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104-465: London Street Commune was a hippy movement formed during the 1960s. It aimed to highlight concerns about rising levels of homelessness and to house the hundreds of hippies sleeping in parks and derelict buildings in central London . The commune famously squatted a mansion at 144 Piccadilly on Hyde Park Corner in September 1969, which became a media sensation dubbed " Hippydilly ". The group

208-488: A High Court Judge had ordered that 144 Piccadilly be returned to the "Amalgamated West End Development and Property Trust". In response to the court order Dr John declared the London Street Commune would violently resist, and they barricaded the building. John publicly declared "We shall use as much force and violence as is needed to stay in the building". Skirmishes between the squatters and those outside

312-531: A new religious movement . Escapin' through the lily fields I came across an empty space It trembled and exploded Left a bus stop in its place The bus came by and I got on That's when it all began There was cowboy Neal At the wheel Of a bus to never-ever land During the late 1950s and early 1960s, novelist Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters lived communally first in Oregon and after

416-598: A 1902 cartoon by Tad Dorgan , and first appeared in prose in a 1904 novel by George Vere Hobart (1867–1926), Jim Hickey: A Story of the One-Night Stands , where an African-American character uses the slang phrase "Are you hip?" The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944. By the 1940s, the terms hip , hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip . In Greenwich Village in

520-460: A cover story entitled "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture." The article described the guidelines of the hippie code: Do your own thing, wherever you have to do it and whenever you want. Drop out. Leave society as you have known it. Leave it utterly. Blow the mind of every straight person you can reach. Turn them on, if not to drugs, then to beauty, love, honesty, fun. It is estimated that around 100,000 people traveled to San Francisco in

624-456: A dry moat surrounded the building so they built a makeshift drawbridge to control the entrance. The place quickly became known as Hippydilly. Amongst the squatters was Sid Rawle , who would later become a mainstay of the British hippy and squatter movements. Intensive media coverage made the occupation a sensation and the number of people on the street outside never dropped below 500. Up until

728-593: A game. The category of boules games includes the following: The Confédération Mondiale des Sports de Boules (CMSB) was created (on 21 December 1985 in Monaco) by three international boules organizations for the purpose of lobbying the Olympic committee to make boules sports part of the summer Olympics. To date, its efforts have been unsuccessful. However, boccia has been part of the Paralympic Games since

832-467: A hippie in the Panhandle to demonstrate the end of his/her reign. Haight-Ashbury could not accommodate the influx of crowds (mostly naive youngsters) with no place to live. Many took to living on the street, panhandling and drug-dealing. There were problems with malnourishment, disease, and drug addiction. Crime and violence skyrocketed. None of these trends reflected what the hippies had envisioned. By

936-655: A hit in the United States and Europe. The lyrics, "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair", inspired thousands of young people from all over the world to travel to San Francisco, sometimes wearing flowers in their hair and distributing flowers to passersby, earning them the name " Flower Children ". Bands like the Grateful Dead , Big Brother and the Holding Company (with Janis Joplin ), and Jefferson Airplane lived in

1040-401: A hollow steel boule. Today, some boules sports (e.g. bocce) still use wooden (or epoxy composite) balls, while others (e.g. pétanque) use metal balls. The wooden balls used in bocce tend to be bigger than the smaller metal balls used in pétanque. The same game can be known by different names in different languages and locations or the same name can be used for different local variations of

1144-672: A limited phenomenon. In every generation, there was something of that kind but it should not be forgotten that there were millions of young people in Britain who were not following the hippy life." After Hippydilly, the London Street Commune moved to a previously squatted school at Endell Street in Covent Garden . This was evicted after a few days in another large police operation. There were 63 arrests and one month later 32 people were still being held at Ashford Remand Centre. Of these, eight were singled out as ringleaders and charged under

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1248-623: A major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie and psychedelic culture influenced 1960s and early 1970s youth culture in Iron Curtain countries in Eastern Europe (see Mánička ). Hippie fashion and values had a major effect on culture, influencing popular music , television, film, literature, and the arts. Since the 1960s, mainstream society has assimilated many aspects of hippie culture. The religious and cultural diversity

1352-424: A metal ball made of two welded-together hemispheres. A year later, in 1924, they filed a patent for a ball that was cast in a single piece -- La Boule intégrale . Louis Tarchier and Jean Blanc are generally credited with developing, around 1925, the process by which virtually all metal boules are manufactured today—steel blanks are pressed into hollow hemispheres which are then soldered together and machined to make

1456-468: A more vanguardist approach to social justice and focused mostly on labour unionization and questions of social class . In April 1969, the building of People's Park in Berkeley, California received international attention. The University of California, Berkeley had demolished all the buildings on a 2.8-acre (11,000 m ) parcel near campus, intending to use the land to build playing fields and

