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72-470: Narnia is a fantasy world created by C. S. Lewis as the primary location for his series of seven fantasy novels for children, The Chronicles of Narnia . The world is named after the country of Narnia , where much of the Chronicles takes place. In Narnia, some animals talk, mythical beasts abound, and magic is common. The series tracks the story of Narnia when humans, usually children, enter

144-517: A "place...[where] assumptions and desires [about the genre] are confirmed" and emotional satisfaction that comes from various elements of the world fulfill readers' expectations for quality. Early fantasy worlds appeared as fantasy lands , part of the same planet but separated by geographical barriers. For example, Oz , though a fantasy world in every way, is described as part of this world. Although medieval peasants who seldom if ever traveled far from their villages could not conclusively say that it

216-624: A broadly comic way, almost vaudevillian. But in our post-September 11, 2001, world, he would, I am sure, want to reconsider this insensitivity." Outspoken atheist critic and novelist Philip Pullman has called the Chronicles of Narnia "blatantly racist" and in an interview with The Observer , criticised the film adaptation of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by saying the books contained "a peevish blend of racist , misogynistic , and reactionary prejudice ". Calormenes live south of

288-562: A cut from a whip or a punch from the butt end of a spear. He also reveals the motivation for Calormene attempts to invade Archenland and, ultimately, Narnia, as a refusal to abide the thought of free countries so close to the border of the Calormene empire, as illustrated by this speech given by the Tisroc: "These little barbarian countries that call themselves free (which is as much to say, idle, disordered, and unprofitable) are hateful to

360-411: A desert, wear turbans and pointed shoes, their noblemen are called Tarkaans (similar to the medieval Central Asian title tarkhan ), they are armed with scimitars, and their money is called "crescents". Of Lewis, Kyrie O'Connor writes: " In his time, people thought it was amusing to make fun of other cultures. We don't. Read the stories, ask questions, and remember that the person who wrote this story

432-465: A fantasy land with definite connections to the actual world is Austin Tappan Wright's Islandia . Islandia's remoteness and aura of mystery, as well as its preservation of an arcadian society, are explained by means of a law that allows only limited contact with foreigners. Dream frames were also once common for encasing the fantasy world with an explanation of its marvels. Such a dream frame

504-509: A fantasy work is often of great importance to the plot and characters of the story. The setting itself can be imperiled by the evil of the story, suffer a calamity, and be restored by the transformation the story brings about. Stories that use the setting as merely a backdrop for the story have been criticized for their failure to use it fully. Even when the land itself is not in danger, it is often used symbolically, for thematic purposes, and to underscore moods. For readers, fantasy worlds offer

576-690: A kind of cold war . Calormenes are described as dark-skinned, with the men mostly bearded. Flowing robes, turbans and wooden shoes with an upturned point at the toe are common items of clothing, and the preferred weapon is the scimitar . Lavish palaces are present in the Calormene capital Tashbaan . The overall leitmotif of Calormene culture is portrayed as ornate to the point of ostentation. The people of Calormen are concerned with maintaining honour and precedent, often speaking in maxims and quoting their ancient poets. Veneration of elders and absolute deference to power are marks of Calormene society. Power and wealth determine class and social standing, and slavery

648-631: A lack of land to contain it; but such Ruritanian romances may be pushed toward the category of fantasy worlds by the introduction of figures such as witches and wise women, where it is not clear if their magic is effectual. According to Lin Carter in Imaginary Worlds: the Art of Fantasy , fantasy worlds, by their nature, contain some element of magic (paranormal) . This element may be the creatures in it ( dragons , unicorns , genies and so on) or

720-469: A mention of the Tisroc with the phrase "may he live forever". Ranking below the Tisroc are his sons (princes), a Grand Vizier, and the noble classes, who are addressed as Tarkaan (male) and Tarkheena (female). The nobility have a band of gold on their arm and their marriages are usually arranged at a young age. Beneath them are soldiers of the empire's vast army, merchants, and the peasantry, with slaves being

