84-468: The London Tourist Board was established in 1963 and became the official regional tourist board for London under the Development of Tourism Act in 1969. It was responsible for the marketing and promotion of the capital, providing tourist information services, and recommending improvements to the infrastructure and facilities for the growth of tourism. In 2003, it was renamed Visit London. In 2011, it
168-694: A local referendum , and derives most of its powers from the Greater London Authority Act 1999 and the Greater London Authority Act 2007 . It is a strategic regional authority, with powers over transport, policing, economic development, and fire and emergency planning. Three functional bodies— Transport for London , the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime , and the London Fire Commissioner —are responsible for delivery of services in these areas. The planning policies of
252-528: A London information point at the Royal Wedding official press centre. While most of LTB's public relations activities were aimed at promoting the Capital, it also had to deal with a number of crises during the 1970s and 1980s, which had an impact not just on residents but on visitors to London. Some of the many Provisional Irish Republican Army bombings affected tourist sites directly, here are just
336-887: A PR firm's client, rather than paying for the client to be advertised next to the article. The aim of public relations is to inform the public, prospective customers, investors, partners, employees, and other stakeholders , and persuade them to maintain a positive or favorable view about the organization, its leadership , products, or political decisions. Public relations professionals typically work for PR and marketing firms, businesses and companies , government , and public officials as public information officers and nongovernmental organizations , and nonprofit organizations. Jobs central to public relations include internal positions such as public relations coordinator, public relations specialist, and public relations manager, and outside agency positions such as account coordinator, account executive , account supervisor, and media relations manager. In
420-422: A central role in doing public relations. After a public relations practitioner has been working in the field, they accumulate a list of relationships that become an asset, especially for those in media relations. Within each discipline, typical activities include publicity events , speaking opportunities, press releases , newsletters , blogs , social media , press kits, and outbound communication to members of
504-717: A change of use for the building in December 2020. The authority vacated City Hall on 2 December 2021 and the move is due to completed in the first week of January 2022. The Crystal was renamed "City Hall" in December 2021. In addition to City Hall, staff of the Greater London Authority are also based at Palestra House on Blackfriars Road and at the London Fire Brigade headquarters on Union Street , both in Southwark . The predecessors of
588-716: A document 'Tourism in London—a Plan for Management' was published in 1974 by the LTB working with Greater London Council, English Tourist Board and the London Boroughs Association. The key elements were: Some of the other activities were as follows: Mini guides — Richmond (1975) and Hounslow (1977) were the first. Hillingdon Tourist Information Centre (TIC) opened in 1977 – there were 19 TICs across London by May 1989. LTB support included staff training, reference kits and TIC managers meetings. Richmond set up
672-714: A few of the many incidents which killed and maimed Londoners and visitors. List of terrorist incidents in London Other incidents which affected tourism negatively included the high-jacking of the cruise ship Achille Lauro in the Mediterranean in October 1985 and the US bombing of Libya in April 1986. LTB led a London PR group to co-ordinate media responses as many Americans cancelled trips to Europe. The abolition of
756-664: A host of different types of business verticals such as entertainment, technology, music, travel, television, food, consumer electronics and more. Many publicists build their career in a specific business space to leverage relationships and contacts. There are different kinds of press strategies for such as B2B (business to business) or B2C (business to consumer). Business to business publicity highlights service providers who provide services and products to other businesses. Business to Consumer publicizes products and services for regular consumers, such as toys, travel, food, entertainment, personal electronics and music. Litigation public relations
840-547: A new organisation, London & Partners. The London Tourist Board (LTB) was founded on 16 May 1963 by representatives of the tourist industry led by Sir Charles Forte, later Lord Forte. Its first objectives were: An important aim, apart from seasonal spread, has always been to achieve a better geographical spread of tourists through London and latterly, throughout the UK. LTB played a major role in developing London's appeal to visitors through tourist information – in person and on
924-526: A political party. Those members would then be considered stakeholders, which are people who have a stake or an interest in an organization or issue that potentially involves the organization or group they are interested in. The Publics in Public Relations are: Early literature authored by James Grunig (1978) suggested that publics develop in stages determined by their levels of problem recognition, constraint recognition and involvement in addressing