1560-410: A parking lot. After a long delay, during which the site became a dangerous eyesore, thousands of ordinary Berkeley citizens, merchants, students, and hippies took matters into their own hands, planting trees, shrubs, flowers and grass to convert the land into a park. A major confrontation ensued on May 15, 1969, when Governor Ronald Reagan ordered the park destroyed, which led to a two-week occupation of

1664-430: A rural setting. This ceremony combined a psychedelic experience with traditional Native American spiritual values; these people went on to sponsor a unique genre of musical expression and performance at the "Red Dog Saloon" in the isolated, old-time mining town of Virginia City , Nevada. During the summer of 1965, Laughlin recruited much of the original talent that led to a unique amalgam of traditional folk music and

1768-449: A significant minority of young adults to "get clean for Gene" by shaving their beards or wearing longer skirts; however the "Clean Genes" had little impact on the popular image in the media spotlight, of the hirsute hippy adorned in beads, feathers, flowers and bells. A sign of this was the visibility that the hippie subculture gained in various mainstream and underground media. Hippie exploitation films are 1960s exploitation films about

1872-522: A song that protested the Kent State massacre, recorded by Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young . Despite the fact that hippie culture was beginning to wane, in 1970, the hippie community of Tawapa was founded in New Mexico . It lasted until the 1990s, when the people were pushed off the land due to housing developments . Much of hippie style had been integrated into mainstream American society by

1976-476: A team must reach 15 points, with a few exceptions. As early as the 6th century BC the ancient Greeks are recorded to have played a game of tossing coins, then flat stones, and later stone balls, called spheristics , trying to have them go as far as possible. The ancient Romans modified the game by adding a target that had to be approached as closely as possible. This Roman variation was brought to Provence by Roman soldiers and sailors. A Roman sepulchre (now in

2080-838: Is a collective name for a wide range of games similar to bowls and bocce in which the objective is to throw or roll heavy balls as closely as possible to a small target ball, called the jack . 'Boules' itself is a French loanword that usually refers to the game especially played in France. Boules-type games are traditional and popular in many European countries and are also popular in some former French colonies in Africa and Asia. Boules games are often played in open spaces (town squares and parks) in villages and towns. Dedicated playing areas for boules-type games are typically large, level, rectangular courts made of flattened earth, gravel, or crushed stone, enclosed in wooden rails or back boards. To win,

2184-675: Is essentially a striving for realization of one's relationship to life and other people... Bob Stubbs, "Unicorn Philosophy" By February 1966, the "Family Dog" became "Family Dog Productions" under organizer Chet Helms , promoting happenings at the Avalon Ballroom and the Fillmore Auditorium in initial cooperation with Bill Graham . The Avalon Ballroom, the Fillmore Auditorium, and other venues provided settings where participants could partake of

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2288-426: Is widely played in other European countries. Boules games may be sub-divided into two categories based on typical throwing technique: Boules games may also be subdivided into two other categories based on typical throwing technique: Alternatively, boules games may be subdivided into categories based on the structure and material of the ball: Alternatively, boules games may be subdivided into categories based on

2392-655: The 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago in August, including nominating their own candidate, " Lyndon Pigasus Pig " (an actual pig), was also widely publicized in the media at this time. In Cambridge, Massachusetts hippies congregated each Sunday for a large "be-in" at Cambridge Common with swarms of drummers and those beginning the Women's Movement. In the United States, the Hippie movement started to be seen as part of

2496-544: The Baby Boomers ; the former who were the actual leaders of the movement as well as the early pioneers of rock music . Lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower , the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary , argues that the terms hipster and hippie are derived from the word hip , whose origins are unknown. The word hip in the sense of "aware, in the know" is first attested in

2600-687: The Campana Collection in the Louvre ) shows children playing this game, stooping down to measure the points. After the Romans, the stone balls were replaced by wooden balls. In the Middle Ages , Erasmus referred to the game as globurum in Latin , but it became commonly known as boules (i.e. 'balls'), and it was played throughout Europe. King Henry III of England banned the playing of

2704-520: The Diggers , a guerrilla street theatre group that combined spontaneous street theatre, anarchistic action, and art happenings in their agenda to create a "free city". By late 1966, the Diggers opened free stores which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art. On October 6, 1966,

2808-685: The Forcible Entry Act 1429 . All eight were found guilty after a trial at Lewes Crown Court , but the punishments varied. Two people were jailed for nine months, two were sent to detention centres, three were given suspended sentences and one was fined £20. An office building in Russell Square in Bloomsbury was then occupied and quickly evicted. 51°30′13″N 0°08′59″W  /  51.5037°N 0.1497°W  / 51.5037; -0.1497 Hippy The origins of

