82-408: London Summit may refer to: Meeting and conferences 2009 G-20 London Summit 1977 London summit or 4th NATO summitt 17th G7 summit , or 1991 G7 London summit 10th G7 summit , or 1984 G7 London summit 3rd G7 summit , or 1977 G7 London summit London Conference of 1913 Geographic peaks the summit of Mount London
164-728: A condition for getting the job, Merkel was told she would need to agree to report on her colleagues to officers of the Stasi . Merkel declined, using the excuse that she could not keep secrets well enough to be an effective spy. Merkel worked and studied at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin-Adlershof from 1978 to 1990. At first, she and her husband squatted in Mitte . At
246-571: A doctorate ( Dr. rer. nat. ) for her thesis on quantum chemistry in 1986, she worked as a researcher and published several academic papers . In 1986, she was allowed to travel to West Germany to attend a congress. She also participated in a multi-week language course in Donetsk , in the then- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . The fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 served as
328-477: A financial stability forum working with the IMF to ensure wider global co-operation and to provide an early-warning system for future financial crises. Despite calls for a Green New Deal from Greenpeace and others and general political hype regarding environmental concerns, none of the $ 1.1 trillion stimulus package was allocated for environmental investment, and no other environmental agreements were made. One of
410-508: A joint press conference in London, Brown and Obama said that suggestions of a rift were exaggerated. Sarkozy attended a separate press conference with Merkel in which both repeated calls for the summit to agree on more stringent regulation of financial markets and restated their firm opposition to further financial stimulus packages. On the evening of 1 April the leaders attended a reception at Buckingham Palace hosted by Elizabeth II . During
492-638: A landslide, the DA was included in the government coalition. Merkel was appointed deputy spokesperson of this last pre- unification government under Lothar de Maizière . De Maizière was impressed with the way Merkel handled journalists investigating Schnur's role in the Stasi. In April 1990, the DA merged with the East German Christian Democratic Union , which in turn merged with its western counterpart after reunification. In
574-662: A pastorate at the church in Quitzow (a district of Perleberg in Brandenburg), which was then in East Germany . The family moved to Templin and Merkel grew up in the countryside 90 km (56 mi) north of East Berlin . In 1968, Merkel joined the Free German Youth (FDJ), the official communist youth movement sponsored by the ruling Marxist–Leninist Socialist Unity Party of Germany . Membership
656-588: A photograph she lightly rebuked the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi for shouting too loudly in an effort to attract the attention of United States President Barack Obama . The story was featured heavily in the Italian media, and was used by opponents to lambast Berlusconi. After the palace reception, the leaders dined at 10 Downing Street where the food was cooked by Jamie Oliver . The summit proper began on
738-595: A priority, particularly with regards to eldercare . On 4 October 2008, following the Irish Government's decision to guarantee all deposits in private savings accounts, a move she had strongly criticised, Merkel said there were no plans for the German Government to do the same. The following day, Merkel stated that the government would guarantee private savings account deposits, after all. However, two days later, on 6 October 2008, it emerged that
820-510: A result of a 2013 biography. Religion played a key role in the Kasner family's migration from West Germany to East Germany. Merkel's paternal grandfather was originally Catholic but the entire family converted to Lutheranism during the childhood of her father, who later studied Lutheran theology in Heidelberg and Hamburg. In 1954, when Angela was just three months old, her father received
902-741: A second post mortem and an independent criminal inquiry, with the second post mortem finding that although "there is evidence of coronary atherosclerosis " it was "unlikely to have contributed to the cause of death" and that "the cause of death was abdominal haemorrhage ". The London summit was a preliminary step in the process through which the G20 evolved to become "the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economic co-operation". The G20 leaders reached an agreement which, in principle, provides US$ 1.1 trillion to various programs designed to improve international finance, credit, trade, and overall economic stability and recovery. There
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#1732772927980984-632: A student, she participated in the reconstruction of the ruin of the Moritzbastei , a project students initiated to create their own club and recreation facility on campus. Such an initiative was unprecedented in the GDR of that period, and initially resisted by the university. With backing of the local leadership of the SED party, the project was allowed to proceed. Near the end of her studies, Merkel sought an assistant professorship at an engineering school. As
