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65-510: The Society was founded in 1867, with its inaugural meeting taking place on the 29th January, under the presidency of John Lubbock and its vice-president Dr. Andrew Clark . It gathered together highly regarded professional individuals to speak on issues of the day. Ordinary Meetings of the Society were held at the Rooms of the Society, 32A, George Street, Hanover Square, London, on the evenings of

130-827: A few institutions in the United Kingdom . The Judicial Committee also hears very occasional appeals from a number of ancient and ecclesiastical courts. These include the Church Commissioners , the Arches Court of Canterbury , the Chancery Court of York , prize courts, the High Court of Chivalry , and the Court of Admiralty of the Cinque Ports . This committee usually consists of members of

195-793: A mass of the most monstrous rubbish it has ever been our misfortune to sit judgement on." The fifth committee had investigated the medium Daniel Dunglas Home but "nothing occurred at any of the meetings which could be attributed to supernatural causes." On the basis of this report, the London Dialectical Society has been described as a precursor to the Society for Psychical Research . John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury, 4th Baronet , PC , DL , FRS , FRAI (30 April 1834 – 28 May 1913), known as Sir John Lubbock, 4th Baronet , from 1865 until 1900,

260-739: A secretary of state. The Committee, which last met in 1988, is concerned with the design and usage of wafer seals . The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the executive committee of the Privy Council and the senior decision-making body of British Government . The Judicial Committee serves as the final court of appeal for the Crown Dependencies , the British Overseas Territories , some Commonwealth countries, military sovereign base areas and

325-625: A smaller working committee which evolved into the modern Cabinet . By the end of the English Civil War , the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber , the House of Commons , instituted a Council of State to execute laws and to direct administrative policy. The forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons;

390-628: A standard archaeology textbook for the remainder of the century, with the seventh and final edition published in 1913. His second book, On the Origin of Civilization , was published in 1870. He held the position of President of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland from 1871 to 1872, as well as the position of Vice President of the Royal Society in 1871. During this period he worked with John Evans ,

455-446: Is a formal body of advisers to the sovereign of the United Kingdom . Its members, known as privy counsellors , are mainly senior politicians who are current or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords . The Privy Council formally advises the sovereign on the exercise of the royal prerogative . The King-in-Council issues executive instruments known as Orders in Council . The Privy Council also holds

520-712: Is a list of publications by Sir John Lubbock, arranged in chronological order by the dates of the first editions of each work. Privy Council (United Kingdom) King Charles III [REDACTED] William, Prince of Wales [REDACTED] Charles III ( King-in-Council ) [REDACTED] Starmer ministry ( L ) Keir Starmer ( L ) Angela Rayner ( L ) ( King-in-Parliament ) [REDACTED] Charles III [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Lord Reed The Lord Hodge Andrew Bailey Monetary Policy Committee The Privy Council (formally His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council )

585-523: The 1875 FA Cup Final . His nephew, Percy Lubbock , was a prominent man of letters and another nephew was the writer and historian Basil Lubbock . Lubbock married Ellen Frances Horden in April 1856. Five years after her death, on 17 May 1884 he married Alice Lane Fox, the daughter of Augustus Pitt Rivers . He rebuilt Kingsgate Castle , near Broadstairs in Kent, as his family home, where he died in 1913. He

650-653: The Cabinet . With the creation of the United Kingdom on 1 January 1801, a single Privy Council was created for Great Britain and Ireland, although the Privy Council of Ireland continued to exist until 1922, when it was abolished upon the creation of the Irish Free State as an independent Dominion outside the United Kingdom, but within the British Empire . The Privy Council of Northern Ireland

715-474: The House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 ). The Crown-in-Council was formerly the supreme appellate court for the entire British Empire , but a number of Commonwealth countries have now abolished the right to such appeals. The Judicial Committee continues to hear appeals from several Commonwealth countries, from British Overseas Territories , Sovereign Base Areas and Crown Dependencies . The Judicial Committee had direct jurisdiction in cases relating to

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780-838: The Simplified Spelling Society . Darwin rented land, originally from Lubbock's father, in Sandwalk wood where he performed his daily exercise, and in 1874 agreed with Lubbock to exchange the land for a piece of pasture in Darwin's property. When Darwin died in 1882, Lubbock suggested the honour of burial in Westminster Abbey , organising a letter to the dean to arrange this, and was one of the pallbearers. In May 1884, an article appeared in Scientific American describing experiments by Lubbock in

