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81-467: The district educates residents in: Lawndale, and portions of Hawthorne , as well as unincorporated areas in Los Angeles County (including Alondra Park ). It formerly covered a portion of Del Aire . Around the mid-20th century most of the families were Anglo White and blue collar. In 1968 the district had 7,016 students, a peak enrollment. However in 1983 it was down to 3,974, which became

162-908: A protofeminist and avatar of the self-reliance and responsibility that led to women's suffrage and sometime-reproductive emancipation. Anthony Splendora found her literary genealogy among other archetypally fallen but redeemed women, both historic and mythic. As examples, he offers Psyche of ancient legend; Heloise of twelfth-century France's tragedy involving world-renowned philosopher Peter Abelard ; Anne Hutchinson (America's first heretic, circa 1636), and Hawthorne family friend Margaret Fuller . In Hester's first appearance, Hawthorne likens her, "infant at her bosom", to Mary, Mother of Jesus, "the image of Divine Maternity". In her study of Victorian literature, in which such "galvanic outcasts" as Hester feature prominently, Nina Auerbach went so far as to name Hester's fall and subsequent redemption, "the novel's one unequivocally religious activity". Regarding Hester as

243-699: A ceremony in the Peabody parlor on West Street in Boston. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts , where they lived for three years. His neighbor Ralph Waldo Emerson invited him into his social circle, but Hawthorne was almost pathologically shy and stayed silent at gatherings. At the Old Manse, Hawthorne wrote most of the tales collected in Mosses from an Old Manse . Like Hawthorne, Sophia

324-554: A dark side to Hawthorne, "shrouded in blackness, ten times black". He was composing his novel Moby-Dick at the time, and dedicated the work in 1851 to Hawthorne: "In token of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to Nathaniel Hawthorne." Hawthorne's time in the Berkshires was very productive. While there, he wrote The House of the Seven Gables (1851), which poet and critic James Russell Lowell said

405-547: A deity figure, Meredith A. Powers found in Hester's characterization "the earliest in American fiction that the archetypal Goddess appears quite graphically," like a Goddess "not the wife of traditional marriage, permanently subject to a male overlord"; Powers noted "her syncretism, her flexibility, her inherent ability to alter and so avoid the defeat of secondary status in a goal-oriented civilization". Aside from Hester Prynne,

486-568: A dream". With Pierce's election as President , Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States consul in Liverpool shortly after the publication of Tanglewood Tales . The role was considered the most lucrative foreign service position at the time, described by Hawthorne's wife as "second in dignity to the Embassy in London". During this period he and his family lived in

567-498: A goddess supreme in beauty and power." Hawthorne also wrote nonfiction. In 2008, the Library of America selected Hawthorne's "A show of wax-figures" for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American True Crime. Hawthorne's writings were well received at the time. Contemporary response praised his sentimentality and moral purity while more modern evaluations focus on the dark psychological complexity. Herman Melville wrote

648-623: A host of critics." In fact, it was Fields who convinced Hawthorne to turn The Scarlet Letter into a novel rather than a short story. Ticknor handled many of Hawthorne's personal matters, including the purchase of cigars, overseeing financial accounts, and even purchasing clothes. Ticknor died with Hawthorne at his side in Philadelphia in 1864; according to a friend, Hawthorne was left "apparently dazed". Hawthorne's works belong to romanticism or, more specifically, dark romanticism , cautionary tales that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are

729-420: A median household income of $ 44,649, with 19.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line. As of the census of 2000, there were 84,112 people in 28,536 households, including 19,775 families, in the city. The population density was 13,879.4 inhabitants per square mile (5,358.9/km ). There were 29,629 housing units at an average density of 4,889.1 per square mile (1,887.7/km ). The racial makeup of

