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83-797: Lonesome Cowboys is a 1968 American Western film directed by Andy Warhol and written and produced by Paul Morrissey . The film is a satire of Hollywood Westerns, and was initially screened in November 1968 at the San Francisco International Film Festival , where it won the Best Film Award. On May 5, 1969, it was shown for initial viewings at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre in New York City. Lonesome Cowboys

166-558: A popular icon through his starring roles in films which were produced during Hollywood's Golden Age , especially in Western and war movies. His career flourished from the silent era of the 1920s through the American New Wave , as he appeared in a total of 179 film and television productions. He was among the top box-office draws for three decades and appeared with many other important Hollywood stars of his era. In 1999,

249-709: A Woman starring George Gobel and Diana Dors had its Los Angeles opening. In it, Wayne had a cameo as himself. On October 2, John Huston 's The Barbarian and the Geisha , in which Wayne played the lead and clashed with his director all the way, had its New York opening. Howard Hawks 's Rio Bravo premiered on March 18, 1959. In it, Wayne plays the lead with a supporting cast including Dean Martin , Ricky Nelson , Angie Dickinson , Walter Brennan and Ward Bond . John Ford's The Horse Soldiers had its world premiere in Shreveport, Louisiana on June 18. Set during

332-815: A cattleman driving his herd on the Chisholm Trail in Red River (1948), a Civil War veteran whose niece is abducted by a tribe of Comanches in The Searchers (1956), a troubled rancher competing with a lawyer ( James Stewart ) for a woman's hand in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and a cantankerous one-eyed marshal in True Grit (1969), for which he received the Academy Award for Best Actor . Wayne

415-612: A centurion in George Stevens 's The Greatest Story Ever Told . On April 6, he shared the screen with Kirk Douglas and Patricia Neal in Otto Preminger 's In Harm's Way . On June 13, he acted in Henry Hathaway's The Sons of Katie Elder with Dean Martin . In 1966, Wayne appeared in a cameo role for Melville Shavelson 's Cast a Giant Shadow starring Kirk Douglas. On May 24, 1967, Wayne played

498-454: A departure from the 1985 original (a sci-fi) and the 1989 sequel (an action adventure), Part III has been regarded by others as a fitting end to the series. At the turn of the 21st century, Westerns have once again seen an ongoing revival in popularity. Largely influenced by the recapturing of Americana mythology , appreciation for the vaquero folklore within Mexican culture and

581-596: A film about the crews who put out oil rig fires. Katharine Ross played a supporting role. On June 13, 1969, Henry Hathaway's True Grit premiered. For his role as Rooster Cogburn, Wayne won the Best Actor Oscar at the Academy Awards . In November of that year another film starring Wayne was released, Andrew V. McLaglen's The Undefeated with Rock Hudson . On June 24, 1970, Andrew V. McLaglen's Chisum started to play in cinemas. Wayne took

664-472: A guest on radio programs, such as: The Hedda Hopper Show and The Louella Parsons Show . He made a number of appearances in dramatic roles, mainly recreations for radio of his own film roles, on such programs as Screen Directors Playhouse and Lux Radio Theatre . For six months in 1942, Wayne starred in his own radio adventure series, Three Sheets to the Wind , produced by film director Tay Garnett . In

747-480: A huge box-office flop at the time, but came to be highly regarded by modern critics. After the commercial failure of The Big Trail , Wayne was relegated to small roles in A pictures, including Columbia's The Deceiver (1931), in which he played a corpse. He appeared in the serial The Three Musketeers (1933), an updated version of the Alexandre Dumas novel in which the protagonists were soldiers in

830-700: A man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay . He played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team. Wayne applied to the U.S. Naval Academy , but was not accepted due to poor grades. Instead, he attended the University of Southern California (USC), majoring in pre-law . He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities. Wayne, who stood 6 feet 4 + 1 ⁄ 2  inches (1.94 metres) tall, also played on

913-592: A mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West, embodied most memorably in Monument Valley, with its buttes and mesas that tower above the men on horseback, whether they be settlers, soldiers, or Native Americans". John Wayne Marion Robert Morrison (May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), professionally known as John Wayne and nicknamed " the Duke ", was an American actor who became