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#17327878430651008-466: A real menace to democracy as it renders the public discourse powerless. Corporations are able to hire public relations professionals and transmit their messages through the media channels and exercise a huge amount of influence upon the individual who is defenseless against such a powerful force. He claims that public relations is a weapon for capitalist deception and the best way to resist is to become media literate and use critical thinking when interpreting
1092-452: A satisfactory phrase to describe what I do." In 1948, historian Eric Goldman noted that the definition of public relations in Webster's Dictionary would be "disputed by both practitioners and critics in the field." According to Dr. Ren, the public relations counsel is the agent working with both modern media of communications and group formations of society in order to provide ideas to
1176-455: A series of profile questions such as nationality, age, purpose of visit and type and location of accommodation used ) are available on LTB's website. The abolition of the GLC in 1986 was a significant event for London and for LTB. LTB took the prime role for developing and implementing strategic activity across a range of topics. The first Tourism Strategy for London was produced in 1987. This led to
1260-825: A set of fundamental guidelines that people within the public relations professions should practice and use in their business atmosphere. These values are: Other than the ethics put in place in the United States of America there are also International ethics set to ensure proper and, legal worldwide communication. Regarding these ethics, there are broad codes used specifically for international forms of public relations, and then there are more specific forms from different countries. For example, some countries have certain associations to create ethics and standards to communication across their country. The International Association of Business Communication (founded in 1971), or also known as IABC, has its own set of ethics in order to enforce
1344-408: A set of guidelines that ensure communication internationality is legal, ethical, and is in good taste. Some principles that members of the board of IABC follow include. The IABC members use the following list of ethics in order to work to improve values of communication throughout the world: Spin has been interpreted historically to mean overt deceit that is meant to manipulate the public, but since
1428-484: A tourism association following a presentation and urging by LTB. Developing ideas and activity with borough such as Islington , Greenwich , Croydon – meetings, site promotion, environmental improvement. London did not rest on its laurels, a series of major marketing campaigns followed in the 1980s helped by such events as the wedding of Prince Charles and Diana Spencer in July 1981. Its press and information staff set up
1512-536: A whole range of activity. The headlines are as follows: In 2003, LTB became Visit London, a private company funded partly by partnership subscriptions and commercial activity. Its main funding (up to 70 per cent) came from the Mayor of London 's London Development Agency. Visit London built on LTB's success in the marketing and promotion of London. Acquisition of the Internet domain VisitLondon.com followed by
1596-752: Is a member of the Mayoral Council for England and the Council of the Nations and Regions . After the 2024 elections , Labour has the largest representation on the GLA with the mayor as well as eleven assembly members, followed by eight from the Conservatives , three Greens , two from the Liberal Democrats , and one from Reform UK . Public relations Public relations ( PR )
1680-402: Is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics." The UK-based Chartered Institute of Public Relations focuses its definition on reputation: "Public Relations is about reputation – the result of what you do, what you say and what others say about you. Public Relations is the discipline which looks after reputation, with
1764-627: Is carried out by functional bodies which, together with the GLA itself, form the GLA Group and work under the policy direction of the mayor and assembly. These functional bodies (defined in section 424 (1) of the Greater London Authority Act 1999) are: In November 2005, the government published a consultation document reviewing the powers of the GLA, making proposals for additional powers, including waste management , planning, housing, and learning and skills. The result of
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#17327878430651848-442: Is essential to mitigate negative impacts and maintain public trust. Public relations professionals both serve the public's interest and private interests of businesses, associations, non-profit organizations, and governments. This dual obligation gave rise to heated debates among scholars of the discipline and practitioners over its fundamental values. This conflict represents the main ethical predicament of public relations. In 2000,
1932-438: Is mostly media -based, and this differentiates it from advertising as a form of marketing communications . Public relations often aims to create or obtain coverage for clients for free, also known as earned media , rather than paying for marketing or advertising also known as paid media. However, advertising is also a part of broader PR activities. An example of good public relations would be generating an article featuring