810-428: A median income of $ 29,481 versus $ 27,427 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 15,022. About 18.4% of families and 20.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.6% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over. Mexican (27.1%) and Filipino (2.6%) are the most common ancestries in the city. Mexico (45.1%) and Guatemala (9.3%) are the most common foreign places of birth in

891-439: A passionate review of Mosses from an Old Manse , titled " Hawthorne and His Mosses ", arguing that Hawthorne "is one of the new, and far better generation of your writers." Melville describes an affinity for Hawthorne that would only increase: "I feel that this Hawthorne has dropped germinous seeds into my soul. He expands and deepens down, the more I contemplate him; and further, and further, shoots his strong New-England roots into

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972-696: A preface that refers to his three-year tenure in the Custom House and makes several allusions to local politicians—who did not appreciate their treatment. It was one of the first mass-produced books in America, selling 2,500 volumes within ten days and earning Hawthorne $ 1,500 over 14 years. The book became a best-seller in the United States and initiated his most lucrative period as a writer. Hawthorne's friend Edwin Percy Whipple objected to

1053-611: A proposal on whether it should move to the Wiseburn Unified School District ; previously students living in the block living in Wiseburn would have had to get permission from their zoned school districts to attend Wiseburn. According to Hunter Lee the Daily Breeze , "few" people voted in the election. The vote to transfer the area to Wiseburn was approved. The district had closed four schools due to

1134-638: A proposal to merge this district with the Centinela Valley Union High School District , with the former Lawndale High School being the unified school district 's high school. Due to potential complexities, a lawyer from the Centinela district criticized the plan. James Waters served as the superintendent until 1991, when he moved to be the Santee School District superintendent. His resignation

1215-492: A room from George Stillman Hillard , business partner of Charles Sumner . Hawthorne wrote in the comparative obscurity of what he called his "owl's nest" in the family home. As he looked back on this period of his life, he wrote: "I have not lived, but only dreamed about living." He contributed short stories to various magazines and annuals, including " Young Goodman Brown " and " The Minister's Black Veil ", though none drew major attention to him. Horatio Bridge offered to cover

1296-447: A scene in his novel The Blithedale Romance . The Hawthornes had three children. Their first was daughter Una, born March 3, 1844; her name was a reference to The Faerie Queene , to the displeasure of family members. Hawthorne wrote to a friend, "I find it a very sober and serious kind of happiness that springs from the birth of a child ... There is no escaping it any longer. I have business on earth now, and must look about me for

1377-465: A woman." Camille Paglia saw Hester as mystical, "a wandering goddess still bearing the mark of her Asiatic origins ... moving serenely in the magic circle of her sexual nature". Lauren Berlant termed Hester "the citizen as woman [personifying] love as a quality of the body that contains the purest light of nature," her resulting "traitorous political theory" a "Female Symbolic" literalization of futile Puritan metaphors. Historicists view Hester as

1458-505: A year, though several physicians could find nothing wrong with him. In the summer of 1816, the family lived as boarders with farmers before moving to a home recently built specifically for them by Hawthorne's uncles Richard and Robert Manning in Raymond, Maine , near Sebago Lake . Years later, Hawthorne looked back at his time in Maine fondly: "Those were delightful days, for that part of

1539-841: Is a charter high school in Hawthorne associated with the Hawthorne School District. The Hawthorne Press Tribune is the community newspaper for the City of Hawthorne. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Curtis Tucker Health Center in Inglewood , serving Hawthorne. The United States Postal Service Hawthorne Post Office is located at 12700 Inglewood Avenue. Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne ; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864)

1620-399: Is a tribute to the man." Henry James praised Hawthorne, saying, "The fine thing in Hawthorne is that he cared for the deeper psychology, and that, in his way, he tried to become familiar with it." Poet John Greenleaf Whittier wrote that he admired the "weird and subtle beauty" in Hawthorne's tales. Evert Augustus Duyckinck said of Hawthorne, "Of the American writers destined to live, he