2912-984: The Human Be-In in Golden Gate Park , San Francisco, and the Monterey International Pop Festival popularized hippie culture, leading to the Summer of Love on the West Coast of the United States, and the 1969 Woodstock Festival on the East Coast. Hippies in Mexico, known as jipitecas , formed La Onda (The Wave) and gathered at Avándaro , while in New Zealand, nomadic housetruckers practiced alternative lifestyles and promoted sustainable energy at Nambassa . In

3016-615: The Republic of Ireland which Lennon had purchased in 1967. Rawle and a few dozen hippies, many of whom had been involved in Hippydilly, would camp on Dorinish for a few years before the project was abandoned. The building stood empty for three years and then was demolished despite its listed status. It is now the site of the InterContinental London Park Lane hotel. Conservative politicians condemned

3120-517: The Sunset Strip curfew riots , also known as the "hippie riots", were a series of early counterculture -era clashes that took place between police and young people in 1966 and continuing on and off through the early 1970s. In 1966, annoyed residents and business owners in the district had encouraged the passage of strict (10:00 p.m.) curfew and loitering laws to reduce the traffic congestion resulting from crowds of young club patrons. This

3224-528: The Vietnam War , embraced aspects of Eastern philosophy , championed sexual liberation , were often vegetarian and eco-friendly , promoted the use of psychedelic drugs which they believed expanded one's consciousness, and created intentional communities or communes. They used alternative arts, street theatre , folk music , and psychedelic rock as a part of their lifestyle and as a way of expressing their feelings, their protests, and their vision of

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3328-497: The " New Left ", which was associated with anti-war college-campus protest movements. The New Left was a term used mainly in the United Kingdom and United States in reference to activists , educators , agitators and others in the 1960s and 1970s who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as gay rights, abortion, gender roles and drugs in contrast to earlier leftist or Marxist movements that had taken

3432-529: The "Family Dog" hosted " A Tribute to Dr. Strange " at Longshoreman's Hall. Attended by approximately one thousand of the Bay Area's original "hippies", this was San Francisco's first psychedelic rock performance, costumed dance and light show, featuring Jefferson Airplane , The Great Society and The Marbles. Two other events followed before year's end, one at "California Hall" and one at "the Matrix". After

3536-594: The 1962 success of his novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in his San Francisco villa. Members included Beat Generation hero Neal Cassady , Ken Babbs , Carolyn Adams (aka Mountain Girl/Carolyn Garcia) , Stewart Brand , Del Close , Paul Foster , George Walker , Sandy Lehmann-Haupt and others. Their adventures were documented in Tom Wolfe 's book The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test . With Cassady at

3640-591: The 1965 LP The Rolling Stones, Now! Although the word hippies made other isolated appearances in print during the early 1960s, the first use of the term on the West Coast appeared in the article "A New Paradise for Beatniks " (in the San Francisco Examiner , issue of September 5, 1965) by San Francisco journalist Michael Fallon. In that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe ( coffeehouse ) (located at 1927 Hayes Street in

3744-641: The 1968 spring equinox, when some 3,000 of them took over Grand Central Terminal in New York—eventually resulting in 61 arrests. Especially their leaders Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin , the Yippies became notorious for their theatrics, such as trying to levitate the Pentagon at the October 1967 war protest, and such slogans as "Rise up and abandon the creeping meatball!" Their stated intention to protest

3848-635: The American folk music circuit. Berkeley's two coffee houses, "the Cabale Creamery" and "the Jabberwock", sponsored performances by folk music artists in a beat setting. In April 1963, Chandler A. Laughlin III, co-founder of the Cabale Creamery, established a kind of tribal, family identity among approximately fifty people who attended a traditional, all-night Native American peyote ceremony in

3952-585: The Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco), using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. A July 1967 Time magazine study on hippie philosophy credited the foundation of the hippie movement with historical precedent as far back as the sadhu of India, the spiritual seekers who had renounced the world and materialistic pursuits by taking " Sannyas ". Even

4056-510: The Haight. According to the hippies, LSD was the glue that held the Haight together. It was the hippie sacrament, a mind detergent capable of washing away years of social programming, a re-imprinting device, a consciousness-expander, a tool that would push us up the evolutionary ladder. Jay Stevens In June 1967, Herb Caen was approached by "a distinguished magazine" to write about why hippies were attracted to San Francisco. He declined

4160-405: The Holding Company came on stage, and six thousand people arrived to imbibe punch spiked with LSD and to witness one of the first fully developed light shows of the era. It is nothing new. We have a private revolution going on. A revolution of individuality and diversity that can only be private. Upon becoming a group movement, such a revolution ends up with imitators rather than participants...It