792-507: A nexus of sorts, existing outside the other worlds and not being a world on its own. The wood derives its name from The Wood Beyond the World , a fantasy novel by William Morris , an author who Lewis greatly admired. However, the location's function stems from another Morris novel, The Well at the World's End . Some scholars have suggested Dante's Divine Comedy or Algnernon Blackwood's "The Education of Uncle Paul", both of which Lewis

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864-689: A scantier meal than any man in your land." C. S. Lewis has been accused of racism, particularly in his depiction of the Calormenes. In the Companion to Narnia , the Catholic theologian Paul F. Ford wrote "C. S. Lewis was a man of his time and socioeconomic class. Like many English men of this era, Lewis was unconsciously but regrettably unsympathetic to things and people Middle Eastern. Thus he sometimes engages in exaggerated stereotyping in contrasting things Narnian and things Calormene. He intends this in

936-529: A slothful influence on those travelling it, which is explained by C.S. Lewis as the Wood being a place where nothing ever happens, unlike the different worlds that it connects. For the child protagonists, this experience is pleasant and relaxing. However, it affects the White Witch Jadis negatively: she shrieks in despair that the wood is "killing" her, and she is sickly and pale. It could be described as

1008-596: A war took place. However, Lewis later placed Calormen at the focus of The Horse and His Boy —set a thousand years earlier, at the time of High King Peter . The origins of Calormen and the Calormenes are not made clear during the Chronicles . According to the Narnian timeline published by Walter Hooper , Calormen was founded by Archen outlaws, who traveled over the Great Desert to the south some 24 years after Archenland's founding. In an alternative theory, Calormen

1080-471: Is a mountainous country south of Narnia. It is bordered on the north by Narnia and on the south by the Winding Arrow River and further south is the Great Desert. The seat of government is at Anvard, in the heart of the country, a fortified area. Calormen is a semi-arid empire in the south of the world of Narnia. The capital of Calormen is Tashbaan , located on an island near the mouth of

1152-425: Is called the Tisroc and is believed by the Calormene people to have descended in a direct line from the god Tash , whom the people worship in addition to other gods and goddesses. The illustrations of Tash, a vulture headed god, by Pauline Baynes appear to be inspired by Hindu as opposed to Islamic imagery, with multiple arms and a distinct resemblance to the ancient Indian deity Garuda . Calormenes always follow

1224-462: Is clearly an artifact of the order in which C. S. Lewis wrote and published the stories, with the two stories above and The Magician's Nephew which also references ancient Mesopotamian civilisation in its depiction of Queen Jadis and Charn , appearing last three of the seven. When at the end of The Last Battle the characters cross into the Real Narnia and find there the counterparts of all

1296-605: Is commonplace. The unit of currency is the Crescent . Narnians hold Calormenes in disdain for their treatment of animals and slaves. Conversely, Calormenes refer to the human inhabitants of Narnia as "barbarians". All of this appears quite consistent with the Osmanli Turkish Ottoman Empire (1299-1923), its known and purported splendor, rigid class structure, and the always-volatile relationship with many of its European neighbors. The ruler of Calormen

1368-418: Is not consistent with the text of the Chronicles . For example, the outline dates Queen Swanwhite c.  1502 , though according to The Last Battle she ruled Narnia before Jadis returned (meaning that her reign must have ended before 898). Paul Ford, author of Companion to Narnia , points out that the text of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe states that Lucy and Edmund are one year apart in age;

1440-454: Is perhaps the most extensively developed of these worlds. Calormen In C. S. Lewis 's Chronicles of Narnia series of novels, Calormen / k ə ˈ l ɔːr m ə n / is a large country to the southeast of Narnia . Lewis probably derived its name from the Latin calor , meaning "heat". When using the name as an adjective or an ethnonym , Lewis spelled the name with an 'e' at