1701-402: Is no vacancy in my mind, any more than in my heart ... Thank God that I suffice for her boundless heart!" Sophia greatly admired her husband's work. She wrote in one of her journals: I am always so dazzled and bewildered with the richness, the depth, the ... jewels of beauty in his productions that I am always looking forward to a second reading where I can ponder and muse and fully take in

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1782-683: Is the most original, the one least indebted to foreign models or literary precedents of any kind." Beginning in the 1950s, critics have focused on symbolism and didacticism. The critic Harold Bloom wrote that only Henry James and William Faulkner challenge Hawthorne's position as the greatest American novelist, although he admitted that he favored James as the greatest American novelist. Bloom saw Hawthorne's greatest works to be principally The Scarlet Letter , followed by The Marble Faun and certain short stories, including "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", "Young Goodman Brown", "Wakefield", and "Feathertop". According to Hawthorne scholar Rita K. Gollin ,

1863-731: The Salem Gazette . In 1836, Hawthorne served as the editor of the American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge . At the time, he boarded with poet Thomas Green Fessenden on Hancock Street in Beacon Hill in Boston . He was offered an appointment as weigher and gauger at the Boston Custom House at a salary of $ 1,500 a year, which he accepted on January 17, 1839. During his time there, he rented

1944-606: The 62nd Assembly District , represented by Democrat Anthony Rendon . In the United States House of Representatives , Hawthorne is in California's 43rd congressional district , represented by Democrat Maxine Waters . Hawthorne is served by multiple school districts. Schools that include portions of Hawthorne include: In addition Los Angeles County Office of Education operates Southwest Day (5th-12th grade). Hawthorne Math and Science Academy

2025-496: The Los Angeles neighborhood of Westchester is to the northwest of Hawthorne. Hawthorne surrounds the unincorporated community of Del Aire on three sides. It also shares a small border on the northeast along Imperial Highway with the unincorporated community of Westmont . The Century Freeway ( Glenn Anderson Freeway , I-105 ) runs along the northern boundary of Hawthorne, with the C Line light rail line running down

2106-557: The Los Angeles International Airport . Hawthorne comprises ZIP codes 90250 and 90251. It is in the 310 area code , except for a small portion of northeastern Hawthorne, which is located in the 323 area code . Hawthorne, like the rest of the Los Angeles basin, has a Mediterranean climate: Hawthorne has a Mediterranean climate or dry-summer subtropical ( Köppen climate classification Csb on

2187-614: The Massachusetts Bay Colony and held many political positions, including magistrate and judge, becoming infamous for his harsh sentencing. William's son, Hawthorne's great-great-grandfather John Hathorne was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem witch trials . Hawthorne probably added the "w" to his surname in his early twenties, shortly after graduating from college, in an effort to dissociate himself from his notorious forebears. Hawthorne's father Nathaniel Hathorne Sr.

2268-519: The Romantic movement and, more specifically, dark romanticism . His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography of his college friend Franklin Pierce , written for his 1852 campaign for President of the United States , which Pierce won, becoming

2349-554: The Transcendentalism movement. Hawthorne was predominantly a short story writer in his early career. Upon publishing Twice-Told Tales , however, he noted, "I do not think much of them," and he expected little response from the public. His four major romances were written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860). Another novel-length romance, Fanshawe ,

2430-577: The illustrator and transcendentalist Sophia Peabody . He joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841, not because he agreed with the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia. He paid a $ 1,000 deposit and was put in charge of shoveling the hill of manure referred to as "the Gold Mine". He left later that year, though his Brook Farm adventure became an inspiration for his novel The Blithedale Romance . Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842, at

2511-474: The 14th president. Nathaniel Hathorne, as his name was originally spelled, was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem , Massachusetts; his birthplace is preserved and open to the public. His great-great-great-grandfather, William Hathorne , was a Puritan and the first of the family to emigrate from England. He settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts , before moving to Salem. There he became an important member of