1066-627: Is a retired German politician who served as the chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021 and was the first woman to hold that office. She previously served as leader of the Opposition from 2002 to 2005 and as the leader of the Christian Democratic Union from 2000 to 2018. During her chancellorship, Merkel was frequently referred to as the de facto leader of the European Union (EU) and the most powerful woman in
1148-606: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages 2009 G-20 London Summit The 2009 G20 London Summit was the second meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state, held in London at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre to discuss financial markets and the world economy . Heads of government or heads of state from the G20 attended, with some regional and international organisations also represented. Due to
1230-540: The 2008 European Union stimulus plan , which focused on infrastructure spending and public investment to counteract the Great Recession . In domestic policy, Merkel's Energiewende program supported the development of renewable energy sources and eventually phased out the use of nuclear power in Germany . Despite the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea , which prompted sanctions around the world, she initiated
1312-517: The 2021 federal election . Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , her legacy came under increased scrutiny both in Germany and abroad for her relatively good relations with Russia and increasing the German economy 's dependence on Russia, as well as the downsizing of the military that occurred during her tenure. Merkel was born Angela Dorothea Kasner in 1954, in Hamburg , West Germany ,
1394-642: The City of London Police denied that any incident with the police had occurred . However video, photographic and eyewitness evidence was published in the media, and the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) confirmed that Tomlinson had been pushed back by police officers minutes before he collapsed and died of a heart attack. Further allegations that Tomlinson had been hit with a baton were supported when additional video footage became public. The IPCC then later ordered
1476-597: The Czech Prime Minister Mirek Topolanek strongly criticised the economic expansion policies of US President Barack Obama . G20 leaders began gathering in London on 1 April 2009. Before leaving for the London Summit, French President Nicolas Sarkozy suggested that if a meaningful deal was not agreed France would walk out of the summit echoing the "empty chair" gesture of then-French President Charles de Gaulle in 1965. At
1558-657: The German federal election of 1990 , the first to be held following reunification, Merkel successfully stood for election to the Bundestag in the parliamentary constituency of Stralsund – Nordvorpommern – Rügen in North Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . She received the crucial backing of influential CDU minister and state party chairman Günther Krause . She was re-elected from this constituency (renamed, with slightly adjusted borders, Vorpommern-Rügen – Vorpommern-Greifswald I in 2003) in every election until
1640-883: The Governor of the Bank of England . While speaking at the European Parliament in Strasbourg , France, he was challenged by a Member of the European Parliament over his spending plans. He also visited the US, Brazil , Argentina and Chile . He strongly attacked protectionism saying "One of the messages that must come from next week's summit is that we will reject protectionist countries, we will monitor those countries and name and shame if necessary countries that are not following free trade practices". In
1722-514: The International Organization of Securities Commissions ; off-balance-sheet vehicles; credit-derivatives market; and non-cooperative territories . In the weeks before the London Summit, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown visited several countries on three continents to try to secure backing for his goals at the London Summit. During the trip Brown was forced to re-clarify his position on fiscal stimulus after criticism from
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#17327729279801804-673: The Kohl Government was defeated at the 1998 election , Merkel was appointed Secretary-General of the CDU . The 1998 election had widespread impacts; it was the CDU's worst performance in a federal election since 1949, and it resulted in Germany's first post-war left-wing government, led by the SPD . In the wake of this defeat on the federal level, Merkel oversaw a string of CDU election victories in six out of seven state elections in 1999, breaking
1886-635: The SPD in national opinion polls, although her personal popularity lagged behind that of the incumbent. However, the CDU/CSU campaign suffered when Merkel, having made economic competence central to the CDU's platform, confused gross and net income twice during a televised debate. She regained some momentum after she announced that she would appoint Paul Kirchhof , a former judge at the German Constitutional Court and leading fiscal policy expert, as Minister of Finance. Merkel and