1512-553: Is situated at the top of an olive-covered hill. It was already ancient when the Romans defeated it in 299 BC. Its thirteenth-century fortress dominates a deep, narrow gorge of the Nera river which runs below. One of its most important archaeological features is a Romanesque cathedral, which contains the relics of a number of Umbrian saints. The novels revolve around the fantastical country of Narnia. The nation of Narnia, often and officially

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1584-509: Is the fiery nation of Bism, home to the Gnomes and Salamanders. The flat world of Narnia is connected to Earth and many other worlds through a nexus called the Wood between the Worlds. Travel is possible through a pool each for every world. The Wood is so named by Polly Plummer , who is transported there when Digory Kirke 's Uncle Andrew tricks her into picking up a magic yellow ring. It has

1656-579: The domed sky are the sun and moon, which rise from the Utter East and set in the Utter West. The Last Sea in the east is bright with a "drinkable light". There are stars and planets in the sky but in the Narnian world they are people who move accordingly, and some live on the surface. Deep below Narnia's surface is a dark sunless country Underland and even deeper than that, at the world's base,

1728-562: The Calormen-raised Cor and Aravis first hear Narnian (or Cor's native Archenlandish ) poetry they find it much more exciting. Calormen also prizes the art of story-telling, which, according to Lewis, forms part of the education of the nobility. The talking horse Bree , though not fond of most things Calormene, thoroughly enjoys a story told in Calormene style by Aravis. He also has the habit of rolling like inarticulate Calormene horses. In The Horse and His Boy , Lewis uses

1800-641: The Calormene Empire extends from the Western Mountains to the Great Eastern Ocean. The Calormene capital is Tashbaan, a large walled city located on an island hill at the mouth of a river and close to the northern desert. The country of Calormen was first mentioned by Lewis in a passing reference in chapter 2 of Prince Caspian , though in the first edition it was spelt Kalormen . He first wrote about Calormene characters in

1872-449: The Calormene military, which precipitates the end of the Narnian universe, was conducted in close cooperation with the appearance of the false Aslan and the proclamation that Aslan and Tash are one and the same. Calormene social and political institutions are depicted as essentially unchanged between the time of The Horse and His Boy and The Last Battle —more than a thousand years, in which Narnia has profoundly changed several times. This

1944-478: The Irish scenery, saying "I yearn to see County Down in the snow; one almost expects to see a march of dwarfs dashing past. How I long to break into a world where such things were true." Beginning in 1906, young C.S. Lewis (1898–1963) visited the northern Irish seaside near Portrush in the north of County Antrim many times. In later years, Lewis remembered the sounds of the sea, the cliffs rising above it, and

2016-477: The Kingdom of Archenland. In The Last Battle , there is a reference to King Erlian having fought a war with the Calormenes. King Tirian is—until the events narrated in the book—at peace with them, and some level of trade and travel exist between Narnia and Calormen. The Narnian King maintains a supply of Calormene armour and weapons for the purpose of conducting undercover operations in their country—suggesting

2088-609: The Kingdom of Narnia, was guarded over by Aslan, the Great Lion, and was filled with humans, talking animals, and other mythical creatures. Narnia was a land of rolling hills rising into low mountains to the south, and was predominantly forested, except for marshlands in the north. The country is bordered on the east by the Eastern Ocean, on the west by a great mountain range, on the north by the River Shribble, and on

2160-537: The Looking-Glass . Due to the fuzzy boundary between fantasy and science fiction , it is sometimes difficult to make a hard-and-fast distinction between "fantasy worlds" and planets in science fiction . For example, the worlds of Barsoom , Darkover , Gor , and the Witch World combine elements of both genres and fantasy worlds may have nonexistent, powerful technology. Fairytale fantasy may ignore