845-960: The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and senior judges of the Commonwealth of Nations who are Privy Counsellors. Within the United Kingdom, the Judicial Committee hears appeals from ecclesiastical courts , the Admiralty Court of the Cinque Ports, Prize Courts and the Disciplinary Committee of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons , appeals against schemes of the Church Commissioners and appeals under certain Acts of Parliament (e.g.,

910-420: The final court of appeal for the entire British Empire (other than for the United Kingdom itself). It continues to hear judicial appeals from some other independent Commonwealth countries , as well as Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories . The Privy Council of the United Kingdom, created on 1 January 1801, was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland , the Privy Council of England , and

975-687: The Banking Busy Bee, Improve his shining Hours? By studying on Bank Holidays, Strange insects and Wild Flowers He corresponded extensively with Charles Darwin , who lived nearby at Down House . Lubbock stayed in Downe except for a brief period from 1861 to 1865, when he lived in Chislehurst . Both men were active advocates of English spelling reform , and members of the Spelling Reform Association, precursor to

1040-611: The Civil Service (Amendment) Order in Council 1997, permitted the Prime Minister to grant up to three political advisers management authority over some Civil Servants. In the 1960s, the Privy Council made an order to evict an estimated 1,200 to 2,000 inhabitants of the 55-island Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, in preparation for the establishment of a joint United States–United Kingdom military base on

1105-478: The Council — which later became the Court of the Star Chamber — was during the 15th century permitted to inflict any punishment except death, without being bound by normal court procedure . During Henry VIII 's reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation. The legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIII's death. By 1540

1170-821: The Court of Appeal were persuaded by this argument, but in 2007 the Law Lords of the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords found the original decision to be flawed and overturned the ruling by a 3–2 decision, thereby upholding the terms of the Order in Council. As of 2023, negotiations between the Mauritian and UK governments that included the sovereignty of the Chagossians were still ongoing. The Privy Council has committees: The Baronetage Committee

1235-535: The King-in-Council, although in practice its actual work of hearing and deciding upon cases is carried out day-to-day by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . The Judicial Committee consists of senior judges appointed as privy counsellors: predominantly justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and senior judges from the Commonwealth . The Privy Council formerly acted as

1300-712: The Lord Protector, subject to Parliament's approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy , the Protector's Council was abolished. King Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. The formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 combined the Privy Councils of England and Scotland,

1365-571: The Privy Council of Great Britain (1708–1800). Its continued existence has been described as "more or less a constitutional and historical accident". The key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below: In Anglo-Saxon England , the Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England . During the reigns of the Norman monarchs , the English Crown

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1430-489: The ancient stone circle from being built on. This, and other threats to the nation's heritage, persuaded him that some legal protection was needed. In 1874, he introduced a parliamentary bill that would identify a list of ancient sites that deserved legal protection. After several later attempts and against some opposition, it was not until 1882 that a much watered down version, The Ancient Monuments Act , came into being. Though restricted to 68 largely prehistoric monuments, it

1495-559: The body was headed by Oliver Cromwell , de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, however, Cromwell became Lord Protector , and the Council was reduced to between thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs. The Council became known as the Protector's Privy Council ; its members were appointed by

1560-623: The choice of name, it cited the Scottish philosopher Alexander Bain from his work on early philosophy and the importance of the Socratic method: The Society had a broad remit to allow "the most absolute freedom of debate" with no topic excluded from discussion (except on the grounds of "triviality"). It therefore hosted debates on a wide variety of topics, examples of which include 'Over-population and Public Health' (July 1868) at which Charles Bradlaugh and Charles Robert Drysdale both spoke. It

1625-913: The dates of bank holidays . The Privy Council formerly had sole power to grant academic degree-awarding powers and the title of university , but following the Higher Education and Research Act 2017 these powers have been transferred to the Office for Students for educational institutions in England. Before the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 the Civil Service was governed by powers of royal prerogative . These powers were usually delegated to ministers by Orders in Council , and were used by Margaret Thatcher to ban GCHQ staff from joining trade unions. Another,

1690-466: The delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. It advises the sovereign on the issuing of royal charters , which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, and city or borough status to local authorities. Otherwise, the Privy Council's powers have now been largely replaced by its executive committee, the Cabinet of the United Kingdom . Certain judicial functions are also performed by

1755-424: The encroachment of municipal trading and the increase of the municipal debt. Lubbock's thoughts about the nature and value of politics were deeply influenced by his scientific research, particularly his writings on early human society. He believed that the cognitive foundations of morality could be shaped through political economy, particularly through a national education system that implemented subjects mandated by