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996-772: A prop boy and extra. Wayne later credited his walk, talk, and persona to his acquaintance with Wyatt Earp , who was good friends with Tom Mix. Wayne soon moved to bit parts , establishing a longtime friendship with the director who provided most of those roles, John Ford. Early in this period, he had a minor, uncredited role as a guard in the 1926 film Bardelys the Magnificent . Wayne also appeared with his USC teammates playing football in Brown of Harvard (1926), The Dropkick (1927), and Salute (1929) and Columbia 's Maker of Men (filmed in 1930, released in 1931). While working for Fox Film Corporation in bit roles, Wayne

1079-825: A question-and-answer session with the artist, Morrissey, Viva, and Allen Midgette at Arizona State University and the Cinema I Film Society at the Tucson Jewish Community Center. Warhol and Viva apparently both enjoyed their time in Arizona so much that they made plans to find a way to return, which culminated in Paul Morrissey's writing the screenplay for Lonesome Cowboys to be shot there two months later. A detailed first-hand account of Warhol's time in Tucson by Cinema I director Shirley Pasternack

1162-466: A reference to Midnight Cowboy . The original poster promoting the film, designed by George Abagnalo, is shown prominently in a portrait of Warhol by Jack Mitchell . In August 1969, the film was seized by police in Atlanta, Georgia , personnel at The Ansley Mall Mini Cinema were arrested, and the entire audience was searched by police for their identifications. The event was considered a turning point in

1245-622: A role which Wayne had wanted, but turned down. Upon its theatrical release, it grossed $ 13,406,138 domestically. About $ 6 million were earned as US theatrical rentals . The film received positive reviews. It was named one of the Ten Best Films of 1976 by the National Board of Review. Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times ranked The Shootist number 10 on his list of the 10 best films of 1976. The film

1328-562: A week of basic training at the Army's Infantry Training Center at Fort Ord in northern California. Morrow noted that the instructors who worked with the cast at Fort Ord had one common request: not to act like John Wayne. "Poor John," Morrow told a reporter. "I wonder if he knows he's almost a dirty word in the Army." On February 20, 1963, Wayne acted in a segment of How the West Was Won directed by John Ford. On June 12, Wayne played

1411-536: Is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man (1952) with Maureen O'Hara , Rio Bravo (1959) with Dean Martin , and The Longest Day (1962). In his final screen performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist (1976). Wayne made his last public appearance at the Academy Awards ceremony on April 9, 1979, and died of stomach cancer two months later. In 1980, he

1494-408: Is often considered to mark the beginning of the genre. Westerns were a major genre during the silent era (1894–1929) and continued to grow in popularity during the sound era (post–1929). The genre reached its pinnacle between 1945 and 1965 when it comprised roughly a quarter of studio output. The advent of color and widescreen during this era opened up new possibilities for directors to portray

1577-521: Is often erroneously cited as the first Western, though George N. Fenin and William K. Everson point out that the "Edison company had played with Western material for several years prior to The Great Train Robbery ". Nonetheless, they concur that Porter's film "set the pattern—of crime, pursuit, and retribution—for the Western film as a genre". The film's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become

1660-553: The Three Mesquiteers Westerns, whose title was a play on the Dumas classic. He was mentored by stuntmen in riding and other Western skills. Stuntman Yakima Canutt and Wayne developed and perfected stunts and onscreen fisticuffs techniques that are still in use. One of the main innovations with which Wayne is credited in these early Poverty Row Westerns is allowing the good guys to fight as convincingly as

1743-838: The American Film Institute selected Wayne as one of the greatest male stars of classic American cinema. Wayne was born in Winterset, Iowa , but grew up in Southern California . After losing his football scholarship to the University of Southern California due to a bodysurfing accident, he began working for the Fox Film Corporation . He appeared mostly in small parts, but his first leading role came in Raoul Walsh 's Western The Big Trail (1930), an early widescreen film epic that