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2592-458: The 1970s to 1980s population decline. Jonas Salk School in Hawthorne by then was not in use. Hawthorne, California Hawthorne is a city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area , located in southwestern Los Angeles County, California . It is part of a seventeen-city region commonly called the South Bay . As of the 2020 US census , Hawthorne had a population of 88,083. Hawthorne

2673-568: The Berkshires , then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. A political appointment as consul took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to Concord in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England , and many works feature moral metaphors with an anti- Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of

2754-618: The Procrustean details of academic life, rather choosing to nurse my own fancies than to dig into Greek roots and be numbered among the learned Thebans. Hawthorne's first published work, Fanshawe: A Tale , based on his experiences at Bowdoin College, appeared anonymously in October 1828, printed at the author's own expense of $ 100. Although it received generally positive reviews, it did not sell well. He published several minor pieces in

2835-786: The Rock Park estate in Rock Ferry in one of the houses directly adjacent to Tranmere Beach on the Wirral shore of the River Mersey. Thus to attend his place of employment at the United States consulate in Liverpool, Hawthorne would have been a regular passenger on the steamboat operated Rock Ferry to Liverpool ferry service departing from the Rock Ferry Slipway at the end of Bedford Road. His appointment ended in 1857 at

2916-547: The afternoons and evenings have done. I should be happier if I could write. This employment, like his earlier appointment to the custom house in Boston, was vulnerable to the politics of the spoils system . Hawthorne was a Democrat and lost this job due to the change of administration in Washington after the presidential election of 1848. He wrote a letter of protest to the Boston Daily Advertiser , which

2997-617: The campaign biography of his friend, which depicted him as "a man of peaceful pursuits". Horace Mann said, "If he makes out Pierce to be a great man or a brave man, it will be the greatest work of fiction he ever wrote." In the biography, Hawthorne depicts Pierce as a statesman and soldier who had accomplished no great feats because of his need to make "little noise" and so "withdrew into the background". He also left out Pierce's drinking habits, despite rumors of his alcoholism, and emphasized Pierce's belief that slavery could not "be remedied by human contrivances" but would, over time, "vanish like

3078-487: The center of the Century Freeway. The San Diego Freeway ( I-405 ) runs along the western boundary of Hawthorne. Major east–west streets in Hawthorne include Rosecrans Avenue, El Segundo Boulevard, and Imperial Highway . Major north–south streets include Aviation Boulevard , Inglewood Avenue, Hawthorne Boulevard , Prairie Avenue, Crenshaw Boulevard , and Van Ness Avenue. Hawthorne is five miles (8 km) from

3159-549: The city was 29.3% White, 39.0% Black or African American, 0.8% Native American, 7.7% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 24.2% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. 44.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 28,536 households, 43.7% included children under the age of 18, 38.6% were married couples living together, 23.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. Of all households 24.5% were one person and 4.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size

3240-545: The city's most recent "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report," its various funds had $ 126.1 million in revenues, $ 113.2 million in expenditures, $ 220.2 million in total assets, $ 152.7 million in total liabilities, and $ 29.6 million in cash and investments. The city manager is Vontray Norris. In the California State Legislature , Hawthorne is in the 35th Senate District , represented by Democrat Steven Bradford , and in

3321-408: The city. In 2022, Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority 's Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count counted 173 homeless individuals in Hawthorne. As of 2022 the city is known as a center for the space industry and hosts numerous space related private companies, industries and startups. The relatively large number of aerospace engineers and technicians, history of established aerospace companies, and

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3402-545: The close of the Pierce administration . The Hawthorne family toured France and Italy until 1860. During his time in Italy, the previously clean-shaven Hawthorne grew a bushy mustache. The family returned to The Wayside in 1860, and that year saw the publication of The Marble Faun , his first new book in seven years. Hawthorne admitted that he had aged considerably, referring to himself as "wrinkled with time and trouble". At