2016-586: Is responsible for co-ordinating land use planning in Greater London . The mayor produces a strategic plan, the " London Plan ". The individual London Borough councils are legally bound to comply with the plan. The mayor has the power to over-ride planning decisions made by the London Boroughs if they are believed to be against the interests of London as a whole. As of 2006, London generates 42 million tonnes of carbon emissions per year, 7% of
2100-548: Is the management of the communication process during the course of any legal dispute or adjudicatory processing so as to affect the outcome or its effect on the client's overall reputation (Haggerty, 2003). Public relations plays a crucial role in crisis management by helping organizations prepare for, navigate, and recover from unexpected events that threaten their reputation, operations, or stakeholders. A crisis can range from natural disasters and product recalls to scandals and cybersecurity breaches. Effective crisis communication
2184-571: Is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business , government agency , or a nonprofit organization ) to the public in order to influence their perception. Public relations and publicity differ in that PR is controlled internally, whereas publicity is not controlled and contributed by external parties. Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment. The exposure
2268-404: Is the use of Internet tools and technologies such as search engines , Web 2.0 social bookmarking, new media relations, blogging , and social media marketing . Interactive PR allows companies and organizations to disseminate information without relying solely on mainstream publications and to communicate directly with the public, customers and prospects. PR practitioners have always relied on
2352-594: Is to produce content that users will share with their social network to help a company increase brand exposure and broaden customer reach. Some of the major social media platforms currently include Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest, YouTube, and Snapchat. As digital technology has evolved, the methods for measuring the effectiveness of online public relations have improved. The Public Relations Society of America, which has been developing PR strategies since 1947, has identified five steps for measuring online public relations effectiveness. Publicists can work in
2436-477: Is ultimately to undermine the central goal of building trust and nurturing a good relationship." The techniques of spin include selectively presenting facts and quotes that support ideal positions ( cherry picking ), the so-called " non-denial denial ", phrasing that in a way presumes unproven truths, euphemisms for drawing attention away from items considered distasteful, and ambiguity in public statements. Another spin technique involves careful choice of timing in
2520-635: The City of London with its largely ceremonial lord mayors, which controls only the square mile of the city, London's chief financial centre. In 1986, the Greater London Council was abolished by the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher . Many people have surmised that the decision to abolish the GLC was made because of the existence of a high-spending left-wing Labour administration under Ken Livingstone , although pressure for
2604-467: The City of London Corporation . It was created to improve the co-ordination between the local authorities in Greater London, while the Mayor of London 's role is to provide a single representative for the capital. The Mayor proposes policy and the GLA's budget, and makes appointments to the capital's strategic executive such as Transport for London . The London Assembly serves as a watchdog for
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2688-491: The London County Council , played a major role in promoting London, in providing information for visitors, establishing standards and in shaping the tourism product we see today. Throughout its 40-year history London Tourist Board receive up to 70 per cent of its funding from public sources ( Greater London Council , English Tourist Board , London Boroughs and Greater London Authority ). This article explores
2772-522: The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) responded to the controversy by acknowledging in its new code of ethics "advocacy" – for the first time – as a core value of the discipline. The field of public relations is generally highly un-regulated, but many professionals voluntarily adhere to the code of conduct of one or more professional bodies to avoid exposure for ethical violations. The Chartered Institute of Public Relations ,
2856-500: The World Wars (compare journalism ). World War I (1914–1918), which affected not only military but whole populations, is considered to be "modern propaganda's launching pad". This led to more sophisticated commercial publicity efforts as public-relations talent entered the private sector. Most historians believe modern-day public relations was first established in the US by Ivy Lee (1877–1934) in 1903 when he started working as
2940-545: The metonym City Hall , is the devolved regional governance body of Greater London , England. It consists of two political branches: an executive Mayor (currently Sadiq Khan ) and the 25-member London Assembly , which serves as a means of checks and balances on the Mayor. Since May 2016, both branches have been under the control of the London Labour Party . The authority was established in 2000, following
3024-436: The press , arranging interviews for company spokespeople, writing speeches for company leaders, acting as an organization's spokesperson , preparing clients for press conferences , media interviews and speeches, writing website and social media content, managing company reputation ( crisis management ), managing internal communications , and marketing activities like brand awareness and event management. Success in