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1826-538: The French Foreign Legion in then-contemporary North Africa. He played the lead, with his name over the title, in many low-budget Poverty Row Westerns, mostly at Monogram Pictures and serials for Mascot Pictures Corporation . By Wayne's own estimation, he appeared in about 80 of these horse operas from 1930 to 1939. In Riders of Destiny (1933), he became one of the first singing cowboys of film, albeit via dubbing. Wayne also appeared in some of

1909-536: The Grand Canyon , Yosemite , and the giant redwoods , due in part to exhibitors' inability to switch over to widescreen during the Great Depression . After the renewed commercial successes of the Western in the late 1930s, their popularity continued to rise until the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced outnumbered all other genres combined. The period from 1940 to 1960 has been called

1992-513: The Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides , Scotland. He was raised Presbyterian. Wayne's family moved to Palmdale, California , and then in 1916 to Glendale at 404 Isabel Street, where his father worked as a pharmacist. He attended Glendale Union High School , where he performed well in both sports and academics. Wayne was part of his high school's football team and its debating team. He

2075-720: The Office of Strategic Services (OSS), precursor to the modern CIA , but his bid was ultimately unsuccessful. Wayne toured U.S. bases and hospitals in the South Pacific for three months in 1943 and 1944, with the USO . During this trip, he carried out a request from William J. Donovan , head of the OSS, to assess whether General Douglas MacArthur , commander of the South West Pacific Area , or his staff were hindering

2158-518: The USC football team under coach Howard Jones . A broken collarbone injury curtailed his athletic career; Wayne later noted that he was too terrified of Jones' reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury, a bodysurfing accident. He lost his athletic scholarship, and without funds, had to leave the university. As a favor to coach Jones, who had given silent Western film star Tom Mix tickets to USC games, director John Ford and Mix hired Wayne as

2241-515: The Wild West shows that began in the 1870s. These shows, which included stage plays and outdoor exhibitions, culminated in Buffalo Bill's Wild West , a touring performance that ran from 1883 to 1913. Wild West shows, which were intended for urban audiences, established many of the elements that came to define Western films, such as the blending of fact and fiction and the romanticization of

2324-402: The "Golden Age of the Western". It is epitomized by the work of several prominent directors including: There have been several instances of resurgence for the Western genre. According to Netflix , the popularity of the genre is due to its malleability: "As America has evolved, so too have Westerns." During the 1960s and 1970s, Spaghetti Westerns from Italy became popular worldwide; this

2407-412: The 1930s, Ford had difficulty getting financing for what was to be an A-budget film. After rejection by all the major studios, Ford struck a deal with independent producer Walter Wanger in which Claire Trevor —a much bigger star at the time—received top billing. Stagecoach was a huge critical and financial success, and Wayne became a mainstream star. Cast member Louise Platt credited Ford as saying at

2490-545: The 1930s. By the late 1930s, the Western film was widely regarded as a "pulp" genre in Hollywood, but its popularity was dramatically revived in 1939 by major studio productions such as Dodge City starring Errol Flynn , Jesse James with Tyrone Power , Union Pacific with Joel McCrea , Destry Rides Again featuring James Stewart and Marlene Dietrich , and especially John Ford's landmark Western adventure Stagecoach starring John Wayne , which became one of

2573-532: The 1940s, and he had begun to wear a hairpiece by the end of the decade. He was occasionally seen in public without the hairpiece (such as, according to Life , at Gary Cooper 's funeral). During an appearance at Harvard University , Wayne was asked by a student, "Is it true that your toupée is real mohair ?" He responded: "[...] sir, that's real hair. Not mine, but real hair." A close friend, California Congressman Alphonzo E. Bell Jr. , wrote of Wayne: "Duke's personality and sense of humor were very close to what

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2656-529: The American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the new frontier ". The term "Western", used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th-century popular Western fiction , and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form. Film critic Philip French has said that