4264-528: The LSD that became a seminal part of the "Red Dog Experience", the early evolution of psychedelic rock and budding hippie culture. At the "Red Dog Saloon", The Charlatans were the first psychedelic rock band to play live (albeit unintentionally) loaded on LSD. When they returned to San Francisco, "Red Dog" participants Luria Castell, Ellen Harman and Alton Kelley created a collective called "The Family Dog." Modeled on their "Red Dog experiences", on October 16, 1965,

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4368-672: The London Street Commune; Tory MP John Biggs-Davison told the Reading Evening Post that London was being overrun by "by hippies, anarchists and layabouts" while former minister Enoch Powell take away from the events were that hippies were out to "repudiate authority and destroy it". Leader of the Conservative Party Edward Heath took a more benign view, with the Birmingham Daily Post reporting that Heath thought "hippies were

4472-400: The Romans, used wooden boules. In 19th-century France, boules were typically made of a very hard wood, boxwood root. In the mid-19th century, techniques were developed for the mass production of iron nails. Following this technological improvement, boxwood balls studded with nails (boules cloutées) were introduced in an effort to improve the durability of the balls. This eventually led to

4576-488: The U.S., and the movement eventually expanded to other countries, extending as far as the United Kingdom and Europe, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, Mexico , and Brazil. The hippie ethos influenced The Beatles and others in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, and they in turn influenced their American counterparts. Hippie culture spread worldwide through a fusion of rock music , folk , blues , and psychedelic rock ; it also found expression in literature,

4680-434: The United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic third Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people. In later years, mobile "peace convoys" of New Age travellers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival and the annual Cannabis Law Reform Rally or MardiGrass . " Piedra Roja Festival",

4784-686: The United States, with 20,000 to 30,000 hippies gathering in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. On March 26, 1967, Lou Reed , Edie Sedgwick and 10,000 hippies came together in Manhattan for the Central Park Be-In on Easter Sunday . The Monterey Pop Festival from June 16 to June 18, 1967, introduced the rock music of the counterculture to a wide audience and marked the start of the "Summer of Love". Scott McKenzie 's rendition of John Phillips ' song " San Francisco " became

4888-558: The United States. The hippie movement in the United States began as a youth movement. Composed mostly of white teenagers and young adults between 15 and 25 years old, hippies inherited a tradition of cultural dissent from bohemians and beatniks of the Beat Generation in the late 1950s. Beats like Allen Ginsberg crossed over from the beat movement and became fixtures of the burgeoning hippie and anti-war movements . By 1965, hippies had become an established social group in

4992-634: The White House and chatted with a group of the hippie protesters. The draft was ended soon thereafter, in January 1973. During the mid-late 1970s, with the end of the draft and the Vietnam War , a renewal of patriotic sentiment associated with the approach of the United States Bicentennial , the decline in popularity of psychedelic rock, and the emergence of new genres such as prog rock , heavy metal , disco , and punk rock ,

5096-480: The alias "Dr. John", became involved with these squatters and began to organise them into a more politicised force. Under John's influence, the squatters occupied several squats, including one inside a Church opposite the Oasis public baths on Endell Street . During an interview Birmingham Daily Post in the time period, Dr John described the background and goals of the group as follows: The London Street Commune

5200-473: The assignment but interviewed hippies in the Haight for his own newspaper column in the San Francisco Chronicle . Caen determined that, "Except in their music, they couldn't care less about the approval of the straight world." Caen himself felt that the city of San Francisco was so straight that it provided a visible contrast with hippie culture. On July 7, 1967 Time magazine featured

5304-449: The bands they loved, living communally in the large, inexpensive Victorian apartments in the Haight-Ashbury . Young Americans around the country began moving to San Francisco, and by June 1966, around 15,000 hippies had moved into the Haight. The Charlatans , Jefferson Airplane , Big Brother and the Holding Company , and the Grateful Dead all moved to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood during this period. Activity centered on

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5408-483: The building broke out over the following days. Things escalated when the squatters discovered some brightly coloured plastic boules in the basement of the building. After filling them with water, the squatters hurled them at their opponents. In the aftermath, rumours began circulating in the press that petrol bombs were being created and would be soon introduced into the situation. On 21 September 1969 Commanding police officer Chief Inspector Michael Rowling told

5512-662: The building. In approximately 1960 the London branch of the Arts Educational Schools took control of the building, however their residence was brief and they abandoned the building at some point in the mid-1960s. The building had thus been vacant for several years before the events of September 1969. When the London Street Commune took control of the building, they found to their surprise that it still had running water and working electricity, as well as operating elevators. The London Street Commune also realised that

