Lauge Koch (5 July 1892 – 5 June 1964) was a Danish geologist and Arctic explorer .
31-469: Lauge Koch was born in 1892 to Karl and Elisabeth Koch. His development as a scientist was greatly influenced by his father's second cousin Johan Peter Koch - a polar explorer, a member of several Greenland expeditions, including Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen 's and Alfred Wegener 's (in the latter's expedition (1912-1913) to cross Greenland, he led a sledging party). He received his higher education at
62-502: A disaster taxon (although this view was questioned ), Lystrosaurus had a wide range across Pangea. In the southern part of the supercontinent, it co-occurred with the non-mammalian cynodonts Galesaurus and Thrinaxodon , early relatives of mammals . The first archosauriforms appeared, such as Erythrosuchus ( Olenekian - Ladinian ). This group includes the ancestors of crocodiles and dinosaurs (including birds ). Fossilized foot prints of dinosauromorphs are known from
93-485: A phantom island supposedly lying between NE Greenland and Svalbard. This elusive land was allegedly seen as well by Lauge Koch from the air in 1933. Koch later led the 1912–13 Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land , a sled expedition across the inland ice of Greenland, also known as the "1912-13 Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land and across North Greenland’s Inland Ice," with Alfred Wegener , Vigfús Sigurðsson, and Lars Larsen. Koch received, among other honors,
124-707: A bitter conflict arose between Koch and eleven of the most prominent Danish geologists of the day, including O. B. Bøggild , director of The Mineralogical Museum and professor at the Geological Institute of Copenhagen University , and Victor Madsen [ sv ] , head of the Geological Survey of Denmark . Controversy started with a review of the Lauge Koch book Geologie von Grönland (1935) written by ‘the eleven’ and accusing Koch of poor and improper scientific practice. Relating to
155-470: A channel —the so-called " Peary Channel ". Koch's observations of the interior of Independence Fjord led to considerable cartographic changes compared with the Peter Freuchen map of 1912. In 1922 he mapped Hiawatha Glacier , and noted that the glacier tongue extended into Lake Alida (near Foulk Fjord ). In 1938, Lauge Koch found in the mountains west of Jameson Land , near Scoresby Sound ,
186-603: A long sled voyage from Danmarkshavn to Peary Land , Koch along with the Greenlander Tobias Gabrielsen searched for the lost party, and found only the Greenlander Jørgen Brønlund on whose body were recovered the charts hand drawn by Niels Peter Høeg Hagen which completed the map of Greenland. In 1907 Koch, together with Aage Bertelsen , was reported to have first seen Fata Morgana Land ( Danish : Fata Morgana Landet ),
217-525: A permanent infrastructure in the field caused a change in the whole culture and organization of Danish Arctic exploration. His last expedition was the 1956-58 Expedition to East Greenland in which he used helicopters. But the Danish government cut funding in mid-expedition and Koch's career as expedition leader was terminated. The mineral kochite which is found in Mt Hvide Ryg , Werner Bjerge , and
248-457: Is Pingut [ sv ] mountain, which is the highest mountain in this land and also the northernmost basalt mountain in Greenland. On the north side, J.P. Koch land is bounded by Upernavik Icefjord , in the west and south by Eqaluarssuit Fjord ( sv ). The land is about 1010 square-km in area. The J.P. Koch Glacier was named in his honour. This article about an explorer
279-536: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Early Triassic The Early Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic Period of the geologic timescale . It spans the time between 251.9 Ma and 247.2 Ma (million years ago). Rocks from this epoch are collectively known as the Lower Triassic Series , which is a unit in chronostratigraphy . The Early Triassic is
310-796: Is coeval with the Scythian Stage, which is today not included in the official timescales but can be found in older literature. In Europe, most of the Lower Triassic is composed of Buntsandstein , a lithostratigraphic unit of continental red beds . The Early Triassic and partly also the Middle Triassic span the interval of biotic recovery from the Permian-Triassic extinction event , the most severe mass extinction event in Earth's history. A second extinction event,