2739-760: The Civil War, Wayne shares the lead with William Holden . Wayne notoriously portrayed Genghis Khan in The Conqueror (1956), which was panned by critics. In 1960, Wayne directed and produced The Alamo portraying Davy Crockett , with Richard Widmark as Jim Bowie . Wayne was nominated for an Oscar as the producer in the Best Picture category. That year Wayne also played the lead in Henry Hathaway 's North to Alaska also starring Stewart Granger and Ernie Kovacs . In 1961, Wayne shared

2822-498: The Duke . His divorce from Esperanza Baur, a Mexican former actress, was stormy. She believed that Wayne and co-star Gail Russell were having an affair, a claim that both Wayne and Russell denied. The night the film Angel and the Badman (1947) wrapped, the usual party was held for cast and crew, and Wayne came home very late. Esperanza was in a drunken rage by the time he arrived, and she attempted to shoot him as he walked through

2905-567: The Native Americans as dishonorable villains, the later and more culturally neutral Westerns gave Native Americans a more sympathetic treatment. Other recurring themes of Westerns include treks (e.g. The Big Trail ) or perilous journeys (e.g. Stagecoach ) or groups of bandits terrorizing small towns such as in The Magnificent Seven . The Western goes beyond simply a cinematic genre, and extends into defining

2988-707: The Old West – they included Annie Oakley (shooting) and members of the Sioux (dancing). Western films were enormously popular in the silent-film era (1894–1927). The earliest known Western narrative film is the British short Kidnapping by Indians , made by Mitchell and Kenyon in Blackburn , England, in 1899. The Great Train Robbery (1903, based on the earlier British film A Daring Daylight Burglary ), Edwin S. Porter 's film starring Broncho Billy Anderson ,

3071-565: The Sky (1953), The Wings of Eagles (1957), and Jet Pilot (1957). He appeared in nearly two dozen of John Ford's films over 20 years, including She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), The Quiet Man (1952), and The Wings of Eagles (1957). The first movie in which he called someone "Pilgrim", Ford's The Searchers (1956), is often considered to contain Wayne's finest and most complex performance. On May 14, 1958, Hal Kanter 's I Married

3154-701: The US Southwest , interest in the Western lifestyle 's music and clothing , along with popular videos games series such as Red Dead . Screenwriter and scholar Eric R. Williams identifies Western films as one of eleven super-genres in his screenwriters' taxonomy , claiming that all feature length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are action , crime , fantasy , horror , romance , science fiction , slice of life , sports , thriller , and war . Western films often depict conflicts with Native Americans . While early Eurocentric Westerns frequently portray

3237-601: The Western is "a commercial formula with rules as fixed and immutable as the Kabuki Theater." Western films commonly feature protagonists such as sheriffs, cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as seminomadic wanderers who wear Stetson hats, bandannas , spurs, and buckskins , use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival and as a means to settle disputes using "frontier justice". Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds. Film Westerns derive from

3320-627: The bad guys, by not always making them fight clean. Wayne claimed, "Before I came along, it was standard practice that the hero must always fight clean. The heavy was allowed to hit the hero in the head with a chair or throw a kerosene lamp at him or kick him in the stomach, but the hero could only knock the villain down politely and then wait until he rose. I changed all that. I threw chairs and lamps. I fought hard and I fought dirty. I fought to win." Wayne's second breakthrough role came with John Ford's Stagecoach (1939). Because of Wayne's B-movie status and track record in low-budget Westerns throughout

3403-418: The biggest hits of the year. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream screen star in the wake of a decade of headlining B Westerns. Wayne had been introduced to the screen 10 years earlier as the leading man in director Raoul Walsh 's spectacular widescreen The Big Trail , which failed at the box office in spite of being shot on location across the American West, including

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3486-455: The breathtaking scenery, it was filmed in two versions, a standard 35 mm version and another in the new 70 mm Grandeur film process, using an innovative camera and lenses. Many in the audience who saw it in Grandeur stood and cheered, but only a handful of theaters were equipped to show the film in its widescreen process, and the effort was largely wasted at the time. The film was considered