3108-622: The 1950s has shifted to describing a "polishing of the truth." Today, spin refers to providing a certain interpretation of information meant to sway public opinion. Companies may use spin to create the appearance of the company or other events are going in a slightly different direction than they actually are. Within the field of public relations, spin is seen as a derogatory term, interpreted by professionals as meaning blatant deceit and manipulation. Skilled practitioners of spin are sometimes called "spin doctors." In Stuart Ewen 's PR! A Social History of Spin , he argues that public relations can be
3192-738: The April 2003 launch of the new website. Visit London's key activities included: On 1 April 2011, Mayor of London Boris Johnson launched London & Partners, a new promotional agency for the capital. London & Partners brings together the work of Visit London, Study London and Think London in attracting visitors, students and foreign direct investment to the capital. Visit London Ltd was wound up. Greater London Authority Sadiq Khan ( L ) Statutory Deputy Mayor Joanne McCartney ( L/Co ) London Assembly Lord Mayor Peter Estlin London boroughs ( list ) Vacant The Greater London Authority ( GLA ), colloquially known by
3276-531: The GLA was formally established on 3 July 2000. For the first two years of its existence, the Greater London Authority was based at Romney House, 47 Marsham Street in Westminster . Meetings of the London Assembly took place at Emmanuel Centre, also on Marsham Street. Between July 2002 and December 2021, the Greater London Authority was based at a building known as City Hall in Southwark , on
3360-627: The Greater London Authority, the Greater London Council and the London County Council , had their headquarters at County Hall , upstream on the South Bank . Although County Hall's old council chamber is still intact, the building is unavailable for use by the GLA because of its conversion into, among other things, a luxury hotel, amusement arcade and aquarium. Areas which the GLA has responsibility for include transport, policing, fire and rescue, development and strategic planning. The GLA does not directly provide any services itself. Instead, its work
3444-653: The Greater London Council in 1986 had been preceded by the withdrawal of funding from LTB by GLC (in 1983), as LTB was squeezed between the Margaret Thatcher Government and the left-wing GLC led by Ken Livingstone . LTB relaunched itself as the London Visitor and Convention Bureau, relying extensively on commercial members' support, ETB contributions until public funding from the London Boroughs became available. In 1988,
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3528-512: The London Borough councils, a referendum was held on the establishment of the GLA in May 1998, which was approved with 72% of the vote. The Greater London Authority Act 1999 passed through Parliament, receiving royal assent in October 1999. Most polling showed that Livingstone, the last leader of the GLC, would easily win the mayoral election. However, in a controversial election campaign,
3612-679: The London Tourist Board and Convention Bureau celebrated its Silver Jubilee ; five prominent artists were invited to create original paintings celebrating London. These were featured at an exhibition in Covent Garden and used for many years on posters promoting the capital. The artists included Fred Cuming RA. From its early days LTB has championed the cause of the visitor in getting fair treatment from service providers – bureau de change , restaurants, street photographers, general price display etc. Some examples of where LTB
3696-515: The Mayor of London are detailed in a statutory London Plan which is regularly updated and published. The Greater London Authority is mostly funded by direct government grant and it is also a precepting authority , with some money collected with local Council Tax . The GLA is unique in the British devolved and local government system, in terms of structure (it uses a presidential system -esque model), elections and selection of powers. The authority
3780-529: The Public Relations Society of America, and The Institute of Public Relations are a few organizations that publish an ethical code. Still, Edelman 's 2003 semi-annual trust survey found that only 20 percent of survey respondents from the public believed paid communicators within a company were credible. Individuals in public relations are growing increasingly concerned with their company's marketing practices, questioning whether they agree with
3864-503: The UK and overseas. Here are some of them: From 1977, LTB began to take a lead role for the industry in planning matters and working more closely with London boroughs. This was the period when District Plans were being prepared and it was important to ensure that the requirements of the tourist industry were featured. This included making constructive objections to both the Plans from Westminster and Kensington and Chelsea . Prior to this
3948-575: The UK's total. 44% of this comes from housing, 28% from commercial premises, 21% from transport, and 7% from industry. The Mayor's energy strategy planned to cut carbon emission levels by 20% by 2010 and 60% by 2050 (although achieving the first of these targets is unlikely). Measures taken to achieve this have included the creation of the London Climate Change Agency , the London Energy Partnership and