341-547: The Permian-Triassic extinction event . On the other hand, an alternative hypothesis proposes these Early Triassic climatic perturbations and biotic upheavals that inhibited the recovery of life following the P-T mass extinction to have been linked to forcing driven by changes in the Earth's obliquity defined by a roughly 32.8 thousand year periodicity with strong 1.2 million year modulations. According to proponents of this hypothesis, radiometric dating indicates that major activity from
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#1732790426341372-530: The Siberian Traps , which had probably triggered the Permian-Triassic extinction event and accelerated the rate of global warming into the Triassic. Studies suggest that Early Triassic climate was very volatile, punctuated by a number of relatively rapid global temperature changes, marine anoxic events, and carbon cycle disturbances, which led to subsequent extinction events in the aftermath of
403-780: The Smithian-Spathian boundary event , occurred during the Olenekian. A third extinction event occurred at the Olenekian-Anisian boundary, marking the end of the Early Triassic epoch. The climate during the Early Triassic Epoch (especially in the interior of the supercontinent Pangaea ) was generally arid, rainless and dry and deserts were widespread; however the poles possessed a temperate climate . The pole-to-equator temperature gradient
434-531: The Spathian subage, the flora changed back to gymnosperm and pteridophyte dominated. These shifts reflect global changes in precipitation and temperature. Floral diversity was overall very low during the Early Triassic, as plant life had yet to fully recover from the Permian-Triassic extinction. Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) are common in the fossil record of North China in
465-619: The University of Copenhagen , where he began his studies in 1911, in 1920 he received a master's degree , and in 1929 a doctor's degree , having defended a dissertation on the topic " Stratigraphy of Greenland". He was the renowned leader of 24 Danish government expeditions to Greenland , and the central character in the Lauge Koch Controversy , an international and intra-national conflict. Beginning in December 1935
496-483: The Early Triassic has been interpreted as a signal of increased bioturbation and recovery of terrestrial ecosystems. In the oceans, the most common Early Triassic hard-shelled marine invertebrates were bivalves , gastropods , ammonoids , echinoids , and a few articulate brachiopods . Conodonts experienced a revival in diversity following a nadir during the Permian. The first oysters ( Liostrea ) appeared in
527-439: The Early Triassic. They grew on the shells of living ammonoids as epizoans. Microbial reefs were common, possibly due to lack of competition with metazoan reef builders as a result of the extinction. However, transient metazoan reefs reoccurred during the Olenekian wherever permitted by environmental conditions. Ammonoids show blooms followed by extinctions during the Early Triassic. Aquatic vertebrates diversified after
558-562: The Olenekian. The Early Triassic entomofauna is very poorly understood because of the paucity of insect fossils from this epoch. The flora was gymnosperm -dominated at the onset of the Triassic, but changed rapidly and became lycopod -dominated (e.g. Pleuromeia ) during the Griesbachian-Dienerian ecological crisis . This change coincided with the extinction of the Permian Glossopteris flora. In
589-666: The Siberian Traps ended very shortly after the end-Permian extinction and did not span the entire Early Triassic epoch, thus not being the primary culprit for the climatic changes throughout this epoch. The Triassic Period opened in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event . The massive extinctions that ended the Permian Period (and with that the Paleozoic Era ) caused extreme hardships for
620-524: The Southern Hemisphere, ceased to exist. Other groups, such as Actinopterygii , appear to have been less affected by this extinction event and body size was not a selective factor during the extinction event. Animals that were most successful in the Early Triassic were those with high metabolisms. Different patterns of recovery are evident on land and in the sea. Early Triassic faunas lacked biodiversity and were relatively homogeneous due to