3569-461: The city's LGBT community and led to the first Atlanta Pride two years later. A 2010 remake by Marianne Dissard titled Lonesome Cowgirls was shot in Tucson, Arizona. Western film Western films derive from the Wild West shows that began in the 1870s. Originally referred to as "Wild West dramas", the shortened term "Western" came to describe the genre. Although other Western films were made earlier, The Great Train Robbery (1903)

3652-706: The classic collaboration between director Budd Boetticher and star Randolph Scott , and Gun the Man Down (1956) with contract player James Arness as an outlaw. One of Wayne's most popular roles was in The High and the Mighty (1954), directed by William Wellman , and based on a novel by Ernest K. Gann . His portrayal of a heroic copilot won widespread acclaim. Wayne also portrayed aviators in Flying Tigers (1942), Flying Leathernecks (1951), Island in

3735-498: The end of the decade, studios had mostly ceased to make Westerns. Despite their dwindling popularity during this decade, the 1960s gave rise to the revisionist Western , several examples of which became vital entries in the canon. Since the 1960s, new Western films have only appeared sporadically. Despite their decreased prominence, Western films remain an integral part of American culture and national mythology . The American Film Institute defines Western films as those "set in

3818-562: The film and television industry. Son Ethan was billed as John Ethan Wayne in a few films, and played one of the leads in the 1990s update of the Adam-12 television series. Ethan has also appeared on the History Channel show Pawn Stars to help authenticate merchandise supposedly related to his father's career. Granddaughter Jennifer Wayne, daughter of Aissa, is a member of the country music group Runaway June . In 1973, Wayne

3901-403: The front door. Wayne had several high-profile affairs, including one with Merle Oberon that lasted from 1938 to 1947. After his separation from Pilar, in 1973, Wayne became romantically involved and lived with his former secretary Pat Stacy (1941–1995) until his death in 1979. Stacy published a book about her life with him in 1983, titled Duke: A Love Story . Wayne's hair began to thin in

3984-598: The frontier. These early films were originally referred to as "Wild West dramas", the term "Western" came to describe the genre. The use of this shortened term appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World magazine. The first films that belong to the Western genre are a series of short single reel silents made in 1894 by Edison Studios at their Black Maria studio in West Orange, New Jersey . These featured veterans of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show exhibiting skills acquired by living in

4067-530: The lead in Burt Kennedy 's The War Wagon with Kirk Douglas as the second lead. His second movie that year, Howard Hawks's El Dorado , a highly successful partial remake of Rio Bravo with Robert Mitchum playing Dean Martin's original role, premiered on June 7. In 1968, Wayne co-directed with Ray Kellogg The Green Berets , the only major film made during the Vietnam War in support of

4150-403: The lead in his final John Ford film, Donovan's Reef , co-starring Lee Marvin . On November 13, another film starring Wayne premiered, Andrew V. McLaglen 's McLintock! , once again opposite Maureen O'Hara . In 1964, Wayne played the leading role in Henry Hathaway's Circus World with Claudia Cardinale and Rita Hayworth . On February 15, 1965, Wayne played the brief cameo role of

4233-686: The lead with Stuart Whitman in Michael Curtiz 's The Comancheros . On May 23, 1962, Wayne starred in John Ford's The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance with James Stewart. May 29 marked the premiere of Howard Hawks's Hatari! , shot on location in Africa with Wayne playing the lead capturing wild animals from the beds of trucks; all the scenes with animals in the film are real. On October 4, The Longest Day started its theatrical run, with Wayne memorably acting with an ensemble cast. Although

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4316-512: The leading role of Jimmy Ringo in The Gunfighter (1950) to Gregory Peck due to his refusal to work for Columbia Pictures because its chief, Harry Cohn , had mistreated him years before when he was a young contract player. Cohn had bought the project for Wayne, but Wayne's grudge was too deep, and Cohn sold the script to Twentieth Century Fox , which cast Peck in the role Wayne badly wanted, but for which he refused to bend. Batjac ,