1820-731: The field of human-animal communication . In 1884, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society and in 1893, a member of the American Antiquarian Society . He received the 1903 Prestwich Medal from the Geological Society of London . Lubbock was one of eight brothers and three sisters; three brothers, Alfred , Nevile and Edgar , played first-class cricket for Kent . Edgar and Alfred also played football and played together for Old Etonians in

1885-411: The first and third Wednesday in each month during the yearly session- that commenced on the 1st of October and finished on the 31st July. Twenty-one meetings were held during the session 1867/68. An analysis of the subjects handled showed "as many as eleven were purely Sociological or Ethical, four Theological, three Political, one Metaphysical, and two of a mixed character" In its Prospectus, explaining

1950-681: The first monograph on UK Springtails ( Collembola ) ( Monograph on the Collembola and Thysanura , Ray Society, London), and on other natural history topics. He discovered that ants were sensitive to light in the near ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum. He also noted that ants used the angle of the sun for orientation. In 1874 he became the first President of the British Beekeepers Association . A verse in Punch in 1882 described his activities: How doth

2015-649: The founding members (along with Thomas Henry Huxley and others) of the elite X Club , a dining club composed of nine gentlemen to promote the theories of natural selection and academic liberalism. He held a number of influential academic positions, including President of the Ethnological Society from 1864 to 1865, vice-president of Linnean Society in 1865, and President of the International Congress of Prehistoric Archaeology in 1868. In 1865 he published Pre-Historic Times , which became

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2080-541: The largest island in the archipelago, Diego Garcia . In 2000, the High Court of Justice ruled that the inhabitants had a right to return to the archipelago. In 2004, the Privy Council, under Jack Straw 's tenure, overturned the ruling. In 2006, the High Court of Justice found the Privy Council's decision to be unlawful. Justice Kentridge stated that there was no known precedent "for the lawful use of prerogative powers to remove or exclude an entire population of British subjects from their homes and place of birth", and

2145-462: The latter body coming to an end in 1708. Under King George I , even more power transferred to a small committee of the Council, which began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. Thus, the Privy Council, as a whole, ceased to be a body of important confidential advisers to the Sovereign; the role passed to a committee of the Council, now known as

2210-464: The news might be of a new pony, and was disappointed to learn it was only that Charles Darwin was moving to Down House in the village. The youth was soon a frequent visitor to Down House, and became the closest of Darwin's younger friends. Their relationship stimulated young Lubbock's passion for science and evolutionary theory. John's mother, Harriet, was deeply religious. In 1845, Lubbock began studies at Eton College . After finishing school, he

2275-428: The nineteen-member council had become a new national institution, most probably the creation of Thomas Cromwell , without there being exact definitions of its powers. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became a primarily administrative body. In 1553 the Council consisted of forty members÷, whereas Henry VII swore over a hundred servants to his council. Sovereigns relied on

2340-554: The other key figure in the establishment of the discipline of archaeology. He invented the terms " Palaeolithic " and " Neolithic " to denote the Old and New Stone Ages , respectively. He also introduced a Darwinian-type theory of human nature and development. "What was new was Lubbock's ... insistence that, as a result of natural selection, human groups had become different from each other, not only culturally, but also in their biological capacities to utilize culture." Lubbock complained in

2405-421: The pamphlet Proportional Representation shortly after the founding of this organization. He is credited with the now-common use of multi-member districts instead of country-wide districting proposed by Thomas Hare in his 1859 single transferable voting (STV) proposal. In recognition of his contributions to the sciences, Lubbock received honorary degrees from the universities of Oxford , Cambridge (where he

2470-493: The phenomena alleged to be spiritual manifestations and to report thereon." In January 1869, a committee was appointed that included 33 members. Notable members included Charles Bradlaugh , Edward William Cox , Charles Maurice Davies , Joseph Hiam Levy , Cromwell Varley , and Alfred Russel Wallace . Thomas Henry Huxley and George Henry Lewes declined an invitation to join the Committee. Huxley stating that even "supposing

2535-429: The phenomena to be genuine, they do not interest me." In 1871 a report by the committee was published. The Society declined to publish the report and it was printed on the responsibility of the committee only. Six sub-committees had investigated the claims of spiritualism by attending séances and reported their findings. The report was heavily criticised by the scientific community as being of no scientific value. This