5616-650: The city of Berkeley by the California National Guard . Flower power came into its own during this occupation as hippies engaged in acts of civil disobedience to plant flowers in empty lots all over Berkeley under the slogan "Let a Thousand Parks Bloom". In August 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair took place in Bethel, New York , which for many, exemplified the best of hippie counterculture. Over 500,000 people arrived to hear some of

5720-520: The counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the cynics were also early forms of hippie culture. It also named as notable influences the religious and spiritual teachings of Buddha , Hillel the Elder , Jesus , St. Francis of Assisi , Henry David Thoreau , Gandhi and J. R. R. Tolkien . The first signs of modern "proto-hippies" emerged at

5824-641: The country, which played a significant role in spreading hippie ideals throughout America. In December 1969, a rock festival took place in Altamont, California , about 45 km (30 miles) east of San Francisco. Initially billed as "Woodstock West", its official name was the Altamont Free Concert . About 300,000 people gathered to hear The Rolling Stones ; Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young ; Jefferson Airplane and other bands. The Hells Angels provided security that proved far less benevolent than

5928-589: The creation of a homeless shelter around Piccadilly. Around 200 hippy squatters occupied 144 Piccadilly in September 1969. The building was a mansion built by Sir Drummond Smith in the late 1790s, which had been lived in by Lord Palmerston when he became prime minister in 1855. The building had been significantly damaged during the London Blitz in World War II , and came into possession of Alexander Korda , who based his film production company out of

6032-426: The developing psychedelic rock scene. He and his cohorts created at this very place what became known as " The Red Dog Experience ", featuring previously unknown musical acts— Grateful Dead , Jefferson Airplane , Big Brother and the Holding Company , Quicksilver Messenger Service , The Charlatans , and others—who played in the completely refurbished, intimate setting of Nevada, Virginia City's "Red Dog Saloon". There

6136-550: The development of balls that were completely covered in nails, creating a ball that appeared almost to be made of metal. By the 1920s, the growing popularity of boules in France created a demand that could not be satisfied using the available supplies of natural boxwood root, which were beginning to disappear. Paul Courtieu and Vincent Miles had the idea of manufacturing a ball made entirely of metal. Avoiding steel-based alloys (which were too hard and rust-prone) they developed an alloy based on aluminum and bronze, and (in 1923) patented

6240-619: The dramatic arts, fashion , and the visual arts, including film, posters advertising rock concerts, and album covers. In 1968, "core visible hippies" represented just under 0.2% of the U.S. population and dwindled away by mid-1970s. Along with the New Left and the Civil Rights Movement , the hippie movement was one of three dissenting groups of the 1960s counterculture. Hippies rejected established institutions, criticized middle class values, opposed nuclear weapons and

6344-424: The early 1960s, New York City , young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered "in the know" or "cool", as opposed to being square , meaning conventional and old-fashioned. In the April 27, 1961 issue of The Village Voice , "An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro", Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFK's behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both

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6448-441: The early 1970s. Large rock concerts that originated with the 1967 KFRC Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival and Monterey Pop Festival and the British Isle of Wight Festival in 1968 became the norm, evolving into stadium rock in the process. The anti-war movement reached its peak at the 1971 May Day Protests as over 12,000 protesters were arrested in Washington, D.C.; President Nixon himself actually ventured out of

6552-446: The end of 1967, many of the hippies and musicians who initiated the Summer of Love had moved on. Beatle George Harrison had once visited Haight-Ashbury and found it to be just a haven for dropouts, inspiring him to give up LSD. Misgivings about the hippie culture, particularly with regard to substance use and lenient morality, fueled the moral panics of the late 1960s. By 1968, hippie-influenced fashions were beginning to take off in

6656-449: The end of the 19th century in Europe. Late 1890s to early 1900s, a German youth movement arose as a countercultural reaction to the organized social and cultural clubs that centered on "German folk music". Known as Der Wandervogel ("wandering bird"), this hippie movement opposed the formality of traditional German clubs, instead emphasizing folk music and singing, creative dress, and outdoor life involving hiking and camping. Inspired by

6760-409: The eviction, most police activity was dedicated to controlling the violent right-wing elements in the crowd who wanted to attack the squat. In one incident, five motorbikes were set on fire. An eighteen-year-old squatter welcomed in the press and made £300 in five days giving supposedly exclusive interviews to the mainstream newspapers about fictional orgies and drugs binges. Despite its short lifespan,

6864-445: The fact that LSD had just been made illegal—and to demonstrate that people who used LSD were not criminals, nor were they mentally ill. The Grateful Dead played, and some sources claim that LSD was consumed at the rally. According to Cohen, those who took LSD "were not guilty of using illegal substances...We were celebrating transcendental consciousness, the beauty of the universe, the beauty of being." In West Hollywood , California ,

