Misplaced Pages

#6993

60-558: Lorrain or Le Lorrain may refer to: People [ edit ] Claude Lorrain (1600–1682), French Baroque painter, draughtsman and etcher born Claude Gellée, called le Lorrain in French Dessamae Lorrain (1927–2011), American archaeologist James Herbert Lorrain (1870–1944), Scottish Baptist missionary in northeast India Mathilde Lorrain, birth name of Moufida Bourguiba (1890–1976), first wife of Habib Bourguiba,

120-566: A Tivoli Book , Campagna Book , Early Sketchbook , and an "animal album", all now broken up and dispersed, though as the sheets were numbered their contents have been largely reconstructed by scholars. Claude's choice of both style and subject matter grew out of a tradition of landscape painting in Italy, mostly Rome, led by northern artists trained in the style of Northern Mannerism . Matthijs Bril had arrived in Rome from Antwerp around 1575, and

180-419: A Claudian formula. William Gilpin , the inventor of the picturesque ideal, advocated the use of a Claude glass saying, "they give the object of nature a soft, mellow tinge like the colouring of that Master." Claude glasses were widely used by tourists and amateur artists, who quickly became the targets of satire. Hugh Sykes Davies observed their facing away from the object they wished to paint, commenting, "It

240-405: A forerunner of Poussin than Claude. In his method, Lorrain would often use a grid of median and diagonal lines to place elements in the landscape in order to create a dynamic and harmonious composition in which landscape and architecture are balanced against empty space. Claude's earliest paintings draw from both these groups, being mostly rather smaller than later. Agostino Tassi may have been

300-724: A former canton of Martinique Rivière du Lorrain , a river in Martinique Lorrain language , a Romance dialect spoken in the Lorraine region of France and the Gaume region of Belgium French torpedo boat Le Lorrain , originally World War II German torpedo boat T28 See also [ edit ] Lorrain dormouse , a species of rodent found in Africa Lorain (disambiguation) Loraine (disambiguation) Lorraine (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

360-404: A large stone temple in a fully developed Corinthian order , that has evidently been crumbling into ruins for several centuries. Claude's lack of interest in avoiding anachronism is perhaps seen most clearly in the ships in his harbour scenes. Whether the subject, and the dress of the figures, is supposed to be contemporary, mythogical or from Roman or medieval history, the large ships are usually

420-460: A later date, circa 1604 or 1605. He was born in the small village of Chamagne , Vosges , then part of the Duchy of Lorraine . He was the third of five sons of Jean Gellée and Anne Padose. According to Baldinucci, Claude's parents both died when he was twelve years old, and he then lived at Freiburg with an elder brother (Jean Gellée). Jean was an artist specializing in inlay work and taught Claude

480-522: A pupil of Paul Bril, and his influence is especially evident in Claude's earliest works, at a larger size, while some small works of about 1631 recall Elsheimer. Initially Claude often includes more figures than was typical of his predecessors, despite his figure drawing being generally recognised as "notoriously feeble", as Roger Fry put it. More often than later, the figures were mere genre staffage : shepherds, travellers, and sailors, as appropriate for

540-403: A shepherd, their weakness has always been recognised, not least by Claude himself; according to Baldinucci he joked that he charged for his landscapes, but gave the figures for free. According to Sandrart he had made considerable efforts to improve, but without success; certainly there are numerous studies, typically for groups of figures, among his drawings. It has often been thought that he handed

600-580: A will, but he managed to recover. He painted less after 1670, but works completed after that date include important pictures such as Coast View with Perseus and the Origin of Coral (1674), painted for the celebrated collector Cardinal Camillo Massimo , and Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia , Claude's last painting, commissioned by Prince Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna , his most important patron in his last years. The artist died in his house on 23 November 1682. He

660-411: Is a Romance dialect spoken by a minority in the southern part of the region. The duchy produced a number of important painters, including Claude Lorrain , Georges de La Tour and Jean LeClerc . Like most of France's regional languages (such as Breton , Franco-Provençal , Occitan , Alsatian , Catalan , Basque and Flemish ), Lorrain and Lorraine Franconian were largely replaced by French with

SECTION 10

#1732765207007

720-486: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Claude Lorrain By the end of the 1630s he was established as the leading landscapist in Italy, and enjoyed large fees for his work. His landscapes gradually became larger, but with fewer figures, more carefully painted, and produced at a lower rate. He was not generally an innovator in landscape painting, except in introducing

