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32-624: Lord Torphichen or Baron Torphichen (pronounced tˈoː͡ɹfɪkən ) is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . It was created by Queen Mary in 1564 for Sir James Sandilands (to whom she was related). The title stands as a rare exception to the typical rule that peerages cannot be transferred and must be inherited. It is the only peerage title that might be alienated from the bloodline, enabling it to be transferred or passed on to heirs who are not direct descendants. However, its legal status remains unclear, as it has not yet been examined or adjudicated by

64-509: A closer one as a female heir. The House of Lords eventually ruled that the office belonged to the heir general , Robert Bertie, 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby , who later became Earl of Lindsey . The office remained vested in the Earls of Lindsey, who later became Dukes of Ancaster and Kesteven . In 1779, however, the fourth Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven died, leaving two sisters as female heirs, and an uncle as an heir male. The uncle became

96-470: A few intermissions due to the forfeiture of some Earls for treason. In 1526, however, the fourteenth Earl of Oxford died, leaving his aunts as his heirs. The earldom was inherited by a more distant heir-male, his second cousin. The Sovereign (at that time Henry VIII ) then decreed that the office belonged to the Crown , and was not transmitted along with the earldom. The Sovereign appointed the fifteenth Earl to

128-556: A lesser extent the Viscount of Oxfuird still use " of ". Scottish Barons rank below Lords of Parliament, and although considered noble , their titles are incorporeal hereditaments . At one time barons did sit in parliament. However, they are considered minor nobles and not peers because their titles can be bought and sold. In the following table of the Peerage of Scotland as it currently stands, each peer's highest ranking title in

160-538: A person who will act as Lord Great Chamberlain. The Carrington share was divided at his death among his five daughters and their heirs, and has since been further divided, with 11 people holding shares as of September 2022. At accession of Charles III the turn fell to the Carrington heirs who named their cousin Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington , to act as Lord Great Chamberlain. Being descended from

192-544: A rule, in order to perform ceremonial functions. The position is a hereditary one, held since 1780 in gross . At any one time, no single person actually exercises the office of Lord Great Chamberlain. The various individuals who hold fractions of the office are properly each Joint Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain . They choose one individual of the rank of a knight or higher to be the Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain . Under an agreement made in 1912,

224-582: A temporal lordship, with remainder to his heirs and assigns whatsoever, after he resigned the entire Torphichen Preceptory in West Lothian to the Crown. This marks him as the inaugural Lord Torphichen. The newly established lordship encompassed several baronies, including Torphichen, Liston, Balintrode, Tankerton, Denny, Marycoulter, Stenhope, Galtna, and others. These lands were situated across various shires, such as Edinburgh, Peebles, Linlithgow, Stirling, Lanark, and Kincardine, among others. The lordship

256-669: The House of Lords at Westminster . The Peerage Act 1963 granted all Scottish Peers the right to sit in the House of Lords, but this automatic right was revoked, as for all hereditary peerages (except those of the incumbent Earl Marshal and Lord Great Chamberlain ), when the House of Lords Act 1999 received the Royal Assent . Unlike most peerages, many Scottish titles have been granted with remainder to pass via female offspring (thus an Italian family has succeeded to and presently holds

288-723: The King of Scots before 1707. Following that year's Treaty of Union , the Kingdom of Scots and the Kingdom of England were combined under the name of Great Britain , and a new Peerage of Great Britain was introduced in which subsequent titles were created. Scottish Peers were entitled to sit in the ancient Parliament of Scotland . After the Union, the Peers of the old Parliament of Scotland elected 16 Scottish representative peers to sit in

320-435: The earldom of Newburgh ), and in the case of daughters only, these titles devolve to the eldest daughter rather than falling into abeyance (as is the case with ancient English baronies by writ of summons ). Unlike other British peerage titles, Scots law permits peerages to be inherited by or through a person who was not legitimate at birth, but was subsequently legitimised by their parents marrying later. The ranks of