6968-452: The first health food stores , and many moved to southern California where they introduced an alternative lifestyle. One group, called the "Nature Boys", took to the California desert and raised organic food, espousing a back-to-nature lifestyle like the Wandervogel. Songwriter eden ahbez wrote a hit song called Nature Boy inspired by Robert Bootzin ( Gypsy Boots ), who helped popularize health-consciousness, yoga , and organic food in

7072-431: The first three "Family Dog" events, a much larger psychedelic event occurred at San Francisco's "Longshoreman's Hall". Called "The Trips Festival ", it took place on January 21 – 23, 1966, and was organized by Stewart Brand , Ken Kesey , Owsley Stanley and others. Ten thousand people attended this sold-out event, with a thousand more turned away each night. On Saturday January 22, the Grateful Dead and Big Brother and

7176-570: The form of the Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca murders committed in August 1969 by Charles Manson and his "family" of followers. Nevertheless, the turbulent political atmosphere that featured the bombing of Cambodia and shootings by National Guardsmen at Jackson State University and Kent State University still brought people together. These shootings inspired the May 1970 song by Quicksilver Messenger Service "What About Me?", where they sang, "You keep adding to my numbers as you shoot my people down", as well as Neil Young 's " Ohio ",

7280-430: The freedom to dress up for weekly musical performances at their favorite ballrooms. As San Francisco Chronicle music columnist Ralph J. Gleason put it, "They danced all night long, orgiastic, spontaneous and completely free form." Some of the earliest San Francisco hippies were former students at San Francisco State College who became intrigued by the developing psychedelic hippie music scene. These students joined

7384-455: The full psychedelic music experience. Bill Ham, who had pioneered the original "Red Dog" light shows, perfected his art of liquid light projection , which combined light shows and film projection and became synonymous with the "San Francisco ballroom experience". The sense of style and costume that began at the "Red Dog Saloon" flourished when San Francisco's Fox Theater went out of business and hippies bought up its costume stock, reveling in

7488-511: The game by his archers – he wanted them to be practicing archery, not playing boules. In the 14th century, Charles IV and Charles V of France forbade the sport to commoners; only in the 17th century was the ban lifted. By the 19th century, in England the game had become bowls or "lawn bowling". In France it was known as boules and was played throughout the country. The French artist Meissonnier made two paintings showing people playing

7592-519: The game, and Honoré de Balzac described a match in La Comédie Humaine . In the South of France , the game evolved into jeu provençal (or boule lyonnaise ), in which players rolled their boules or ran three steps before throwing a boule. The game was extremely popular in France in the second half of the 19th century (the first official club was established in France in 1854). It

7696-473: The growing countercultural New Age movement of the 1970s. While many hippies made a long-term commitment to the lifestyle, some people argue that hippies "sold out" during the 1980s and became part of the materialist, self-centered consumer yuppie culture. Although not as visible as it once was, hippie culture has never died out completely: hippies and neo-hippies can still be found on college campuses, on communes, and at gatherings and festivals. Many embrace

7800-490: The hippie counterculture with stereotypical situations associated with the movement such as cannabis and LSD use, sex and wild psychedelic parties. Examples include The Love-ins , Psych-Out , The Trip , and Wild in the Streets . Other more serious and more critically acclaimed films about the hippie counterculture also appeared such as Easy Rider and Alice's Restaurant . (See also: List of films related to

7904-523: The hippie subculture .) Documentaries and television programs have also been produced until today as well as fiction and nonfiction books . The popular Broadway musical Hair was presented in 1967. People commonly label other cultural movements of that period as hippie, but there are differences. For example, hippies were often not directly engaged in politics, as contrasted with "Yippies" (Youth International Party), an activist organization. The Yippies came to national attention during their celebration of

8008-542: The hippie values of peace, love, and community, and hippies may still be found in bohemian enclaves around the world. Hippie communes, where members tried to live the ideals of the hippie movement, continued to flourish. On the west coast, Oregon had quite a few. Around 1994, a new term, " Zippie ", was being used to describe hippies that had embraced New Age beliefs, new technology, and a love for electronic music. Boules Boules ( / b uː l / , French pronunciation: [bul] ), or jeu de boules ,

8112-468: The hippies espoused has gained widespread acceptance, and their pop versions of Eastern philosophy and Asiatic spiritual concepts have reached a larger group. The vast majority of people who had participated in the golden age of the hippie movement were those born soon after the end of WW2, during the late 1940s and early 1950s. These include the youngest of the Silent Generation and oldest of

8216-465: The mainstream media lost interest in the hippie counterculture. At the same time there was a revival of the Mod subculture , skinheads , teddy boys and the emergence of new youth cultures, like the punks , goths (an arty offshoot of punk), and football casuals ; starting in the late 1960s in Britain, hippies had begun to come under attack by skinheads. Many hippies would adapt and become members of