780-475: Is very typical of their attitude to Nature that such a position should be desirable." [REDACTED] Media related to Claude Lorrain at Wikimedia Commons Duchy of Lorraine The Duchy of Lorraine ( French : Lorraine [lɔʁɛn] ; German : Lothringen [ˈloːtʁɪŋən] ), originally Upper Lorraine , was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France. Its capital

840-685: The Liber Veritatis (Book of Truth). In 1650, Claude moved to a neighboring house in Via Paolina (today Via del Babuino), where he lived until his death. The artist never married, but adopted an orphan child, Agnese, in 1658; she may well have been Claude's own daughter with a servant of the same name. Sons of Claude's brothers joined the household in 1662 (Jean, son of Denis Gellée) and around 1680 (Joseph, son of Melchior Gellée). In 1663 Claude, who suffered much from gout , fell seriously ill, his condition becoming so serious that he drafted

900-739: The Electorate of Trier , the County of Bar and the " Three Bishoprics " of Verdun , Metz and Toul . The border between the Empire and the Kingdom of France remained relatively stable throughout the Middle Ages . In 1301, Count Henry III of Bar had to receive the western part of his lands ( Barrois mouvant ) as a fief by King Philip IV of France . In 1475, the Burgundian duke Charles

960-555: The Quirinal Palace . This view takes up the left-hand side of the painting, but on the right, behind a group of genre figures in modern dress (uniquely for Claude, these represent a scene of prostitution in the Dutch Merry Company tradition), is a statue of Apollo and a Roman temple portico, both of which are either wholly imaginary or at least not placed in their actual locations. In a generic Seaport in

1020-531: The 17th-century idea of ancient dress. In his last years his figures tend to become ever more elongated, a process taken to an extreme in his last painting, Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia , of which even its owner, the Ashmolean Museum , says "The hunters are impossibly elongated – Ascanius, in particular, is absurdly top-heavy". Its pendant View of Carthage with Dido and Aeneas (1676, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ) has figures almost as extreme. With

1080-581: The Bold campaigned for the Duchy of Lorraine, but was finally defeated and killed at the 1477 Battle of Nancy . In the 1552 Treaty of Chambord , a number of insurgent Protestant Imperial princes around Maurice, Elector of Saxony ceded the Three Bishoprics to King Henry II of France in turn for his support. Due to the weakening of Imperial authority during the 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War , France

1140-560: The French ambassador in Rome (1633) and the King of Spain (1634–35). Baldinucci reported that a particularly important commission came from Cardinal Bentivoglio , who was impressed by the two landscapes Claude painted for him, and recommended the artist to Pope Urban VIII . Four paintings were made for the Pope in 1635–1638, two large and two small on copper. From this point, Claude's reputation

1200-578: The Great , in 942 King Louis IV of France renounced all claims to Lotharingia. In 953, the German king Otto I had appointed his brother Bruno the Great Duke of Lotharingia. In 959, Bruno divided the duchy into Upper and Lower Lorraine ; this division became permanent following his death in 965. The Upper Duchy was further "up" the river system, that is, it was inland and to the south. Upper Lorraine

1260-615: The Habsburg possessions under the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 . Leszczyński received Lorraine with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. The title of Duke of Lorraine was given to Stanisław, but also retained by Francis Stephen, and it figures prominently in the titles of his successors (as a non-claimant family name), the House of Habsburg-Lorraine . When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine

SECTION 20

#1732765207007

1320-877: The National Gallery (1644, NG5) a palace facade expanding on the gateway built about 1570 between the Farnese Gardens and the Roman Forum is next door to the Arch of Titus , here apparently part of another palace. Behind that Claude repeats a palace he had used before, that borrows from several buildings in and around Rome, including the Villa Farnesina and the Palazzo Senatorio . It is pointless to question how Ascanius finds in Latium

1380-664: The UK retains a high proportion of his works. He was a prolific creator of drawings in pen and very often monochrome watercolour "wash", usually brown but sometimes grey. Chalk is sometimes used for under-drawing, and white highlighting in various media may be employed, much less often other colours such as pink. These fall into three fairly distinct groups. Firstly, there are numerous sketches, mostly of landscapes, often created on-site; these have been greatly admired, and influenced other artists. Then there are studies for paintings, of various degrees of finish, many clearly done before or during

1440-680: The backgrounds of a lost fresco scheme, but left his studio comparatively soon, in 1626 or 1627. He returned to Rome and settled in a house in the Via Margutta, near the Spanish Steps and Trinita dei Monti , remaining in that neighbourhood for the rest of his life. On his travels, Claude briefly stayed in Marseilles , Genoa , and Venice , and had the opportunity to study nature in France, Italy, and Bavaria . Sandrart met Claude in