1968-546: The StGB , which governed abortion rights, was rewritten to allow abortions until the 12th week of pregnancy. Though she was personally opposed to abortion at the time, Merkel abstained during the vote on the bill. The law was later overturned by the Federal Constitutional Court on the basis that there must be a general prohibition of abortion. In 1994, she was promoted to the position of Minister for
2050-622: The election of September 2013 , Merkel won one of the most decisive victories in German history, achieving the best result for the CDU/CSU since reunification and coming within five seats of the first absolute majority in the Bundestag since 1957. However, their preferred coalition partner, the FDP, failed to enter parliament for the first time since 1949, being below the minimum of 5% of second votes required to enter parliament. The CDU/CSU turned to
2132-477: The 2003 invasion of Iraq, describing it as "unavoidable". She also criticised the government's support for the accession of Turkey to the European Union , instead arguing in favour of a " privileged partnership ". On 30 May 2005, Merkel won the CDU/CSU nomination to challenge Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of the SPD in the 2005 federal elections . Her party began the campaign with a 21–point lead over
2214-562: The Academy of Sciences, she became a member of its FDJ secretariat. According to her former colleagues, she openly propagated Marxism as the secretary for "Agitation and Propaganda". However, Merkel has denied this claim and stated that she was secretary for culture, which involved activities like obtaining theatre tickets and organising talks by visiting Soviet authors. She stated: "I can only rely on my memory, if something turns out to be different, I can live with that." After being awarded
2296-521: The British government, and intelligence was passed to British government ministers. As hosts, the British Treasury produced an extended agenda pamphlet proposing the issues to be addressed at the London Summit. The explicit goal was "to start the process of reform so as to manage globalisation as a force for good in the medium term." Leaders of the member countries began to prepare for
2378-567: The CDU lost ground after Kirchhof proposed the introduction of a flat tax in Germany, again undermining the party's broad appeal on economic affairs. This was compounded by Merkel's proposal to increase VAT to reduce Germany's deficit and fill the gap in revenue from a flat tax. The SPD were able to increase their support simply by pledging not to introduce flat taxes or increase VAT. Although Merkel's standing recovered after she distanced herself from Kirchhof's proposals, she remained considerably less popular than Schröder, who had been perceived as
2460-491: The CDU lost its direct mandate [ de ] from the constituency in the 2021 federal election . Almost immediately following her entry into parliament, Merkel was appointed by Chancellor Helmut Kohl to serve as Minister for Women and Youth in the federal cabinet . In November 1991, Merkel, with the support of the federal CDU, ran for the state leadership of the CDU in the state of Brandenburg, which neighbours Berlin. She lost to Ulf Fink . In June 1993, Merkel
2542-569: The CDU lost the 1998 federal election , Merkel was elected general secretary of the party. She then became the party's first female leader, and the first female leader of the Opposition, two years later. Following the 2005 federal election , Merkel was elected chancellor, leading a grand coalition consisting of the CDU, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). She
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2624-454: The CDU won a landslide victory and formed a second grand coalition with the SPD, after the FDP lost all of its representation in the Bundestag. In the 2017 federal election , Merkel led the CDU to become the largest party for the fourth time, resulting in the formation of a third grand coalition with the SPD. In foreign policy , Merkel emphasised international cooperation, both in the context of
2706-423: The CDU, becoming the first female leader of a German party. Her election surprised many observers, as her personality offered a contrast to the party she had been elected to lead; Merkel is a centrist Protestant originating from predominantly Protestant northern Germany, while the CDU is a male-dominated, socially conservative party with strongholds in western and southern Germany, and its Bavarian sister party,
2788-583: The CSU Edmund Stoiber was much more popular within the party at the time. In a private negotiation that came to be known as the Wolfratshausen Breakfast, Merkel agreed to cede the opportunity to challenge Schröder to Stoiber; in exchange, she was to become leader of the CDU/CSU faction in the Bundestag following the election. Although pre-election polling had indicated that voters strongly favoured Stoiber, he went on to lose
2870-528: The CSU, has deep Catholic roots. Following Merkel's election as CDU Leader, the CDU did not obtain electoral victories in subsequent state elections. In February 2001, her rival Friedrich Merz voiced his intention to become Gerhard Schröder 's main challenger for Chancellorship in the 2002 election . Merkel's own ambition to become Chancellor was well-known, but she lacked the support of the most influential members within her own party. Rival candidate and leader of