4032-411: The UK, the equivalent job titles are Account Executive, Account Manager, Account Director and Director. Public relations specialists establish and maintain relationships with an organization's target audiences , the media, relevant trade media, and other opinion leaders . Common responsibilities include designing communications campaigns, writing press releases and other content for news, working with
4116-494: The abolition of the GLC had arisen before Livingstone took over, and was largely driven by the belief among the outer London borough councils that they could perform the functions of the GLC just as well. On abolition, the strategic functions of the GLC were transferred to bodies controlled by central government or joint boards nominated by the London borough councils . Some of the service delivery functions were transferred down to
4200-462: The aim of earning understanding and support and influencing opinion and behaviour. It is the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organisation and its publics." Public relations can also be defined as the practice of managing communication between an organization and its publics. Quentin Langley argues the use of the word "publics" in
4284-615: The banks of the River Thames , close to Tower Bridge . City Hall was designed by Norman Foster and constructed at a cost of £43 million on a site formerly occupied by wharves serving the Pool of London . This building did not belong to the GLA but was leased under a 25-year rental agreement from the Kuwait Investment Authority . In November 2020, Mayor of London Sadiq Khan announced plans to vacate City Hall at
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#17327878430654368-582: The city and holds the mayor accountable. The assembly must also accept or amend the mayor's budget on an annual basis. The GLA is based at City Hall in the London Borough of Newham , situated next to the redeveloped Royal Victoria Dock in Canning Town . The GLA moved to this building from the previous City Hall , in Southwark , in January 2022. The GLA is different from the corporation of
4452-420: The company's social responsibility. They seek more influence over marketing and more of a counseling and policy-making role. On the other hand, individuals in marketing are increasingly interested in incorporating publicity as a tool within the realm marketing. According to Scott Cutlip, the social justification for public relations is the right for an organization to have a fair hearing of their point of view in
4536-522: The consultation and final proposals were published by the Department for Communities and Local Government on 13 July 2006. A range of back office services for the GLA and its functional bodies are provided collectively by the GLA Group using the common provision powers of section 401A of the 1999 Act. The most senior member of staff within the GLA Group is the GLA Head of Paid Service. The GLA
4620-465: The councils themselves. For the next 14 years there was no single elected body for the whole of London. The Labour Party never supported the abolition of the GLC and made it a policy to re-establish some form of citywide elected authority. The Labour Party advocated a government structure comprising a single, directly elected mayor (a policy first suggested by Tony Banks in 1990), together with an elected deliberative assembly to scrutinise him. This model
4704-423: The disease are stakeholders, but the audience is anyone who is likely to donate money. Public relations experts possess deep skills in media relations, market positioning, and branding. They are powerful agents that help clients deliver clear, unambiguous information to a target audience that matters to them. A public is any group whose members have a common interest or common values in a particular subject, such as
4788-408: The effect of social media in 1999, was controversial in its time, but by 2006 the effect of social media and new Internet technologies became broadly accepted by the general public. Public relations professionals present the face of an organization or individual, usually to articulate its objectives and official views on issues of relevance, primarily to the media. Public relations contributes to
4872-426: The end of 2021 and relocate to The Crystal in the Canning Town area of East London . The Crystal building is owned by the Greater London Authority and is currently under-occupied. City Hall was not owned by the authority itself and the proposed move would save the Greater London Authority £12.6 million a year in rental costs. The decision was confirmed on 3 November 2020. Newham Borough Council gave permission for
4956-484: The field of public relations requires a deep understanding of the interests and concerns of each of the company's many stakeholders. The public relations professional must know how to effectively address those concerns using the most powerful tool of the public relations trade, which is publicity. Ivy Lee , the man who turned around the Rockefeller name and image, and his friend, Edward Louis Bernays , established
5040-503: The first definition of public relations in the early 20th century as: "a management function, which tabulates public attitudes, defines the policies, procedures and interests of an organization... followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance." However, when Lee was later asked about his role in a hearing with the United Transit Commission, he said "I have never been able to find
5124-400: The founding of the international Large Cities Climate Leadership Group . The London Sustainable Development Commission has calculated that for housing to meet the 60% target, all new developments would have to be constructed to be carbon-neutral with immediate effect (using zero energy building techniques), in addition to cutting energy used in existing housing by 40%. The Mayor of London