1500-559: The buildings near the foreground of his paintings are grand imagined temples and palaces in a generally classical style, but without the attempt at archaeological rigour seen in Poussin's equivalents. Elements are borrowed and worked up from real buildings, both ancient and modern, and in the absence of much knowledge of what an ancient palace facade looked like, his palaces are more like the late Renaissance Roman palaces many of his clients lived in. Buildings that are less clearly seen, such as

1560-458: The composition, as well as a steep hill in another. Even when the action between the few small figures is violent, the landscape gives an impression of serenity. The compositions are careful and balanced, and look forward to Claude's. The Landscape with the Flight into Egypt by Annibale Carracci (c. 1604) is one of the best Italian landscapes of the start of the century, but perhaps more

1620-617: The figures in some works over to others to paint, but it is now generally agreed that there are few such cases. Baldinucci mentions Filippo Lauri in this context, but he was only born in 1623, and can only have taken on such work from the 1640s at best. The rider in the small Landscape with an Imaginary View of Tivoli in the Courtauld Gallery in London, LV 67 and dated 1642, is one of the last of his figures to wear contemporary dress. Thereafter all of them wore "pastoral dress" or

1680-1010: The first president of Tunisia Michèle Lorrain (born 1960), Canadian artist Paul Lorrain (died 1719), British prison chaplain Pierre Lorrain (1942–2004), French-Canadian lawyer and politician Rod Lorrain (1914–1980), Canadian ice hockey player in the National Hockey League Roméo Lorrain (1901–1967), French-Canadian politician Louis-Joseph Le Lorrain (1715–1760), French painter and engraver Richer of Senones (c. 1190–1266), French monk and chronicler sometimes called Richer le Lorrain in French Robert Le Lorrain (1666–1743), French sculptor Lorrain Larry Thibeault (1915–1977), Canadian ice hockey player Other uses [ edit ] Canton of Le Lorrain ,

1740-419: The genre of small cabinet pictures , often on copper, where the figures were dominated by their landscape surroundings, which were very often dense woodland placed not far behind figures in the foreground. Paul Bril had begun to paint larger pictures where the size and balance between the elements, and the type of landscape used, is closer to Claude's work in the future, with an extensive open view behind much of

1800-410: The late 1620s and reported that by then the artist had a habit of sketching outdoors, particularly at dawn and at dusk, making oil studies on the spot. The first dated painting by Claude, Landscape with Cattle and Peasants ( Philadelphia Museum of Art ) from 1629, already shows well-developed style and technique. In the next few years his reputation was growing steadily, as evidenced by commissions from

1860-474: The mid-20th fashion for medical diagnosis through art, it was suggested that Claude had developed an optical condition accounting for such effects, but this has been rejected by doctors and critics alike. Claude only rarely painted topographical scenes showing the Renaissance and Baroque Roman architecture still being created in his lifetime, but often borrowed from it to work up imaginary buildings. Most of

Lorrain - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-628: The northern one. His realm then comprised a larger territory stretching from the County of Burgundy in the south to the North Sea . In French, this area became known as Lorraine , while in German, it was eventually known as Lothringen . In the Alemannic language once spoken in Lorraine, the -ingen suffix signified a property; thus, in a figurative sense, "Lotharingen" can be translated as "Land belonging to Lothair", or more simplified *Lothair's realm*. As Lothair II had without heirs, his territory

1980-492: The ocean horizon is represented, it is from the setting of a busy port. Perhaps to feed the public need for paintings with noble themes, his pictures include demigods, heroes and saints, even though his abundant drawings and sketchbooks prove that he was more interested in scenography . Claude Lorrain was described as kind to his pupils and hard-working; keenly observant, but an unlettered man until his death. John Constable described Claude as "the most perfect landscape painter

2040-414: The painter personally, but at periods some 50 years apart, respectively at the start of his career and shortly before his death. Sandrart knew him well and lived with him for a while, whereas Baldinucci was probably not intimate with him, and derived much of his information from Claude's nephew, who lived with the artist. Claude's tombstone gives 1600 as his year of birth, but contemporary sources indicate

2100-915: The process of painting, while others were likely made after the painting was completed. This was certainly the case for the last group, the 195 drawings recording finished paintings collected in his Liber Veritatis (now in the British Museum ). He produced over 40 etchings, often simplified versions of paintings, mainly before 1642. These served various purposes for him, but are now regarded as much less important than his drawings. He painted frescoes in his early career, which played an important part in making his reputation, but are now nearly all lost. The earliest biographies of Claude are in Joachim von Sandrart 's Teutsche Academie (1675) and Filippo Baldinucci 's Notizie de' professori del disegno da Cimabue in qua (1682–1728). Both Sandrart and Baldinucci knew