2952-766: The EU and NATO , and initiating the Russian reset and strengthening of Eurasian and transatlantic economic relations . In the first half of 2007, Merkel served as president of the European Council and played a central role in the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon and the Berlin Declaration . Merkel's governments managed the global 2007–2008 financial crisis and the European debt crisis . She negotiated
3034-522: The Environment and Nuclear Safety , which gave her greater political visibility and a platform on which to build her personal political career. As one of Kohl's protégées and his youngest Cabinet Minister, she was frequently referred to by Kohl as "my girl" ( mein Mädchen ). During this period, she was closely mentored by Kohl. As Minister of the Environment, Merkel was instrumental in setting up
3116-615: The GDR was sometimes almost comfortable in a certain way, because there were some things one simply couldn't influence." Merkel learned to speak Russian fluently at school, and she was awarded prizes for her proficiency in Russian and mathematics, being at the top of her class in these subjects. She completed her school education with the best possible average Abitur grade of 1.0. Merkel continued her education at Karl Marx University, Leipzig , where she studied physics from 1973 to 1978. While
3198-577: The London Summit months before the effective date, notably with two official meetings dedicated to that preparation, one held in Berlin , Germany, on 22 February 2009 for European leaders, and another in Horsham , Sussex, United Kingdom, on 14 March 2009 for finance ministers . Leaders of the four European Union member countries of the G20, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy along with
3280-570: The United Nation's 1995 Berlin Climate Change Conference . She is often credited as having brought about its most notable result, the first international commitment to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions . Around this time, she also first hired Beate Baumann , who would remain a close advisor to Merkel. Merkel's performance as Minister of the Environment was criticised as "pitiful" by Gerhard Schröder . After
3362-538: The banking system and bankers remuneration and bonuses, the continued war on terror and concerns over climate change. Although the majority of the protests and protestors were peaceful, instances of violence and criminal damage led to the use of kettling to contain protestors. Ian Tomlinson, a newsagent in the City of London , died within a police cordon of the G20 Meltdown protest near the Bank of England. Initially
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3444-473: The catalyst for Merkel's political career. Although she did not participate in the crowd celebrations the night the wall came down, one month later Merkel became involved in the growing democracy movement, joining the new party Democratic Beginning ( Demokratischer Aufbruch , abbreviated to DA). Party Leader Wolfgang Schnur appointed her as press spokeswoman of the party in February 1990. However, Schnur
3526-450: The coalition government", it was also widely criticised as ineffectual. The deal also increased the tax burden on employers and their publicly insured employees. The 2006 round of reforms introduced the "health insurance duty", which establishes that individuals must be insured either through the public insurance system or through private insurance firms and accordingly cannot be uninsured. The reforms also targeted preventive healthcare as
3608-529: The construction of the controversial Nord Stream 2 pipelines to Russia and protected their construction from United States sanctions imposed in 2019. Reforms to the Bundeswehr , health care reform , the 2010s European migrant crisis , and the COVID-19 pandemic were major issues during her chancellorship. Merkel stepped down as leader of the CDU in 2018 and did not seek a fifth term as chancellor in
3690-471: The continuing effects of the 2008–2009 financial crisis, unemployment sank below the mark of 3 million unemployed people in 2011. Following increased debate on the subject in the summer of 2010, the German government announced plans to abolish conscription in Germany , making the Bundeswehr a volunteer military , in November 2010. The decision was finalised in December that year, and conscription
3772-461: The country less competitive, because companies could not easily control labour costs when business was slow. Merkel argued that Germany should phase out nuclear power less quickly than the Schröder administration had planned. Merkel advocated a strong transatlantic partnership and German-American friendship. In the spring of 2003, defying strong public opposition, Merkel came out in favour of
3854-522: The course of the financial crisis, the Merkel cabinet increased the budget of the Kurzarbeit program significantly and extended the permitted duration of such contracts from 6 months to 18 months. Although similar provisions had existed previously, the Merkel cabinet's expansion of the program was widely praised and is credited with having saved 500,000 jobs during the financial crisis. Merkel's CDU
