessarily follow logically from things like shared languages or cultures; two neighboring regions might seem to share a common culture, and yet insist on their distinct identities. Since this would lead to absurd results—every village could hardly send

12600-439: The statistics using the data from National Centre for Health Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau, from 2007 to 2008, the employment rate among Hispanics declined by 1.6 percentage points, compared with declines of 0.7 points for whites. The unemployment rate shows a similar pattern—unemployment among Hispanics increased 2.0 percentage points from 2007 to 2008, while for whites the increase was 0.9 percentage points. A recent report from

12720-499: The stigma of "falling behind" in their professional careers. The South Korean corporate world is very unsympathetic to family needs.   Abortion and divorce are other contributing factors for Korea's low birth rate. In the twentieth century, due mainly to Confucian beliefs and a strong desire to sire a son, female fetuses were being aborted. This strong desire to have a son as a first child has somewhat of an oxymoron effect on today's low birth rate, as many women will not want to marry

12840-409: The term zuqun ( 族群 , 'ethnic group') over minzu . The Chinese model for identifying and categorizing ethnic minorities established at the founding of the PRC followed the Soviet model, drawing inspiration from Joseph Stalin's 1953 'four commons' criteria to identify ethnic groups: "(1) a distinct language; (2) a recognized indigenous homeland or common territory; (3) a common economic life; and (4)

12960-513: The term " parasite singles " for unmarried adults in their late 20s and 30s who continue to live with their parents. Since joining the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) in 1996, South Korea's fertility rate has been on the decline. It recorded the lowest fertility rate among OECD countries in 2017, with just 1.1 children per woman being born. Subsequent studies indicate that Korea has broken its own record and that

13080-601: The term "birth rate" in English was in 1856. The average global birth rate was 17 births per 1,000 total population in 2024. The death rate was 7.9 per 1,000. The RNI was thus 0.91 percent. In 2012, the average global birth rate was 19.611 per 1,000 according to the World Bank and 19.15 births per 1,000 total population according to the CIA, compared to 20.09 per 1,000 total population in 2007. The 2024 average of 17 births per 1,000 total population equates to approximately 4.3 births per second or about 260 births per minute for

13200-455: The theoretical right to secede from a proposed federated government. This differed from the previous way of thinking mainly in that instead of defining all those under imperial rule as Chinese, the nation (as defined as a space upon which power is projected) and ethnicity (the identity of the governed) were now separate; being under central rule no longer automatically meant being defined as Chinese. The Soviet model as applied to China gave rise to

13320-408: The war, the women of Iran averaged about 8 children each, a ratio the hard-line Islamic President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad wanted to revive. As of 2010, the birth rate of Iran is 1.7 babies per woman. Some observers claim this to be a triumph of Western values of freedom for women against states with Islamic values . Islamic clerics are also having less influence over women in other Muslim countries. In

13440-572: The wealthy was visits to minority areas, to see the exotic rituals of the minority peoples. Responding to this interest, many minority entrepreneurs, despite themselves perhaps never having grown up practicing the dances, rituals, or songs themselves, began to cater to these tourists by performing acts similar to what the older generation or the local residents told. In this way, the groups of people named Zhuang or other named minorities have begun to have more in common with their fellow co-ethnics, as they have adopted similar self-conceptions in response to

13560-436: The world. On average, two people in the world die every second or about 121 per minute. The birth rate is an issue of concern and policy for national governments. Some (including those of Italy and Malaysia ) seek to increase the birth rate with financial incentives or provision of support services to new mothers. Conversely, other countries have policies to reduce the birth rate (for example, China's one-child policy which

13680-475: Was again reorganized as Xilong Prefecture  [ zh ] . Xilong Prefecture underwent administrative changes in 1729, but otherwise went unchanged until 1912, when the Republic of China was established and the area was reorganized as Xilong County . The area became part of the People's Republic of China in March 1950, and a communist-led local government was set up on March 18, 1950. On January 1, 1953,

13800-618: Was and was not a minority further eroded the neat differentiating lines the social scientists had drawn up. Individual ethnic status was often awarded based on family tree histories. If one had a father (or mother, for ethnic groups that were considered matrilineal ) that had a surname considered to belong to a particular ethnic group, then one was awarded the coveted minority status. This had the result that villages that had previously thought of themselves as homogenous and essentially Han were now divided between those with ethnic identity and those without. The team of social scientists that assembled

13920-506: Was controlled until 2011 by an austere military junta, intent on controlling every aspect of people's lives. The generals wanted the country's population doubled. In their view, women's job was to produce babies to power the country's labour force, so family planning was vehemently opposed. The women of Burma opposed this policy, and Peter McDonald of the Australian National University argues that this gave rise to

14040-420: Was in effect from 1978 to 2015). Policies to increase the crude birth rate are known as pro-natalist policies, and policies to reduce the crude birth rate are known as anti-natalist policies. Non-coercive measures such as improved information on birth control and its availability have achieved good results in countries such as Iran and Bangladesh . There has also been discussion on whether bringing women into

14160-480: Was now aged 25 to 45 years old. With numerous women putting pregnancies off for a few years for the sake of a career, many felt the years closing in and their biological clocks ticking. On 1 March 2014, the baby bonus was replaced with Family Tax Benefit A. By then the baby bonus had left its legacy on Australia. In 2016, Australia's fertility rate has only decreased slightly to 1.91 children per woman. France has been successful in increasing fertility rates from

14280-432: Was that in communist Romania in 1967–1990, during the time of communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu , who adopted a very aggressive natalist policy which included outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women, taxes on childlessness , and legal discrimination against childless people. This policy has been depicted in movies and documentaries (such as 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days , and Children of

14400-564: Was their exemption from the population growth control of the One-Child Policy . But according to an investigative report by The Associated Press published at 28 June 2020, the Chinese government is taking draconian measures to slash birth rates among Uighurs and other minorities as part of a sweeping campaign to curb its Muslim population, even as it encourages some of the country's Han majority to have more children. While individual women have spoken out before about forced birth control,

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