2160-412: The rapist of Artemisia Gentileschi ) had a large workshop specializing in fresco schemes in palaces. While the details of Claude's pre-1620s life remain unclear, most modern scholars agree that he was apprenticed to Wals around 1620–1622, and to Tassi from circa 1622/23 to 1625. Finally, Baldinucci reports that in 1625 Claude undertook a voyage back to Lorraine to train with Claude Deruet , working on

2220-454: The rudiments of drawing. Claude then travelled to Italy, first working for Goffredo Wals  [ fr ] in Naples , then joining the workshop of Agostino Tassi in Rome. Sandrart's account of Claude's early years, however, is quite different, and modern scholars generally prefer this, or attempt to combine the two. According to Sandrart, Claude did not do well at the village school and

2280-502: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lorrain . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorrain&oldid=1251200069 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2340-740: The same up-to-date merchant vessels. Some large rowed galleys are seen, as in Landscape with the Arrival of Aeneas before the City of Pallanteum (one of the "Altieri Claudes", Anglesey Abbey ), where Virgil's text specifies galleys. Ships in the background are more likely to attempt to reflect an ancient setting; in the London Seaport with the Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba (1648, NG 14)

2400-447: The scene. In the early 1630s the first religious and mythological subjects appear, with a Flight into Egypt probably of 1631, and a Judgement of Paris , both very common subjects in the "Landscape with.." genre. The pair to the latter is a very early harbour scene, already with tall classical buildings, a type of composition Claude was to use for the rest of his career. Although virtually every painting contains figures, even if only

2460-717: The ship at the centre of the composition is modern, the others less so. As seen in his painting The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba , Claude was innovative in including the Sun itself as a source of light in his paintings. In Rome, Bril , Girolamo Muziano and Federico Zuccaro and later Elsheimer , Annibale Carracci and Domenichino made landscape vistas pre-eminent in some of their drawings and paintings (as well as Da Vinci in his private drawings [1] or Baldassarre Peruzzi in his decorative frescoes of vedute ); but it might be argued that not until Claude's generation, did landscape completely reflect an aesthetic viewpoint which

Lorrain - Misplaced Pages Continue

2520-415: The sun and streaming sunlight into many paintings, which had been rare before. He is now thought of as a French painter, but was born in the independent Duchy of Lorraine , and almost all his painting was done in Italy; before the late 19th century he was regarded as a painter of the "Roman School". His patrons were also mostly Italian, but after his death he became very popular with English collectors, and

2580-471: The towers that often emerge above trees in his backgrounds, are often more like the vernacular and medieval buildings he would have seen around Rome. One example of a semi-topographic painting with "modern" buildings (there are rather more such drawings) is A View of Rome (1632, NG 1319), which seems to represent the view from the roof of Claude's house, including his parish church and initial burial place of Santa Trinita del Monte, and other buildings such as

2640-578: The width of the picture. Along with other seventeenth-century artists working in Rome, Claude was also influenced by the new interest in the genre of landscape that emerged in the mid-to-late sixteenth century within the Veneto; starting with the Venetian born painter Domenico Campagnola and the Dutch artist resident in both Padua and Venice, Lambert Sustris . Interest in landscape first emerged in Rome in

2700-461: The work of their Brescian pupil Girolamo Muziano , who earned the nickname in the city of Il giovane dei paesi (the young man of the landscapes). Following the integration of this tradition with other Northern sources, Bolognese artists such as Domenichino , who was in Rome from 1602, painted a number of "Landscape with..." subjects, drawn from mythology, religion and literature, as well as genre scenes. These usually have an open vista in one part of

2760-495: The world ever saw", and declared that in Claude's landscape "all is lovely – all amiable – all is amenity and repose; the calm sunshine of the heart". The Claude glass , named after Lorrain in England although there is no indication he used or knew of it or anything similar, gave a framed and dark-tinted reflection of a real view, that was supposed to help artists produce works of art similar to his, and tourists to adjust views to

2820-472: Was Nancy . It was founded in 959 following the division of Lotharingia into two separate duchies: Upper and Lower Lorraine , the westernmost parts of the Holy Roman Empire . The Lower duchy was quickly dismantled, while Upper Lorraine came to be known as simply the Duchy of Lorraine. The Duchy of Lorraine was coveted and briefly occupied by the dukes of Burgundy and the kings of France , but