3936-456: The daughter of Horst Kasner (1926–2011; né Kaźmierczak ), a Lutheran pastor and a native of Berlin, and his wife Herlind (1928–2019; née Jentzsch), born in Danzig (now Gdańsk , Poland ), a teacher of English and Latin . She has two younger siblings, Marcus Kasner , a physicist, and Irene Kasner, an occupational therapist. In her childhood and youth, Merkel was known among her peers by
4018-531: The doubling of funds available to the IMF. Finance ministers and central bankers of the G20 met in Horsham on 14 March 2009 to prepare for the London Summit. To restore global growth as quickly as possible, the participants decided to approve coordinated and decisive actions to stimulate demand and employment. They also pledged to fight against all forms of protectionism and to maintain trade and foreign investments. The members also committed themselves to maintain
4100-578: The election by a thin margin. The election campaign was dominated by the Iraq War . While Chancellor Schröder had made clear he would not join the war in Iraq, Merkel was in support of the war at the time, although she later claimed that she had opposed it. After Stoiber's defeat in 2002, in addition to her role as CDU Leader, Merkel became Leader of the Opposition in the Bundestag , as had been agreed upon between her and Stoiber. Friedrich Merz, who had held
4182-481: The extended membership, it has been referred to as the London Summit . The policing tactics at the event raised some controversy , particularly over the death of Ian Tomlinson . In June 2013, it came to light that the British government's spy agency, Government Communications Headquarters, had listened in on computer and phone communications made by foreign summit attendees. Their actions were sanctioned by
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#17327729279804264-423: The first democratically elected government of East Germany led by Lothar de Maizière . Following German reunification in 1990, Merkel was elected to the Bundestag for the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . As the protégée of chancellor Helmut Kohl , Merkel was appointed as Minister for Women and Youth in 1991, later becoming Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety in 1994. After
4346-414: The general agreements at the London Summit is that there needs to be more government regulations over businesses, and there was a perception that the US would no longer be as dominant as it has been previously. Commenting on the summit, Robert Hormats , vice-chairman of Goldman Sachs International , said "The U.S. is becoming less dominant while other nations are gaining influence." The influence of China
4428-494: The intelligence agency of the British government, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) spied on foreign politicians visiting the summit by intercepting phonecalls, emails and monitoring computers, in some cases even ongoing after the summit via keyloggers that had been installed during the summit. The summit became the focus of protests from a number of disparate groups over various long standing and topical issues. These ranged from disquiet over economic policy, anger at
4510-539: The long-standing SPD- Green hold on the Bundesrat . Following a party funding scandal that compromised many leading figures of the CDU ;– including Kohl himself and his successor as CDU Leader, Wolfgang Schäuble – Merkel criticised her former mentor publicly and advocated a fresh start for the party without him. On 10 April 2000, Merkel was elected to replace Schäuble as Chairperson of
4592-425: The main aim of her government would be to reduce unemployment, and that it was this issue on which her government would be judged. Reform of the German healthcare system was a salient issue during the 2005 election; the previous system had been criticised as inefficient and overly bureaucratic. After a significant period of negotiations, a deal was passed in 2006. While this agreement was described as having "saved
4674-420: The more generally competent and trustworthy candidate. The CDU's lead was down to 9 percentage points on the eve of the election, with Merkel having a significant lead in popularity based on opinion polls. On 18 September 2005, Merkel's CDU/CSU and Schröder's SPD went head-to-head in the national elections, with the CDU/CSU winning 35.2% (CDU 27.8% / CSU 7.5%) of the second votes to the SPD's 34.2%. The result
4756-495: The morning of 2 April and took place at the Excel Centre in Custom House , east London. The following participants of the London summit include the core members of the G20, which comprises 19 countries and the European Union which is represented by its two governing bodies, the European Council and the European Commission , as well as other nations and regional organisations invited to take part. The security operation, Operation Glencoe headed by Commander Bob Broadhurst ,
4838-426: The nickname "Kasi", derived from her last name Kasner. Merkel is of German and Polish descent. Her paternal grandfather, Ludwik Kasner , was a German policeman of Polish ethnicity. After being captured in France during World War I , he joined the Blue Army and likely fought against Germany. He married Merkel's grandmother Margarethe, a German from Berlin, and relocated to her hometown where he again worked in