8320-476: The mainstream, especially for youths and younger adults of the populous baby boomer generation, many of whom may have aspired to emulate the hardcore movements now living in tribalistic communes, but had no overt connections to them. This was noticed not only in terms of clothes and longer hair for men, but also in music, film, art and literature, not just in the United States, but around the world. Eugene McCarthy 's brief presidential campaign successfully persuaded

8424-587: The most notable musicians and bands of the era, among them Canned Heat , Richie Havens , Joan Baez , Janis Joplin , Grateful Dead , Creedence Clearwater Revival , Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young , Carlos Santana , Sly and the Family Stone , The Who , Jefferson Airplane and Jimi Hendrix . Wavy Gravy 's Hog Farm provided security and attended to practical needs, and the hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seemed to have gained real-world expression. Similar rock festivals occurred in other parts of

8528-467: The needs of players with physical disabilities. Such variations produce a wide variety of boules-type games played all over the world. In Italian bocce, balls may be thrown in three ways: punto , raffa and volo . There is a wide variation in the size and materials of the balls used in boules-type games. Originally, in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, the balls were probably made of stone. Gallic tribes, which were introduced to boules by

8632-467: The occupants that a woman was giving birth and needed assistance, so the Commune lowered the drawbridge to allow access. It wasa at that point Rowling ordered his force to storm the building and 200 police swarmed in. The operation took just three minutes to clear the building. Almost 100 people were arrested during the eviction, most were immediately released again the same day. The next day, mainstream

8736-481: The police had performed an illegal eviction since they had no possession order. Property developer Ronald Lyon was so impressed with the police action that he went to West End Central police station and donated £1000. Days after the Piccadilly eviction, Sid Rawle was invited to a talk with John Lennon and Yoko Ono , who subsequently offered him the use of Dorinish , an island off the coast of County Mayo in

8840-415: The police, who saw the hippie movement as dangerous. The resulting legal actions and pressure caused Helms and Bob Cohen to close the venue at the end of that year. By the end of the summer, the Haight-Ashbury scene had deteriorated. The incessant media coverage led the Diggers to declare the "death" of the hippie with a parade. According to poet Susan 'Stormi' Chambless, the hippies buried an effigy of

8944-453: The press reported as follows: Daily Mirror - Fall of Hippy Castle ; The Times - Squatters ousted by police commando ; Daily Telegraph - Police rout Piccadilly Hippies. In a 2019 retrospective article, the BBC described newspaper coverage of the squat as "negative and sensationalist", with reporters contributing to the event becoming a media circus . The London Street Commune argued that

9048-670: The public in the form of festivals and concerts. The Grateful Dead wrote a song about the Merry Pranksters' bus trips called "That's It for the Other One". In 1961, Vito Paulekas and his wife Szou established in Hollywood a clothing boutique which was credited with being one of the first to introduce "hippie" fashions. During this period Greenwich Village in New York City and Berkeley , California anchored

9152-593: The security provided at the Woodstock event: 18-year-old Meredith Hunter was stabbed and killed by one of the Hells Angels during The Rolling Stones' performance after he brandished a gun and waved it toward the stage. By the 1970s, the 1960s zeitgeist that had spawned hippie culture seemed to be on the wane. The events at the Altamont Free Concert shocked many Americans, including those who had strongly identified with hippie culture. Another shock came in

9256-438: The shape of the ball: There may be other variations as well, for instance in the way the ball is launched, in the dimensions of the playing area, whether obstacles (such as trees) are considered in-bounds or out-of-bounds, and whether it is legal to play balls off of enclosing boards or obstacles. Finally, some boules games (bocce, pétanque) began as variations of earlier games, deliberately created and designed to accommodate

9360-465: The squat attracted many visitors. The Commune had planned to occupy the building peacefully and argue their need for housing in court, but the attacks from police and skinheads meant that things began to go out of control. The Commune invited members of the Hells Angels biker gang to act as security and they began to take over the building. The Daily Mirror reported on 18 September 1969 that

9464-556: The state of California declared LSD a controlled substance, which made the drug illegal. In response to the criminalization of LSD, San Francisco hippies staged a gathering in the Golden Gate Park panhandle , called the Love Pageant Rally , attracting an estimated 700–800 people. As explained by Allan Cohen, co-founder of the San Francisco Oracle , the purpose of the rally was twofold: to draw attention to

9568-427: The summer of 1967. The media was right behind them, casting a spotlight on the Haight-Ashbury district and popularizing the "hippie" label. With this increased attention, hippies found support for their ideals of love and peace but were also criticized for their anti-work, pro-drug, and permissive ethos. At this point, The Beatles had released their groundbreaking album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band , which