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#17327878430655208-494: The history and achievements of the London Tourist Board and the London Visitor and Convention Bureau, leading to the establishment of Visit London in 2003. Visit London took over the marketing of London, while the London Development Agency was responsible for planning, research and development. In 2011, Visit London was put into administration by the Greater London Authority (its main funder) and replaced with
5292-437: The image maker for and corporate advisor for Rockefeller. Edward Bernays (1891–1995), who handled the publicity of theatrical associations in 1913, then spread internationally. Meanwhile, in the nascent Soviet Russia of the 1920s, artists and poets (such as Mayakovsky ) engaged in public-relations campaigns for various state agencies and causes (note for example Likbez ). Many American companies with PR departments spread
5376-507: The issue. The theory posited that publics develop in the following stages: Messaging is the process of creating a consistent story around: a product, person, company, or service. Messaging aims to prevent readers from receiving contradictory or confusing information that could instill doubt in their purchasing choices, or other decisions that affect the company. Brands aim to have the same problem statement, industry viewpoint, or brand perception shared across sources and media. Digital marketing
5460-672: The marketing perspective of seeing public relations as part of marketing, which he claims is too focused on just one of Hayward's six publics: customers. Public relations has historical roots pre-dating the 20th century. Most textbooks regard the establishment of the "Publicity Bureau" in Boston in 1900 as marking the founding of a public relations profession . Academics have found early forms of public influence and communications management in ancient civilizations. Aristotle 's Rhetoric , for example, explains core foundations for persuasion . Evidence shows that it continued to evolve during
5544-671: The media such as TV, radio, and magazines, to promote their ideas and messages tailored specifically to a target audience. Social media marketing is not only a new way to achieve that goal, but also a continuation of a strategy that existed for decades. Lister et al. said that "Digital media can be seen as a continuation and extension of a principal or technique that was already in place". Social media platforms enable users to connect with audiences to build brands, increase sales, and drive website traffic. This involves publishing content on social media profiles, engaging with followers, analyzing results, and running social media advertisements. The goal
5628-598: The needs and desires of the audience they are trying to appeal to. Sometimes the interests of differing audiences and stakeholders common to a public relations effort necessitate the creation of several distinct but complementary messages. These messages however should be relevant to each other, thus creating consistency in the overall message and theme. Audience targeting tactics are important for public relations practitioners because they face all kinds of problems: low visibility, lack of public understanding, opposition from critics, and insufficient support from funding sources. On
5712-496: The organization and the public interest ." The Public Relations Society of America , a professional trade association, defined public relations in 1982 as: "Public relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other." In 2011 and 2012, the PRSA solicited crowd-supplied definitions for the term and allowed the public to vote on one of three finalists. The winning definition stated that: "Public relations
5796-403: The other hand, stakeholder theory identifies people who have a stake in a given institution or issue. All audiences are stakeholders (or presumptive stakeholders), but not all stakeholders are members of a target audience. For example, if a charity commissions a public relations agency to create an advertising campaign to raise money to find a cure for a disease, the charity and the people with
5880-473: The phone – providing accommodation booking services, training of tourist guides, developing the product through events, promotions such as London in Bloom , and providing information for conference and exhibition organisers. Here are some of the highlights: LTB worked in partnership with the Greater London Council, the London boroughs and others, initiating a series of marketing campaigns aimed at tourists from
5964-462: The plural is "central to the understanding" of public relations, writing "all organisations have a series of publics, or stakeholders, on whom their success depends". He follows Roger Hayward (1991) in dividing the publics into "customers (past, present, and future), staff (past, present, and future), investors (past, present, and future), politicians and regulators, neighbours, and business partners (suppliers, distributors, etc.)". Langley also contests
6048-585: The practice to Europe when they set up European subsidiaries in the wake of the Marshall plan of 1948–1952. In the second half of the 20th century, public relations entered an era of professional development . Trade associations, PR news-magazines, international PR agencies, and academic principles for the profession were established. In the early 2000s, press-release services began offering social-media press releases. The Cluetrain Manifesto , which predicted