4920-444: The pledge was simply a political move that would not be backed by legislation. Most other European governments eventually either raised the limits or promised to guarantee savings in full. The German government stepped in to assist the mortgage company Hypo Real Estate with a bailout. The deal was agreed upon on 6 October, with German banks contributing €30 billion and the Bundesbank €20 billion to an emergency credit line. At
5002-445: The police. In 1930, they Germanised the Polish name Kaźmierczak to Kasner. Merkel's maternal grandparents were the Danzig politician Willi Jentzsch and Gertrud Alma (née Drange), a daughter of the city clerk of Elbing (now Elbląg , Poland) Emil Drange. Since the mid-1990s, Merkel has publicly mentioned her Polish heritage on several occasions and described herself as a quarter Polish, but her Polish roots became better known as
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#17327729279805084-422: The post prior to the 2002 election, was eased out to make way for Merkel. Merkel supported a substantial reform agenda for Germany's economic and social system and was considered more pro-market than her own party (the CDU). She advocated German labour law changes, specifically removing barriers to laying off employees and increasing the allowed number of work hours in a week. She argued that existing laws made
5166-429: The public healthcare system in 2009, the Merkel government passed widely unpopular healthcare reforms in 2010. The changes reduced healthcare spending in certain areas and increased employer and employee contributions to 15.5% of gross wages. The reforms also established that future contribution increases would only affect the contributions by employers, which was criticised by opposition parties and trade unions . In
5248-405: The risks they take. They proposed to implement regulation to prevent the systemic risks and to curb business cycles , including the limitation of the leverage effect , which amplifies cycles. They announced new measures to prevent and resolve crises, through the strengthening of the IMF and the FSF. They agreed to control credit-rating agencies and their compliance with the Code of Conduct of
5330-559: The summit of London Mountain the summit of London Peak, see List of mountains in Madison County, Montana Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title London Summit . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Summit&oldid=431467230 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
5412-563: The supply of credit by providing more liquidity and recapitalising the banking system, and to implement rapidly the stimulus plans. As for central bankers, they pledged to maintain low-rates policies as long as necessary. Finally, the leaders decided to help emerging and developing countries, through a strengthening of the IMF. To strengthen the financial system, the participants proposed to regulate appropriately all important financial institutions, to register all hedge funds or their managers and to force them to provide appropriate information as to
5494-411: The time indicated that the grand coalition would pursue a mix of policies, some of which differed from Merkel's political platform as leader of the opposition and candidate for Chancellor. The coalition's intent was to cut public spending whilst increasing VAT (from 16 to 19%), social insurance contributions and the top rate of income tax . When announcing the coalition agreement, Merkel stated that
5576-705: The time of the Greek government-debt crisis , Germany was the largest creditor of the Greek government, giving it significant negotiating power. Merkel is often credited as having "saved the Euro", primarily due to her coordinating role in the development of debt relief policy. The austerity measures imposed on debtors such as Greece, which were a significant part of Merkel's position in the negotiations, have been criticised as overly harsh by some observers. Critics also highlighted Germany's own debt management issues. A Bloomberg opinion piece noted that "irresponsible borrowers can't exist without irresponsible lenders"; accordingly, "Germany's banks were Greece's enablers." In
5658-610: The two largest European non-members, Spain and the Netherlands , met in Berlin on 22 February 2009 to prepare for the London Summit and to co-ordinate their actions. The meeting was organised at the initiative of German Chancellor Angela Merkel . The leaders agreed that markets, financial institutions and the wide range of financial assets they create, and hedge funds should be subject to appropriate control. In addition, they called for effective sanctions against tax havens . They also agreed to impose sanctions against countries that intend to undermine their work. Finally, they advocated
5740-431: The two parties reached a deal for a grand coalition whereby Merkel would become Chancellor and the SPD would hold 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet. The deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November 2005. Merkel was elected Chancellor by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November 2005, but 51 members of the governing coalition voted against her. Reports at