9672-527: The terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant "sophisticated; currently fashionable; fully up-to-date". The Beats adopted the term hip , and early hippies adopted the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation . Hippies created their own communities, listened to psychedelic music , embraced the sexual revolution , and many used drugs such as marijuana and LSD to explore altered states of consciousness . In 1967,

9776-430: The terms hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm X 's 1964 autobiography, the word hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who "acted more Negro than Negroes". Andrew Loog Oldham refers to "all the Chicago hippies," seemingly about black blues/R&B musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to

9880-519: The wheel of a school bus named Further , the Merry Pranksters traveled across the United States to celebrate the publication of Kesey's novel Sometimes a Great Notion and to visit the 1964 World's Fair in New York City. The Merry Pranksters were known for using cannabis , amphetamine , and LSD , and during their journey they "turned on" many people to these drugs . The Merry Pranksters filmed and audio-taped their bus trips, creating an immersive multimedia experience that would later be presented to

9984-402: The works of Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Hermann Hesse , Wandervogel attracted thousands of young Germans who rejected the rapid trend toward urbanization and yearned for the pagan , back-to-nature spiritual life of their ancestors. During the first several decades of the 20th century, Germans settled around the United States, bringing the values of this German youth culture. Some opened

10088-601: The world and life. Hippies opposed political and social orthodoxy, choosing a gentle and nondoctrinaire ideology that favored peace, love, and personal freedom, expressed for example in The Beatles ' song " All You Need is Love ". Hippies perceived the dominant culture as a corrupt, monolithic entity that exercised undue power over their lives, calling this culture " The Establishment ", " Big Brother ", or " The Man ". Noting that they were "seekers of meaning and value", scholars like Timothy Miller have described hippies as

10192-472: Was afterward handcuffed by police), erupted in protest against the perceived repressive enforcement of these recently invoked curfew laws. This incident provided the basis for the 1967 low-budget teen exploitation film Riot on Sunset Strip , and inspired multiple songs including the famous Buffalo Springfield song " For What It's Worth ". On January 14, 1967, the outdoor Human Be-In organized by Michael Bowen helped to popularize hippie culture across

10296-500: Was formed to defend the interests of beat groups around Piccadilly and to dissolve control of the streets from the police and back into the community. We want Piccadilly to become a real people’s forum, a forum for the understanding which would act as a resistance against all institutions like the family, the school, detention centres, and so on, which exist to domesticate us compulsorily into the non-values of straight society. Less visible members were far less ideological and simply sought

10400-590: Was no clear delineation between "performers" and "audience" in "The Red Dog Experience", during which music, psychedelic experimentation, a unique sense of personal style, and Bill Ham's first primitive light shows combined to create a new sense of community. Laughlin and George Hunter of the Charlatans were true "proto-hippies", with their long hair , boots, and outrageous clothing of 19th-century American (and Native American) heritage. LSD manufacturer Owsley Stanley lived in Berkeley during 1965 and provided much of

10504-648: Was perceived by young, local rock music fans as an infringement on their civil rights , and on Saturday, November 12, 1966, fliers were distributed along the Strip inviting people to demonstrate later that day. Hours before the protest one of the rock 'n' roll radio stations in L.A. announced there would be a rally at Pandora's Box , a club at the corner of Sunset Boulevard and Crescent Heights, and cautioned people to tread carefully. The Los Angeles Times reported that as many as 1,000 youthful demonstrators, including such celebrities as Jack Nicholson and Peter Fonda (who

10608-481: Was played informally in villages all over Provence, usually on squares of land in the shade of plane trees. Matches of jeu provençal around the start of the 20th century are memorably described in the memoirs of novelist Marcel Pagnol . In 1910, an offshoot of jeu provençal called pétanque was developed in the town of La Ciotat , in Provence . It eventually became the dominant boules sport in France, and

10712-552: Was quickly embraced by the hippie movement with its colorful psychedelic sonic imagery. In 1967 Chet Helms brought the Haight Ashbury hippie and psychedelic scene to Denver , when he opened the Family Dog Denver , modeled on his Avalon Ballroom in San Francisco. The music venue created a nexus for the hippie movement in the western-minded Denver, which led to serious conflicts with city leaders, parents and

10816-532: Was quickly evicted in a high-profile Metropolitan Police operation and other squatting attempts were also rebuffed. One of the leaders of the commune who often spoke to the media was known as 'Dr. John' He was actually Phil Cohen , who later became an urban ethnographer and emeritus professor at the University of East London . In 1967 roughly 20 Hippies had begun squatting around the area of Piccadilly Circus in London. At some point Phil Cohen, operating under

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