4399-645: The myth of the West in American culture. Early Westerns were mostly filmed in the studio, as in other early Hollywood films, but when location shooting became more common from the 1930s, producers of Westerns used desolate corners of Arizona , California , Colorado , Kansas , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Texas , Utah , or Wyoming . These settings gave filmmakers the ability to depict vast plains, looming mountains, and epic canyons. Productions were also filmed on location at movie ranches . Often,

4482-483: The name was set. Wayne was not even present for the discussion. His pay was raised to $ 105 a week. The Big Trail was to be the first big-budget outdoor spectacle of the sound era, made at a then-staggering cost over $ 2 million (over $ 32.8 million equivalent in 2021), using hundreds of extras and wide vistas of the American Southwest , still largely unpopulated at the time. To take advantage of

4565-430: The other top-level actors in the film accepted a token payment of only $ 10,000 each to play their roles, making the all-star cast feasible for the budget, Wayne was paid a quarter of a million dollars due to an earlier dispute with producer Darryl F. Zanuck . During this time, the cast of the television drama, Combat! , were preparing for the inaugural season. The principal cast (including Vic Morrow ) were to go through

4648-444: The plot of The African Queen along with Katharine Hepburn as his leading lady. In 1976, Wayne starred in Don Siegel 's The Shootist , also starring Lauren Bacall , Ron Howard and James Stewart . It was Wayne's final cinematic role, whose main character, J. B. Books, was dying of cancer, to which Wayne himself succumbed three years later. It contains numerous plot similarities to The Gunfighter of nearly 30 years before,

4731-505: The production company co-founded by Wayne in 1952, was named after the fictional shipping company Batjak in Wake of the Red Witch (1948), a film based on the novel by Garland Roark . (A spelling error by Wayne's secretary was allowed to stand, accounting for the variation.) Batjac (and its predecessor, Wayne-Fellows Productions) was the arm through which Wayne produced many films for himself and other stars. Its best-known non-Wayne productions were Seven Men From Now (1956), which started

4814-404: The role of an estranged father who must track down a gang who kidnapped his grandson. The film was a critically acclaimed hit. In 1972, Wayne starred in Mark Rydell 's The Cowboys . Vincent Canby of The New York Times , who did not particularly care for the film, wrote: "Wayne is, of course, marvelously indestructible, and he has become an almost perfect father figure". The same year, he

4897-506: The role of the owner of a cattle ranch, who finds out that a businessman is trying to own neighboring land illegally. On September 16, Howard Hawks ' Rio Lobo premiered. Wayne played Col. Cord McNally, who confronts Confederate soldiers who stole a shipment of gold at the end of the Civil War. This was another remake of Rio Bravo albeit without a second lead the box office caliber of Dean Martin or Robert Mitchum. In June 1971, George Sherman 's Big Jake made its debut. Wayne played

4980-407: The role throughout the series' run on NBC . Director Robert Rossen offered the starring role in All the King's Men (1949) to Wayne, but he refused, believing the script to be un-American in many ways. Broderick Crawford , who was eventually cast in the role, won the 1949 Oscar for best male actor, ironically beating out Wayne, who had been nominated for Sands of Iwo Jima (1949). He lost

5063-405: The screen's first Western star; he made several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from Tom Mix and William S. Hart . With the advent of sound in 1927–28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and producers. These smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in

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5146-451: The series, an international spy/detective show, Wayne played Dan O'Brien, a detective who used alcoholism as a mask for his investigatory endeavors. The show was intended by Garnett to be a pilot of sorts for a film version, though the motion picture never came to fruition. No episodes of the series featuring Wayne seem to have survived, though a demonstration episode with Brian Donlevy in the leading role does exist. Wayne, not Donlevy, played

5229-637: The time that Wayne would become the biggest star ever because of his appeal as the archetypal "everyman". America's entry into World War II resulted in a deluge of support for the war effort from all sectors of society, and Hollywood was no exception. Wayne was exempted from service due to his age (34 at the time of Pearl Harbor ) and family status (classified as 3-A – family deferment). Wayne repeatedly wrote to John Ford saying he wanted to enlist, on one occasion inquiring whether he could get into Ford's military unit. Wayne did not attempt to prevent his reclassification as 1-A (draft eligible), but Republic Studios