2232-867: The Merpeople and the islands of Galma, Terebinthia, Seven Isles, and the Lone Islands. Beyond the Bight of Calormen is more ocean, including the islands of Dragon Island, Burnt Island, Death Water Island, Island of the Duffers, Dark Island, and the Island of the Star. Beyond the Island of the Star, is another undersea country called the Eastern Last Sea, the water of white lilies known as the Silver Sea, and

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2304-452: The Narnian world from Earth . The entire Narnian timeline, from its creation to its end ( c.  1–2555 ), ran parallel to 49 Earth-years ( c.  1900–1949 ), thus on average a year on Earth meant 52.14 time dilation years in Narnia. The landscape of Lewis's native Ireland , in particular his native Ulster , now modern day Northern Ireland for most parts, played a large part in

2376-452: The River of Calormen, which flows from west to east in the north of Calormen, just south of the Great Desert. The city of Azim Balda, to the south of Tashbaan, is a hub where many roads meet; it hosts the government's postal system. Prince Caspian describes slave trade between Calormen and Telmar from areas far south of Calormen. North of Narnia lies Ettinsmoor, a cold barren plain home to

2448-612: The Utter East, which is a small plain, bordering a perpetual wave and the high mountains of Aslan's Country . To Narnia's west is the landlocked Western Wild, south of this country and also west of Calormen is the Far West region , and somewhere beyond this is Telmar , and eventually on the other side of the unnamed continent is the Western Sea. The Western Sea is an uncharted territory of the Narnian world, but some claim that on its islands are "strange and unearthly creatures". In

2520-452: The World's End . and particularly since the 1954 publication of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . Such a world is often called "pseudo-medieval"—particularly when the writer has snatched up random elements from the era, which covered a thousand years and a continent, and thrown them together without consideration for their compatibility, or even introduced ideas not so much based on

2592-619: The absence of miraculous elements, authors may introduce "a retreat of magic" (sometimes called "thinning") that explains why the magic and other fantastic elements no longer appear: For example, in The Lord of the Rings , the destruction of the One Ring defeated Sauron , but also destroyed the power of the Three Rings of the elves , resulting in them sailing to the West at the end of

2664-624: The actual Middle Ages. Fantasy worlds also tend to be economically medieval, and disproportionately pastoral . Careful world-building plus meticulous attention to detail is often cited as the reason why certain fantasy works are deeply convincing and contain a magical sense of place. Heavy and faithful use of real-world setting for inspiration, as in Barry Hughart 's Bridge of Birds , clearly derived from China, or Lloyd Alexander 's use of real-world cultures such as Welsh for The Chronicles of Prydain or Indian for The Iron Ring , make

2736-557: The ancient Arabian, Persian , Moorish , Mughal , and Ottoman Turkish aspects of Calormene culture, or the origin of their religion, was not satisfactorily explained, but stand in strong counterpoint to the largely European , Anglo and Greco-Roman (and Christian) aspects of Narnia and Archenland. Throughout the times covered by the Chronicles of Narnia , Calormen and Narnia maintain an uneasy, albeit generally peaceable, coexistence. The Horse and His Boy and The Last Battle contain plot lines that focus on Calormen, while some of

2808-631: The creation of the Narnian landscape. In his essay On Stories , Lewis wrote "I have seen landscapes, notably in the Mourne Mountains and southwards which under a particular light made me feel that at any moment a giant might raise his head over the next ridge". In a letter to his brother, Lewis would later confide "that part of Rostrevor which overlooks Carlingford Lough is my idea of Narnia". Although in adult life Lewis lived in England , he returned to Ulster often and retained fond memories of

2880-474: The cultural settings of Narnia, Archenland, and Calormen to develop a theme of freedom in contrast to slavery. Lewis depicts the Calormene culture as one in which a primary guiding principle is that the weak must make way for the strong: For in Tashbaan there is only one traffic regulation, which is that everyone who is less important has to get out of the way for everyone who is more important; unless you want