352-650: The 14th century as a deputy of the Lord Great Chamberlain to fulfil the latter's duties in the Royal Household, but now they are quite distinct. The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, but the Act provided that a hereditary peer exercising the office of Lord Great Chamberlain (as well as the Earl Marshal ) be exempt from such

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384-489: The De Vere family, the sixteenth Earl of Oxford, again as an uninheritable life appointment. Later, Queen Mary I ruled that the Earls of Oxford were indeed entitled to the office of Lord Great Chamberlain on an hereditary basis. Thus, the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth Earls of Oxford held the position on a hereditary basis until 1626, when the eighteenth Earl died, again leaving a distant relative as heir male , but

416-481: The Earl's younger brother he himself has no share of the office. On 6 May 2023, the Lord Great Chamberlain presented spurs to King Charles III as part of Charles' coronation . The spurs were included among the first English coronation ornaments in 1189 and were used during the coronation of Richard I . The fractions show the holder's share in the office, and the date they held it. The current (as of 2022 ) holders of

448-399: The House of Commons to attend the House of Lords for the purpose of hearing the speech from the throne . Parliamentary responsibilities aside, the Lord Great Chamberlain also has a major part to play in royal coronations, having the right to dress the monarch on coronation day and to serve the monarch water before and after the coronation banquet. Likewise, the Lord Great Chamberlain invests

480-563: The House of Lords that the then joint office holders ( the 1st Earl of Ancaster , the 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley , and the Earl Carrington, later Marquess of Lincolnshire ) had to agree on a deputy to exercise the office, subject to the approval of the Sovereign. Should there be no such agreement, the Sovereign should appoint a deputy until an agreement be reached. In 1912 an agreement was reached. The office, or right to appoint

512-875: The Lord Great Chamberlain receives the Sovereign at the Norman Porch , enrobes him or her with the Robe of State and the Imperial State Crown in the Robing Room , and leads the Sovereign’s procession through the Royal Gallery and the Prince's Chamber into the Lords Chamber . It is also the Lord Great Chamberlain who, upon the command of the Sovereign, directs Black Rod to summon members of

544-598: The Palace of Westminster not assigned to either the House of Lords or the House of Commons : namely, the Royal Apartments , Central Lobby , and the Crypt Chapel . To this end, the Lord Great Chamberlain is responsible for the use, preservation, and occupation of such spaces. In addition, the Lord Great Chamberlain is one of the three commissioners who exercise control and maintenance over Westminster Hall ;

576-536: The Scottish Peerage are, in ascending order: Lord of Parliament , Viscount , Earl , Marquess and Duke . Scottish Viscounts differ from those of the other Peerages (of England, Great Britain, Ireland and the United Kingdom) by using the style of in their title, as in Viscount of Oxfuird . Though this is the theoretical form, most Viscounts drop the " of ". The Viscount of Arbuthnott and to

608-539: The Sovereign and other members of the British royal family whenever present at the parliamentary estate. In the latter case, the Lord Great Chamberlain is authorised to make any administrative arrangements necessary for delivery of services required by the Sovereign. However, the Lord Great Chamberlain’s most publicly visible parliamentary role is participating in state openings of Parliament . To this end,

640-575: The courts. As of 2017, the title is held by the 15th Lord, who succeeded his father in 1975. He is Chief of Clan Sandilands and also holds the title of Baron of Calder, granted in 1386. The family seat is Calder House, near Mid Calder , West Lothian . Sir James Sandilands had served as Preceptor to the Knights Hospitaller in Scotland. On 24 January 1564, he received a charter from Queen Mary that erected his military benefice into

672-447: The fifth and last Duke, but the House of Lords ruled that the two sisters were jointly Lord Great Chamberlain and could appoint a Deputy to fulfil the functions of the office. The barony of Willoughby de Eresby fell into abeyance between the two sisters, but the Sovereign terminated the abeyance and granted the title to the elder sister, Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby . The office of Lord Great Chamberlain, however,