5312-414: The vast landscape becomes more than a vivid backdrop; it becomes a character in the film. After the early 1950s, various widescreen formats such as Cinemascope (1953) and VistaVision used the expanded width of the screen to display spectacular western landscapes. John Ford's use of Monument Valley as an expressive landscape in his films from Stagecoach to Cheyenne Autumn (1965), "present us with

5395-424: The vastness of the American landscape. This era also produced the genre's most iconic figures, including John Wayne and Randolph Scott , who developed personae that they maintained across most of their films. Director John Ford is often considered one of the genre's greatest filmmakers. With the proliferation of television in the 1960s, television Westerns began to supersede film Westerns in popularity. By

5478-442: The war. Wayne wanted to make this movie because at that time Hollywood had little interest in making movies about the Vietnam War. During the filming of The Green Berets , the Degar or Montagnard people of Vietnam's Central Highlands, fierce fighters against communism, bestowed on Wayne a brass bracelet that he wore in the film and all subsequent films. Also that year, Wayne played the lead in Andrew V. McLaglen's Hellfighters ,

5561-457: The work of the OSS. Donovan later issued Wayne an OSS Certificate of Service to memorialize Wayne's contribution to the OSS mission. By many accounts, his failure to serve in the military later became the most painful part of his life. His widow later suggested that his patriotism in later decades sprang from guilt, writing: "He would become a 'superpatriot' for the rest of his life trying to atone for staying home." Wayne's first color film

5644-441: Was The Shepherd of the Hills (1941), in which he co-starred with his longtime friend Harry Carey . The following year, he appeared in his only film directed by Cecil B. DeMille , the Technicolor epic Reap the Wild Wind (1942), in which he co-starred with Ray Milland and Paulette Goddard ; it was one of the rare times he played a character with questionable values. Like most Hollywood stars of his era, Wayne appeared as

5727-474: Was a box office failure. In 1974, Wayne took on the role of the eponymous detective in John Sturges 's crime drama McQ . On March 25, 1975, Douglas Hickox 's Brannigan premiered. In it, Wayne played a Chicago police lieutenant named Jim Brannigan on the hunt in London for an organized-crime leader. On October 17, Rooster Cogburn started its theatrical run; Wayne reprised his role as U.S. Marshal Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn with strong elements of

5810-419: Was a box-office failure. He played leading roles in numerous B movies during the 1930s, most of them also Westerns, without becoming a major name. John Ford 's Stagecoach (1939) made Wayne a mainstream star, and he starred in 142 motion pictures altogether. According to biographer Ronald Davis, "John Wayne personified for millions the nation's frontier heritage." Wayne's other roles in Westerns included

5893-431: Was also the president of the Latin Society and contributed to the school's newspaper sports column. A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him "Little Duke" because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier , Duke. He preferred "Duke" to "Marion", and the nickname stuck. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale. As a teen, he worked in an ice-cream shop for

5976-546: Was convalescing following the attempt on his life by Valerie Solanas . John Schlesinger was filming Midnight Cowboy , which featured several members of Warhol's entourage, including Viva and Ultra Violet who, with Morrissey, shot a separate short film during shooting of Midnight Cowboy 's elaborate party scene. Warhol initially endorsed the participation of his people but grew resentful at what he perceived as Schlesinger's poaching of Warhol's scene. Warhol decided to undercut Schlesinger by naming this film Lonesome Cowboys as

6059-481: Was due to the success of Sergio Leone 's storytelling method. Although experiencing waning popularity during the 1980s, the success of films such as Dances with Wolves (1990) and Unforgiven (1992) brought the genre back into the mainstream. Back to the Future Part III (1990) was "a full-blown Western" set in 1885; although the least commercially successful of the trilogy and according to some

6142-481: Was emphatically resistant to losing him, since he was their only A-list actor under contract. Herbert J. Yates , president of Republic, threatened Wayne with a lawsuit if he walked away from his contract, and Republic Pictures intervened in the Selective Service process, requesting Wayne's further deferment. U.S. National Archives records indicate that Wayne, in fact, did make an application to serve in