2600-445: The power to grant royal assent to legislation, are a form of primary legislation, while orders made under statutory powers are a form of secondary legislation. Orders of Council , distinct from Orders in Council, are issued by members of the Privy Council without requiring the approval of the sovereign. Like Orders in Council, they can be made under statutory powers or royal prerogative. Orders of Council are most commonly used for

2665-630: The preface to Pre-Historic Times about Charles Lyell : Note.—In his celebrated work on the Antiquity of Man , he coined the term Neolithic in 1865. Sir Charles Lyell has made much use of my earlier articles in the Natural History Review , frequently, indeed, extracting whole sentences verbatim, or nearly so. But as he has in these cases omitted to mention the source from which his quotations were derived, my readers might naturally think that I had taken very unjustifiable liberties with

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2730-513: The regulation of public institutions and regulatory bodies. The sovereign also grants royal charters on the advice of the Privy Council. Charters bestow special status to incorporated bodies ; they are used to grant chartered status to certain professional, educational or charitable bodies, and sometimes also city and borough status to towns. The Privy Council therefore deals with a wide range of matters, which also includes university and livery company statutes, churchyards , coinage and

2795-454: The seat at the election of 1880 , but was at once elected member for London University , of which he had been vice-chancellor since 1872. As an MP, Lubbock had a distinguished political career, with four main political agendas: promotion of the study of science in primary and secondary schools; the national debt, free trade, and related economic issues; protection of ancient monuments; securing of additional holidays and shorter working hours for

2860-610: The skull of a musk ox in a gravel pit, a discovery that was commended by Darwin. A collection of Iron Age antiquities Lubbock and Sir John Evans excavated at the site of Hallstatt in Austria is now in the British Museum 's collection. He spoke in support of the evolutionist Thomas Henry Huxley at the famous 1860 Oxford evolution debate . During the 1860s, he published many articles in which he used archaeological evidence to support Darwin's theory. In 1864, he became one of

2925-549: The state. He held that the minds of children could be shaped in the direction of democracy, liberalism and morality through learning how to read and write. To this goal he was a strong supporter of the Elementary Education Act 1870 and he defended the introduction of the national curriculum during the 1870s and 1880s. In 1879, Lubbock was elected the first president of the Institute of Bankers . In 1881, he

2990-452: The supreme legislature of the kingdom. Nevertheless, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, rather than on the advice of Parliament, were accepted as valid. Powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. For example, a committee of

3055-512: The work of the eminent geologist. A reference to the respective dates will, however, protect me from any such inference. The statement made by Sir Charles Lyell, in a note to page 11 of his work, that my article on the Danish Shell-mounds was published after his sheets were written, is an inadvertence, regretted, I have reason to believe, as much by its author as it is by me." In the 1870s, he bought land at Avebury to prevent part of

3120-767: The working classes. He was successful with numerous enactments in Parliament, including the Bank Holidays Act 1871 and the Ancient Monuments Act 1882 , along with another 28 acts of Parliament. When the Liberals split in 1886 on the issue of Irish Home Rule , Lubbock joined the breakaway Liberal Unionist Party in opposition to Irish home rule. A prominent supporter of the Statistical Society , he took an active part in criticizing

3185-667: Was President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1900 to 1902. In November 1905, together with Lord Courtney of Penwith , he founded the Anglo-German Friendship Committee which sought to counteract the influence of the British war party, whose anti-German propaganda was then at its zenith, and smooth the way towards more amicable relations between England and Germany . Lubbock was a proponent of easy access for all to books and

3250-402: Was Rede lecturer in 1886), Edinburgh , Dublin and Würzburg ; and was appointed a trustee of the British Museum in 1878. He received the German Order Pour le Mérite for Science and Arts in August 1902. From 1888 to 1892, he was president of the London Chamber of Commerce , and he was later President of the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom. In local politics, he

3315-400: Was advised by a royal court or curia regis , which consisted of magnates , ecclesiastics and high officials . The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, administration and justice. Later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice , while Parliament became

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3380-413: Was an English banker, Liberal politician, philanthropist , scientist and polymath . Lubbock worked in his family company as a banker but made significant contributions in archaeology , ethnography , and several branches of biology . He coined the terms " Palaeolithic " and " Neolithic " to denote the Old and New Stone Ages, respectively. He helped establish archaeology as a scientific discipline, and

3445-437: Was born, and another in Mitcham Grove. Lubbock senior had studied mathematics at Cambridge University and had written on probability, and on astronomy. A Fellow of the Royal Society , he was keenly involved in the scientific debates of the time, as well as serving as the Vice Chancellor of London University . During 1842, his father brought home a "great piece of news": the young Lubbock said later that he initially thought that