5822-447: The weeks leading up to the London Summit, there had been a growing difference of opinions on the question of implementing further fiscal stimulus . The British and the American leaderships were in favour of another round of stimulus packages to try to stimulate the global economy, while the French and German leaderships remained strongly opposed to such measures because of the increased levels of debt which this would cause. On 26 March 2009
5904-590: The world. Beginning in 2016 , she was often described as the leader of the free world . Merkel was born in Hamburg in West Germany . Her family moved to East Germany when she was an infant. Merkel obtained a doctorate in quantum chemistry in 1986 and worked as a research scientist until 1989. She then entered politics in the wake of the Revolutions of 1989 , briefly serving as deputy spokeswoman for
5986-485: Was re-elected in 2009 with an increased number of seats and could form a governing coalition with the FDP . After brief negotiations, the second Merkel cabinet was sworn in on 28 October 2009. In early 2011, Merkel's approval ratings plummeted, resulting in heavy losses in state elections for her party. An August 2011 poll found her coalition had only 36% support compared to a rival potential coalition's 51%. Notwithstanding
6068-482: Was elected leader of the CDU in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, succeeding her former mentor Günther Krause . Although Merkel had little interest in the political position as such, it has been described as instrumental in building her early political image. During her tenure, the government codified the right to preschool education , although the law only went into effect in 1996. In June 1992, § 218 of
6150-498: Was nominally voluntary, but those who did not join found it difficult to gain admission to higher education. She did not participate in the secular coming-of-age ceremony Jugendweihe , however, which was common in East Germany. Instead, she was confirmed . During this time, she participated in several compulsory courses on Marxism–Leninism , with her grades only being regarded as "sufficient". Merkel later said that "Life in
6232-554: Was projected to cost £7.2 million. Six police forces were used during the operation: the Metropolitan Police , the City of London Police , British Transport Police and the forces of Essex Police , Sussex Police and Bedfordshire Police . Furthermore, some units from the Ministry of Defence Police have been used. It is the highest security expenditure in British history. In June 2013 The Guardian revealed that
6314-516: Was revealed to have served as an " informal co-worker " for the Stasi just a few weeks ahead of the first (and only) multi-party election in 1990 and was later expelled from the party. As a result, the DA lost most of its electoral support, only managing to obtain four seats in the Volkskammer . However, because the DA was a member party of the Alliance for Germany , which won the election in
6396-533: Was so close that both Schröder and Merkel initially claimed victory. Neither the SPD–Green coalition nor the CDU/CSU and its preferred coalition partners, the Free Democratic Party , held enough seats to form a majority in the Bundestag. A grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and SPD would face the challenge of both parties demanding the chancellorship. However, after three weeks of negotiations ,
6478-472: Was some dispute about how best to move forward. On one hand, the UK and the US wanted a large financial stimulus. On the other hand, France and Germany wanted stricter financial regulation. Programs include: An agreement was also reached to attempt to bring wider global regulation of hedge funds and credit-rating agencies, a common approach to cleaning up bank toxic assets . The G20 leaders also agreed to establish
6560-406: Was suspended on 1 July 2011. Although somewhat popular at the time, the decision has later come under scrutiny, particularly following to the Russian invasion of Ukraine . It has also been criticised in conjunction with Germany's financial commitments to NATO . In 2023, 61% of Germans said that they were in favour of reestablishing conscription. Responding to a budget deficit of €11 billion in
6642-412: Was the first woman to be elected chancellor, and the first chancellor of reunified Germany to have been raised in the former East Germany. In the 2009 federal election , the CDU obtained the largest share of the vote, and Merkel subsequently formed a coalition government with the Free Democratic Party (FDP), an alliance more favourable to the CDU than the grand coalition. In the 2013 federal election ,
6724-746: Was very apparent during the G20 with some commentators saying that the G20 was more like a G2 . *] G20 Information Centre Archived 16 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine Angela Merkel Revolution of 1989 Kohl government Leader of the Christian Democratic Union First ministry and term Second ministry and term Third ministry and term Fourth ministry and term [REDACTED] Angela Dorothea Merkel ( German: [aŋˈɡeːla doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛʁkl̩] ; née Kasner ; born 17 July 1954)
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