651-675: The Vega medal of the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography . He also became a member of the International Polar Commission . J.P. Koch Land 72°35′N 54°15′W / 72.583°N 54.250°W / 72.583; -54.250 in north-west Greenland was named after him. This ice-free peninsula is bounded by the Greenland Ice Sheet on the west side. There, next to the glacier,
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#1732790426341682-526: The effects of the extinction. The ecological recovery on land took 30 million years, well into the Late Triassic . Two Early Triassic lagerstätten stand out due to their exceptionally high biodiversity , the Dienerian aged Guiyang biota and the earliest Spathian aged Paris biota . The most common land vertebrate was the small herbivorous synapsid Lystrosaurus . Often interpreted as
713-606: The former Greenland county of Tunu was named for Koch in honor of his explorations in the same areas. The coelacanth Laugia from the Early Triassic of Greenland is named in his honor. Koch was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from the American Geographical Society in 1924, its Daly Medal in 1930, as well as the Vega medal of the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography . In 1927 he
744-509: The immediate aftermath of the Permian-Triassic extinction, indicating that microbial mats dominated local terrestrial ecosystems following the Permian-Triassic boundary. The regional prevalence of MISS is attributable to a decrease in bioturbation and grazing pressure as a result of aridification and temperature increase. MISS have also been reported from Early Triassic fossil deposits in Arctic Canada. The disappearance of MISS later in
775-776: The oldest epoch of the Mesozoic Era . It is preceded by the Lopingian Epoch (late Permian , Paleozoic Era ) and followed by the Middle Triassic Epoch. The Early Triassic is divided into the Induan and Olenekian ages . The Induan is subdivided into the Griesbachian and Dienerian subages and the Olenekian is subdivided into the Smithian and Spathian subages. The Lower Triassic series
806-558: The skeleton of a huge extinct mammal similar to the head of a gigantic animal with huge teeth found by Professor Selim Hassan in 1935 near the pyramid of Chephren . The skeleton found by Koch was displayed at the museum in Copenhagen . Amongst his other contributions to the sciences, in the mid-1930s Koch established a network of field stations and traveling huts in Central East Greenland. This establishment of
837-412: The surviving species. The Early Triassic Epoch saw the biotic recovery of life after the biggest mass extinction event of the past, which took millions of years due to the severity of the event and the harsh Early Triassic climate. Many types of corals , brachiopods , molluscs , echinoderms , and other invertebrates had disappeared. The Permian vegetation, which was dominated by Glossopteris in
868-561: The years 1921–23 in which Lauge Koch conducted the Bicentenary Jubilee Expedition to North Greenland in the year of the bicentennial jubilee of Hans Egede 's landing in Greenland, Koch made a sledge journey along the north coast of Greenland, round Peary Land and back across the Inland Ice. On this journey Koch discovered a depression which in his opinion was the one that Robert Peary in 1892 had mistaken for
899-949: Was awarded the Patron's Medal of the British Royal Geographical Society for his work in Greenland and the Hans Egede Medal of the Royal Danish Geographical Society . In 1949 he was awarded the Mary Clark Thompson Medal from the National Academy of Sciences . Johan Peter Koch Johan Peter Koch (15 January 1870 – 13 January 1928) was a Danish captain and explorer of the Arctic dependencies of Denmark, born at Vestenskov . He
930-409: Was temporally flat during the Early Triassic and may have allowed tropical species to extend their distribution poleward. This is evidenced by the global distribution of ammonoids . The extremely hot ocean temperatures facilitated extremely powerful hurricanes that frequently hit the coast of North China. The mostly hot climate of the Early Triassic may have been caused by late volcanic eruptions of
961-486: Was the uncle of the geologist Lauge Koch J.P. Koch participated in Amdrup 's expedition to east Greenland in 1900 and was one of the general staff of the surveying expeditions to Iceland in 1903–1904. In 1906–1908 he was a member of the ill-fated Denmark expedition led by Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen , which mapped the last pieces of the northeastern coast of Greenland . On the death of Mylius-Erichsen and two others on