2952-491: The edge of the desert. The poetry of Calormen is prolix, sententious, and moralizing. Quotations from Calormen poets are often quoted as proverbs . These include such as the following: Application to business is the root of prosperity but those who ask questions that do not concern them are steering the ship of folly towards the rock of indigence. Natural affection is stronger than soup and offspring more precious than carbuncles. He who attempts to deceive

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3024-526: The empire from the northern states of Narnia and Archenland. Tashbaan is described as one of the wonders of the world. The city is a hot and crowded place, though with fine streets, magnificent palaces, and gardens. It is built on a natural slope, rising to the palace of the Tisroc and the great Temple of Tash at the pinnacle of the hill. The palace of the Tisroc is referred to as being magnificent beyond description and opens onto gardens that run right down to

3096-487: The end: a Calormene / k ə ˈ l ɔːr m ə n / soldier; "The Calormenes have dark faces and long beards." Narnia and Calormen are separated by the country of Archenland and a large desert . In The Horse and His Boy , Calormen is described as being many times the size of its northern neighbours, and it is implied that its army is always either conquering more land or keeping down rebellions, in wars with which neither Narnia nor Archenland are involved. The border of

3168-521: The fantastic elements should ideally operate according to self-consistent rules of their own; for example, if wizards' spells sap their strength, a wizard who does not appear to suffer this must either be putting up a facade or have an alternative explanation. This distinguishes fantasy worlds from Surrealism and even from such dream worlds as are found in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through

3240-466: The gods and to all persons of discernment." In contrast, the kings and queens of Narnia and Archenland, as rulers of free people, hold themselves responsible for the well-being of their subjects. As King Lune tells Shasta/Cor: "For this is what it means to be a king: to be first in every desperate attack and last in every desperate retreat, and when there's hunger in the land (as must be now and then in bad years) to wear finer clothes and laugh louder over

3312-448: The judicious is already baring his back for the scourge. Swords can be kept off with shields but the Eye of Wisdom pierces through every defence. Deep draughts from the fountain of reason are desirable in order to extinguish the fire of youthful love. Calormenes disparage Narnian poetry, contending that it is all about things like love and war and not about useful maxims, but when

3384-434: The line between fantasy worlds and alternate histories fuzzy. The use of cultural elements, and still more history and geography, from actual settings, pushes a work toward alternative history. Conversely, the creation by an author of an imaginary country—such as Ruritania or Graustark —does not automatically transform that imaginary country into a fantasy world, even if the location would be impossible in reality owing to

3456-462: The lowest rung on the social ladder. The Calormene leaders are portrayed as quite war-like, and the Tisrocs generally seem to have a wish to conquer the "barbarian" lands to their north - to some degree deterred, however, by the magical reputation of the countries, their various rulers and their being known to be under the protection of Aslan . Significantly, the final, successful invasion of Narnia by

3528-433: The magical abilities of the people inhabiting the world. These are often drawn from mythology and folklore , frequently that of the historical country also used for inspiration. Fantasy worlds created through a process called world building are known as a constructed world . Constructed worlds elaborate and make self-consistent the setting of fantasy work. World building often relies on materials and concepts taken from

3600-428: The medieval era as on romanticized views of it. When these worlds are copied not so much from history as from other fantasy works, there is a heavy tendency to uniformity and lack of realism. The full width and breadth of the medieval era is seldom drawn upon. Governments, for instance, tend to be uncompromisingly feudal-based, or evil empires or oligarchies , usually corrupt, while there was far more variety of rule in

3672-505: The nature of the plots; earlier works often feature a solitary individual whose adventures in the fantasy world are of personal significance, and where the world clearly exists to give scope to these adventures, and later works more often feature characters in a social web, where their actions are to save the world and those in it from peril. The most common fantasy world is one based on medieval Europe, and has been since William Morris used it in his early fantasy works, such as The Well at