2880-534: Was able to occupy the duchy in 1634 and retained it until 1661 when Charles IV was restored. In 1670, the French invaded again, forcing Charles into exile; his nephew and heir Charles V (1643–1690) spent his life in the service of the Imperial House of Habsburg . France returned the Duchy in the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick ending the Nine Years' War and Charles' son Leopold (1679–1729), became duke and

2940-673: Was also father-in-law to King Louis XV of France, and had recently lost out to a candidate backed by Russia and Austria in the War of the Polish Succession. The duke of Lorraine, Francis Stephen , betrothed to the Emperor's daughter Archduchess Maria Theresa , was compensated with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , where the last Medici ruler had recently died without issue. France also promised to support Maria Theresa as heir to

3000-623: Was an independent Carolingian kingdom under the rule of King Lothair II (855–869). Its territory had originally been a part of Middle Francia , created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun , when the Carolingian empire was divided between the three sons of Louis the Pious . Middle Francia was allotted to Emperor Lothair I , therefore called Lotharii Regnum . On his death in 855, it was further divided into three parts, of which his son Lothair II took

3060-463: Was annexed by France and reorganized as a province by the French government. Two regional languages survive in the region. Lorraine Franconian , known as francique or platt (lorrain) in French, is a West Central German dialect spoken by a minority in the northern part of the region. This is distinct from the neighbouring Alsatian language , although the two are often confused. Neither has any form of official recognition. Lorrain

SECTION 50

#1732765207007

3120-412: Was apprenticed to a pastry baker. With a company of fellow cooks and bakers (Lorraine had a high reputation for pâtisserie ), Claude travelled to Rome and was eventually employed as a servant and cook by Tassi, who at some point converted him into an apprentice and taught him drawing and painting. Both Wals and Tassi were landscapists, the former very obscure and producing small works, while Tassi (known as

3180-661: Was divided by the 870 Treaty of Meerssen between East and West Francia and finally came under East Frankish rule as a whole by the 880 Treaty of Ribemont . After the East Frankish Carolingians became extinct with the death of Louis the Child in 911, Lotharingia once again attached itself to West Francia, but was conquered by the German king Henry the Fowler in 925. Stuck in the conflict with his rival Hugh

3240-417: Was first denominated as the Duchy of Mosellane, both in charters and narrative sources, and its duke was the dux Mosellanorum . Lower Lorraine disintegrated into several smaller territories and only the title of a " Duke of Lothier " remained, held by Brabant . By the time Upper Lorraine came into the possession of René of Anjou , several territories had already split off, such as the County of Luxembourg ,

3300-773: Was known as 'Leopold the Good;' in the 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession , parts of Lorraine, including the capital Nancy, were again occupied by France, but Leopold continued to reign at the Château de Lunéville . In 1737, after the War of the Polish Succession , an agreement between France, the Habsburgs and the Lorraine House of Vaudémont assigned the Duchy to Stanisław Leszczyński , former king of Poland . He

3360-527: Was originally buried in Trinita dei Monti, but his remains were moved in 1840 to San Luigi dei Francesi . At his death, he owned only four of his paintings, but most of his drawings. Apart from the Liber Veritatis many of these were in bound volumes, the inventory mentioning 12 bound books and a large "case" or folder of loose sheets. Five or six large bound volumes were left to his heirs including

3420-473: Was ruled by the dukes of the House of Lorraine after 1473. In 1737, the duchy was given to Stanisław Leszczyński , the former king of Poland , who had lost his throne as a result of the War of the Polish Succession , with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine was annexed by France and reorganized as the province of Lorraine and Barrois . Lorraine's predecessor, Lotharingia ,

3480-405: Was secured. He went on to fulfill many important commissions, both Italian and international. About 1636 he started cataloguing his works, making pen and wash drawings of nearly all his pictures as they were completed, although not always variant versions, and on the back of most drawings he wrote the name of the purchaser, not always sufficiently clearly to identify them now. This volume Claude named

3540-401: Was seen as completely autonomous in its moral purpose within the cultural world of Rome. In this matter of the importance of landscape, Claude was prescient. Living in a pre-Romantic era, he did not depict those uninhabited panoramas that were to be esteemed in later centuries, such as with Salvatore Rosa . He painted a pastoral world of fields and valleys not distant from castles and towns. If

3600-476: Was soon joined by his brother Paul . Both specialized in landscapes, initially as backgrounds in large frescos , a route apparently also taken by Lorrain some decades later. Matthijs died at 33 but Paul remained active in Rome until after Claude's arrival there, although any meeting between them has not been recorded. Hans Rottenhammer and Adam Elsheimer were other northern landscapists associated with Bril, who had left Rome long before. These artists introduced

#6993