6132-399: The press. Video and audio news releases (VNRs and ANRs) are often produced and distributed to TV outlets in hopes they will be used as regular program content. A fundamental technique used in public relations is to identify the target audience and to tailor messages that are relevant to each audience. Audience targeting requires public relations professionals to have a deep understanding of
6216-478: The public forum, but to obtain such a hearing for their ideas requires a skilled advocate. Marketing and communications strategist, Ira Gostin, believes there is a code of conduct when conducting business and using public relations. Public relations specialists have the ability to influence society. Fact-checking and presenting accurate information is necessary to maintain credibility with employers and clients. The Public Relations Society of America has established
6300-594: The public's consciousness. Furthermore, he is also concerned with ideologies and courses of actions as well as material goods and services and public utilities and industrial associations and large trade groups for which it secures popular support. In August 1978, the World Assembly of Public Relations Associations defined the field as "the art and social science of analyzing trends , predicting their consequences, counselling organizational leaders and implementing planned programs of action, which will serve both
6384-621: The release of certain news so it can take advantage of prominent events in the news. Negative public relations, also called dark public relations (DPR), 'black hat PR' and in some earlier writing "Black PR", is a process of destroying the target's reputation and/or corporate identity . The objective in DPR is to discredit someone else, who may pose a threat to the client's business or be a political rival. DPR may rely on IT security , industrial espionage , social engineering and competitive intelligence . Common techniques include using dirty secrets from
6468-663: The settling of the New World and during the movement to abolish slavery in England. Basil Clarke is considered the founder of public relations in the United Kingdom for his establishment of "Editorial Services" in 1924. The United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and others used the concept of propaganda , which later evolved into public relations, to rally domestic support and to demonize enemies during
6552-502: The then prime minister, Tony Blair , attempted to block the nomination of Livingstone, a factional rival, and imposed his own candidate. In reaction, Livingstone stood as an independent candidate, resulting in his expulsion from the Labour Party. In March 2000, he was elected as Mayor of London, pushing Labour's candidate into third place. Following an interim period in which the mayor and assembly had been elected but had no powers,
6636-404: The various mediated messages. According to Jim Hoggan , "public relations is not by definition 'spin'. Public relations is the art of building good relationships. You do that most effectively by earning trust and goodwill among those who are important to you and your business... Spin is to public relations what manipulation is to interpersonal communications. It's a diversion whose primary effect
6720-528: The way an organization is perceived by influencing the media and maintaining relationships with stakeholders. According to Jacquie L'Etang from Queen Margaret University, public relations professionals can be viewed as "discourse workers specializing in communication and the presentation of argument and employing rhetorical strategies to achieve managerial aims." Specific public relations disciplines include: Building and managing relationships with those who influence an organization or individual's audiences have
6804-413: Was based on the mayor–council government of many American and Canadian cities rather than the parliamentary-style GLC. Indeed, it was partly aimed at making sure the new body resembled the erstwhile GLC as little as possible. After Labour won the 1997 general election , the policy was outlined in a white paper entitled A Mayor and Assembly for London (March 1998). Simultaneously with the elections to
6888-420: Was established to replace a range of joint boards and quangos and provided an elected upper tier of local government in Greater London for the first time since the abolition of the Greater London Council in 1986. The GLA is responsible for the strategic administration of the 1,579 km (610 sq mi) of Greater London . It shares local government powers with the councils of 32 London boroughs and
6972-502: Was involved: From early on LTB has been involved in a range of research activities. LTB took over the annual London Visitor survey from BTA in 1986 and produced an annual compendium of statistics for the industry and planners. The last London Visitor Survey coordinated by London & Partners was conducted in 2006 using a face-to-face methodology. Latest publicly available information from the London Visitor Survey (incl
7056-716: Was put into administration by the Greater London Authority , and the tourism responsibility was transferred to a new company, London & Partners. Alongside finance and retailing Tourism in London is one of London's most important industries. When the London Tourist Board was founded in 1963 a mere 1.6 million overseas visitors came to London, in the year 2010 this had grown to 10 million, plus 16 million from overseas. The London Tourist Board set up by industry representatives including Sir Charles Forte , later Lord Forte, famous hotelier, with support from
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