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3744-470: The normal world-building in order to present a world operating by the same logic as the fairytales from which they are derived, though other works in this subgenre develop their worlds fully. Comic fantasy may ignore all possible logic in search of humor, particularly if it is parodying other fantasies' faulty world-building, as in Diana Wynne Jones 's Dark Lord of Derkholm , or the illogic of

3816-624: The once civilized, now anarchistic giants. North of Ettinsmoor is a deep gorge crossed by an ancient bridge known simply as the "Giant Bridge", part of a long-abandoned road. This leads to the Wild Lands of the North, home of the Ruined City of the Giants and the castle Harfang, which is still inhabited by giants. East of Narnia is the Great Eastern Ocean, where the Bight of Calormen is home to

3888-472: The other books have peripheral references. In The Horse and His Boy the main characters (one a young member of the Calormene nobility) escape from Calormen to Archenland and Narnia whilst the Calormene cavalry under Prince Rabadash attempts to invade Narnia and capture the Narnian Queen Susan for his bride. The rather small (200 horse) Calormene invasion force is rebuffed at the gates of

3960-407: The places they had known in the destroyed Narnia, there is a reference to a counterpart of Calormen being also there to its south, complete with the capital Tashbaan—presumably without the nastier aspects of Calormene culture, but this is not discussed in detail. The capital of Calormen is the walled city of Tashbaan, situated on a river mouth located on the southern verge of the great desert dividing

4032-449: The real world. Despite the use of magic or other fantastic elements such as dragons, the world is normally presented as one that would function normally, one in which people could actually live, making economic, historical, and ecological sense. It is considered a flaw to have, for example, pirates living in lands far from trade routes, or to assign prices for a night's stay in an inn that would equate to several years’ income. Furthermore,

4104-537: The river wall. Tashbaan is surrounded by a strong wall that rises out of the water and is reached by long bridges from both banks, providing the only place where crossing the great river of Calormen is possible for many miles. The banks of the river are lined with gardens and country houses. The Tombs of the Ancient Kings, believed by the Carlomenes to be haunted, lie directly across the river from Tashbaan, on

4176-409: The ruined medieval towers of Dunluce Castle which many authors have speculated may have inspired his creation of Cair Paravel. Concerning Narnia and Narni , Roger Lancelyn Green writes about C.S. Lewis and Walter Hooper : When Walter Hooper asked [C.S. Lewis] where he found the word 'Narnia', Lewis showed him Murray's Small Classical Atlas , ed. G.B. Grundy (1904), which he acquired when he

4248-659: The sea, the Lone Islands —though in theory remaining a Narnian possession—fell into the Calormene sphere of influence, becoming a major source of slaves for Calormen and adopting the Calormene Crescent as the islands' currency. After Caspian the Seafarer restored Narnian rule and abolished slavery in the islands, there was some apprehension of Calormen resorting to war to regain its influence there. The book's plot then moves away and it remains unknown whether such

4320-536: The setting is integral to the comedy, as in L. Sprague de Camp 's Solomon's Stone , where the fantasy world is populated by the heroic and glamorous figures that people daydream about being, resulting in a severe shortage of workers in the more mundane, day-to-day industries. Most other subgenres of fantasy suffer if the world-building is neglected. Rather than creating their own fantasy world, many authors choose to set their novels in Earth's past. In order to explain

4392-510: The south by Archenland . The economic heart of the country centres on the Great River of Narnia, which crosses the country from the northwest on an east-southeasterly course to the Eastern Ocean. The seat of government is the castle of Cair Paravel , originally on a peninsula, later an island, at the mouth of the Great River on the coast of the Great Eastern Ocean. Other communities along the river include (from east to west): Archenland

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4464-611: The story. A contemporary fantasy necessarily takes place in what purports to be the real world, and not a fantasy world. It may, however, include references to such a retreat. J. K. Rowling 's Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them explains that wizards eventually decided to conceal all magical creatures and artifacts from non-magic users. Dungeons & Dragons , the first major role-playing game , has created several detailed and commercially successful fantasy worlds (called " campaign settings "), with established characters, locations, histories, and sociologies. The Forgotten Realms