3510-425: Was created in 1922, but became defunct in 1972, when the Parliament of Northern Ireland was closed down. The sovereign may make Orders in Council upon the advice of the Privy Council. Orders in Council, which are drafted by the government rather than by the sovereign, are forms of either primary or secondary legislation , depending on the power they are made under. Orders made under prerogative powers, such as

3575-412: Was deeply involved in the passing of the Public Libraries Act , 1892. The quotation, "We may sit in our library and yet be in all quarters of the earth", is often attributed to Lubbock. This variation appears in his book The Pleasures of Life . In addition to his work at his father's bank, Lubbock took a keen interest in archaeology and evolutionary theory. In 1855, he and Charles Kingsley discovered

3640-439: Was due to the fact that half of the committees "saw really nothing" and only the second committee had reported successful "presumably spiritualistic" phenomena. However, this conclusion was criticised as being based on unsupported statements from unreliable witnesses. The report was dismissed by influential newspapers. For example, The Times described the report as "nothing more than a farrago of impotent conclusions, garnished by

3705-468: Was employed by his father's bank, Lubbock & Co. (which later amalgamated with Coutts & Co. ), of which he became a partner at the age of 22. Around 1852, he assisted Darwin's research by examining and illustrating barnacles. In 1865, he succeeded to the baronetcy . In the early 1870s, Lubbock became increasingly interested in politics. In 1870, and again in 1874, he was elected as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Maidstone . He lost

3770-424: Was established by a 1910 Order in Council, during Edward VII 's reign, to scrutinise all succession claims (and thus reject doubtful ones) to be placed on the Roll of Baronets . The Committee for the Affairs of Jersey and Guernsey recommends approval of Channel Islands legislation. The Committee for the purposes of the Crown Office Act 1877 consists of the Lord Chancellor and Lord Privy Seal as well as

3835-444: Was from 1889 to 1890 vice-chairman and from 1890 to 1892 chairman of the London County Council . In February 1890 he was appointed a privy councillor ; and was chairman of the committee of design for the new coinage in 1891. On 22 January 1900, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Avebury , of Avebury , in the county of Wiltshire , his title commemorating the largest Stone Age site in Britain, which he had helped to preserve. He

3900-533: Was influential in debates concerning evolutionary theory. He introduced the first law for the protection of the UK's archaeological and architectural heritage. He promoted the establishment of public libraries and was also a founding member of the X Club . John Lubbock was born in 1834, the son of Sir John Lubbock, 3rd Baronet , a London banker, and his wife Harriet. He was brought up in the family home of High Elms Estate , near Downe in Kent. The family had two homes, one at 29 Eaton Place, Belgrave Square where John

3965-426: Was invited to speak on more than one occasion. The format of these sessions was usually that an eminent speaker gave an opening lecture, which was followed by a debate open to all attendees. In 1868–69 the Society published a pamphlet explaining its purpose, history, and rules, as well as a report covering its activities and members in 1866–68. The Society is probably best known for a Committee it formed "to investigate

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4030-428: Was president of the British Association , and from 1881 to 1886, president of the Linnean Society of London . In March 1883, he founded the Bank Clerks Orphanage, which in 1986 became the Bankers' Benevolent Fund – a charity for bank employees, past and present, and their dependants. In January 1884, he helped found the Proportional Representation League , later to become the Electoral Reform Society . He authored

4095-431: Was succeeded by his eldest son, John . He was buried in St Giles the Abbott Church, in Farnborough, London . Three years later, his remains were disinterred and placed in a family burial ground a few hundred yards from the church, along with the original stone Celtic cross marking his grave. In 1986, Bromley Council, unknown to the Lubbock family, moved the cross back to the main church graveyard. The following

4160-401: Was the forerunner of all later laws governing the UK's archaeological and architectural heritage. Lubbock was also an amateur biologist of some distinction, writing books on hymenoptera ( Ants, Bees and Wasps: a record of observations on the habits of the social hymenoptera. Kegan Paul, London; New York: Appleton, 1884), on insect sense organs and development, on the intelligence of animals,

4225-457: Was these discussions that provoked the anger of the British Medical Journal referring to them as "abominable proceedings for the purpose of keeping down the numbers of our population". 'On Marriage' (April 1871) led by Moncure D. Conway , and 'The Philosophy of Secularism' (December 1872) opened by Charles Watts . Many well known speakers started at the Society including Joseph Hiam, the journalist and campaigner. Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy

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