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704-513: The line. The heir presumptive is the present holder's first cousin twice removed Robert Powell Sandilands (b. 1950). The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his only son Ashton Powell Sandilands (b. 1979). Peerage of Scotland The Peerage of Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic : Moraireachd na h-Alba ; Scots : Peerage o Scotland ) is one of the five divisions of peerages in the United Kingdom and for those peers created by

736-490: The monarch with the insignia of rule during the coronation service. On state occasions like coronations, the Lord Great Chamberlain wears a distinctive scarlet court uniform and bears a gold key and a white staff as the insignia of his office. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain is distinct from the non-hereditary office of Lord Chamberlain of the Household , a position in the monarch's household . This office arose in

768-547: The ninth Lord, and great-great-grandson, the twelfth Lord, both serving as Scottish representative peers in the House of Lords . The first Lord was succeeded by his great-nephew, James Sandilands, who held the title of Baron of Calder, making James Sandilands the second Lord. Following this succession, the Lordship of Parliament of Torphichen was officially conjoined with the Barony of Calder, and both titles were descended down

800-465: The office, but the appointment was deemed for life and was not hereditary. The family's association with the office was interrupted in 1540, when the fifteenth earl died and Thomas Cromwell , the King's chief adviser, was appointed Lord Great Chamberlain. After Cromwell's attainder and execution later the same year, the office passed through a few more court figures, until 1553, when it was passed back to

832-515: The other commissioners are the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords and the Speaker of the House of Commons . The Lord Great Chamberlain performs other less routine functions as custodian of the Palace of Westminster. For example, the Lord Great Chamberlain welcomes foreign heads of state visiting the Palace of Westminster. Likewise, the Lord Great Chamberlain is responsible for attending upon

864-643: The other peerages (if any) are also listed. Those peers who are known by a higher title in one of the other peerages are listed in italics . Lord Great Chamberlain The Lord Great Chamberlain is entrusted by the Sovereign with custody of the Palace of Westminster , the seat of the British Parliament , and serves as his or her representative therein. The Lord Great Chamberlain enjoys plenary jurisdiction in those precincts of

896-707: The person to exercise the office, would thereafter rotate among the three joint office holders and their heirs after them, changing at the start of each successive reign. Cholmondeley and his heirs would serve in every other reign; Ancaster and Carrington would each serve once in four reigns. As the Cholmondeley share and the Ancaster share (held since 1983 by the Baroness Willoughby de Eresby ) are not further split, each of these holders decides in his or her turn to act as Lord Great Chamberlain or to name

928-477: The right to choose a deputy. The office was originally held by Robert Malet , a son of one of the leading companions of William the Conqueror . In 1133, however, King Henry I declared Malet's estates and titles forfeit, and awarded the office of Lord Great Chamberlain to Aubrey de Vere , whose son was created Earl of Oxford . Thereafter, the Earls of Oxford held the title almost continuously until 1526, with

960-592: The right to exercise the office for a given reign rotates among three families (of the then three joint office holders) in proportion to the fraction of the office held. For instance, the Marquesses of Cholmondeley hold one-half of the office, and may therefore exercise the office or appoint a deputy every alternate reign. Whenever one of the three shares of the 1912 agreement is split further, the joint heirs of this share have to agree among each other, who should be their deputy or any mechanism to determine who of them has

992-464: Was divided between Priscilla and her younger sister Georgiana. Priscilla's share was eventually split between two of her granddaughters, and has been split several more times since then. By contrast, Georgiana's share has been inherited by a single male heir each time; that individual has in each case been the Marquess of Cholmondeley , a title created for Georgiana's husband . In 1902 it was ruled by

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1024-513: Was officially designated as the Barony and Lordship of Torphichen, complete with the dignities and privileges associated with being a Lord of Parliament . Following him, all subsequent lords were descendants of the second Lord Torphichen. Notably, the second Lord's great-grandson, who became the seventh Lord, was a fervent advocate for the union with England . His lineage continued to play a significant role in Scottish politics, with his grandson,

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