6225-649: Was encouraged by Pilar, an avid tennis player, to build the John Wayne Tennis Club in Newport Beach, California. In 1995, the club was sold to Ken Stuart , former general manager, and became the Palisades Tennis Club . In The Quiet Man (1952), Wayne tells Michaeleen "Óge" Flynn (portrayed by Barry Fitzgerald ) that he is six feet "four and a half" (194 cm), an assertion corroborated by Pilar's book John Wayne: My Life With

6308-594: Was given on-screen credit as " Duke Morrison " only once, in Words and Music (1929). Director Raoul Walsh saw him moving studio furniture while working as a prop boy and cast him in his first starring role in The Big Trail (1930). For his screen name, Walsh suggested "Anthony Wayne", after Revolutionary War General "Mad" Anthony Wayne . Fox Studios chief Winfield Sheehan rejected it as sounding "too Italian". Walsh then suggested "John Wayne". Sheehan agreed, and

6391-701: Was nominated for an Oscar, a Golden Globe , a BAFTA film award , and a Writers Guild of America award. Wayne was married three times and divorced twice. His wives included one of Spanish American descent, Josephine Alicia Saenz, and two from Latin America, Esperanza Baur and Pilar Pallete . He had four children with Josephine: Michael Wayne (1934–2003), Mary Antonia "Toni" Wayne LaCava (1936–2000), Patrick Wayne (born 1939), and Melinda Wayne Munoz (1940–2022). He had three more children with Pilar: Aissa Wayne (born 1956), John Ethan Wayne (born 1962), and Marisa Wayne (born 1966). Several of Wayne's children entered

6474-531: Was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian honor of the United States. Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26, 1907, at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa . The local paper, Winterset Madisonian , reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30, 1907, that Wayne weighed 13 lb (around 6 kg) at birth. Wayne claimed his middle name

6557-563: Was published in the May 1989 issue of Tucson City Magazine . The film was shot on 16 mm film using an Auricon camera, recording the sound directly onto the film (" single-system "). Warhol deliberately stopped and started the camera during takes to include flash frames and audio pops in the middle of shots. Warhol initially planned to title the film Fuck , then The Glory of the Fuck . Warhol and Morrissey settled on Lonesome Cowboys while Warhol

6640-623: Was selected in the last round of the NFL draft by the Atlanta Falcons for his past football experience, though the pick was disallowed by league officials as he was 64 years old at the time. On February 7, 1973, Burt Kennedy's The Train Robbers opened; Wayne appeared alongside Ann-Margret , Rod Taylor and Ben Johnson . On June 27, Andrew V. McLaglen's Cahill U.S. Marshal premiered, with Wayne, George Kennedy and Gary Grimes . It

6723-764: Was shot in January 1968 in Old Tucson and the Rancho Linda Vista Dude Ranch in Oracle, Arizona on a budget of $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 26,300 in 2023). The film features Warhol superstars Viva , Taylor Mead , Louis Waldon , Eric Emerson , and Joe Dallesandro . The plot loosely is based on Romeo and Juliet , hence the names Julian and Ramona of the two leads. While in Arizona on a college lecture tour in November 1967, Warhol booked film screenings of excerpts from Chelsea Girls followed by

6806-468: Was soon changed from Robert to Michael when his parents decided to name their next son Robert, but extensive research has found no such legal change, although it might have been changed informally or the documentation may have been lost. Wayne's legal name apparently remained Marion Robert Morrison his entire life although to this day his original name is almost always referred to as Marion Michael Morrison. Wayne's father, Clyde Leonard Morrison (1884–1937),

6889-590: Was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison (1845–1915). Wayne's mother, the former Mary "Molly" Alberta Brown (1885–1970), was from Lancaster County, Nebraska . Wayne had Scottish , Scotch-Irish , English , and Irish ancestry. His great-great-grandfather Robert Morrison (b. 1782) left County Antrim , Ireland, with his mother, arriving in New York in 1799 and eventually settling in Adams County, Ohio . The Morrisons were originally from

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