4536-530: The subsequent Voyage of the Dawn Treader , though neither of these is their first chronological appearance in the series. They are presented with the following words: "The Calormenes have dark faces and long beards. They wear flowing robes and orange-coloured turbans, and they are a wise, wealthy, courteous, cruel and ancient people". As narrated in that book, after the Telmarine kings cut Narnia off from

4608-527: The year or years in which events take place, so the timeline is the only source for this information. Kathryn Lindskoog , along with other Lewis scholars, has challenged the authenticity of some posthumous works attributed to Lewis and edited by Hooper, but the validity of the outline in particular has not been questioned. The outline is accepted by Lewis experts and has been included in works by Paul Ford, Martha Sammons and others. Several people have pointed out more or less significant areas where Lewis's Outline

4680-604: The years given in the timeline for their births, 1930 and 1932 respectively, would put their ages at something more than a year. Devin Brown, author of Inside Narnia: A Guide to Exploring The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, uses the timeline as a way to reconcile some of the statements concerning the timing of Aslan's appearances in Narnia with other characters' recollections of those appearances. Fantasy world Many fantasy worlds draw heavily on real world history, geography, sociology, mythology, and folklore. The setting of

4752-482: Was added to the story of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz for the movie version; in the book, Oz is clearly defined as an actual place. H.P. Lovecraft made active use of the dream frame, creating elaborate geographies accessible to humans only when they were asleep and dreaming. These dream settings have been criticized, and are far less frequent today. This change is part of a general trend toward more self-consistent and substantive fantasy worlds. This has also altered

4824-499: Was altogether too human. " Claims of racism can be seen as countered by Lewis's positive portrayal of two Calormenes and the lack of racism shown to them by Narnian nobility. Lewis writes in The Last Battle that those who worship Tash and who are virtuous are in fact worshipping Aslan, and those who are immoral and who worship Aslan are in fact worshipping Tash: I and [Tash] are of such different kinds that no service which

4896-610: Was founded by people accidentally crossing into Calormen from our world through a Middle Eastern portal (similar to the English wardrobe in The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe), which was subsequently lost or destroyed, preventing their return. The Calormenes speak a flowery version of the standard English favoured by both human and animal Narnians, which might support this argument; however, Jadis also speaks English. The reason for

4968-538: Was impossible that, for example, an ogre could live a day's travel away, distant continents were necessary from the Renaissance onwards for such fantastic speculation to be plausible, until finally, further exploration rendered all such terrestrial fantasy lands implausible. Even within the span of mere decades, Oz, which had been situated in a desert in the United States when first written about in 1900,

5040-492: Was known to have enjoyed, as possible secondary influences. Lewis provided a timeline of events related to The Chronicles of Narnia , in emulation of The Tale of the Years chronology in J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . He gave an "Outline of Narnian History" in manuscript form to Walter Hooper , who included it in his essay Past Watchful Dragons: The Fairy Tales of C. S. Lewis . The novels never explicitly mention

5112-564: Was reading the classics with Mr [William T. Kirkpatrick at Great Bookham [1914–1917]. On plate 8 of the Atlas is a map of ancient Italy. Lewis had underscored the name of a little town called Narnia, simply because he liked the sound of it. Narnia – or ' Narni ' in Italian ;– is in Umbria , halfway between Rome and Assisi . Narnia, a small medieval town,

5184-597: Was relocated to a spot in the Pacific Ocean. An early example of the fantasy land/world concept can be seen in the One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabian Nights ), where places of which little was known, but where the occurrence of marvels was thus more credible, had to be set "long ago" or "far away". This is a process that continues and finally culminates in the fantasy world having little connection, if any, to actual times and places. A more recent example of

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