3483-706: The coast, Csa inland), enjoying plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of 263 sunshine days and only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually. At the 2010 census Hawthorne had a population of 84,293. The population density was 13,835.7 inhabitants per square mile (5,342.0/km ). The racial makeup of Hawthorne was 27,678 (32.8%) White (10.3% Non-Hispanic White), 23,385 (27.7%) African American, 565 (0.7%) Native American, 5,642 (6.7%) Asian, 974 (1.2%) Pacific Islander, 22,127 (26.3%) from other races, and 3,922 (4.7%) from two or more races. There were 44,572 people of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (52.9%). The census reported that 83,754 people (99.4% of

3564-469: The country was wild then, with only scattered clearings, and nine tenths of it primeval woods." In 1819, he was sent back to Salem for school and soon complained of homesickness and being too far from his mother and sisters. He distributed seven issues of The Spectator to his family in August and September 1820 for fun. The homemade newspaper was written by hand and included essays, poems, and news featuring

3645-496: The district board. As of October 1991, there were 4,332 students: 41% of the students were Latino or Hispanic, 31% were Anglo White, 13% were black, and 10% were Asian. Of the student body, limited English proficiency students made up less than 30%. The enrollment circa August 1991 was about 4,500. In 2021 a block of unincorporated areas that was in the Lawndale School District and Centinela Valley USD voted on

3726-495: The end of March 1850. He became friends with Herman Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend. Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from an Old Manse , and his unsigned review of the collection was printed in The Literary World on August 17 and August 24 titled "Hawthorne and His Mosses". Melville wrote that these stories revealed

3807-420: The few men of indisputable genius to whom our country has as yet given birth. John Neal 's magazine The Yankee published the first substantial public praise of Hawthorne, saying in 1828 that the author of Fanshawe has a "fair prospect of future success." Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "Nathaniel Hawthorne's reputation as a writer is a very pleasing fact, because his writing is not good for anything, and this

3888-648: The funeral: "I thought there was a tragic element in the event, that might be more fully rendered—in the painful solitude of the man, which, I suppose, could no longer be endured, & he died of it." His wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, in June 2006, they were reinterred in plots adjacent to Hawthorne. Hawthorne had a particularly close relationship with his publishers William Ticknor and James T. Fields . Hawthorne once told Fields, "I care more for your good opinion than for that of

3969-466: The hot soil of my Southern soul." Edgar Allan Poe wrote important reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse . Poe's assessment was partly informed by his contempt for allegory and moral tales, and his chronic accusations of plagiarism, though he admitted: The style of Mr. Hawthorne is purity itself. His tone is singularly effective—wild, plaintive, thoughtful, and in full accordance with his themes ... We look upon him as one of

4050-470: The households, 7,125 (25.0%) were one person and 1,430 (5.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.94. There were 19,559 families (68.7% of households); the average family size was 3.54. The age distribution was 23,157 people (27.5%) under the age of 18, 9,487 people (11.3%) aged 18 to 24, 27,035 people (32.1%) aged 25 to 44, 18,395 people (21.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 6,219 people (7.4%) who were 65 or older. The median age

4131-464: The lowest enrollment at the time. The enrollment declined because the area became more expensive, limiting the number of new families. In 1985 the district's enrollment had increased to 4,030 students, with 42.9% being Anglo White, 37.3% being Latino or Hispanic, 13.9% being Asians, 5.6% being black, and 0.4% being Native American. In 1987 Larry Breon, a member of the Lawndale city council, put forward

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4212-510: The means of doing it." In October 1845, the Hawthornes moved to Salem. In 1846, their son Julian was born. Hawthorne wrote to his sister Louisa on June 22, 1846: "A small troglodyte made his appearance here at ten minutes to six o'clock this morning, who claimed to be your nephew." Daughter Rose was born in May 1851, and Hawthorne called her his "autumnal flower". In April 1846, Hawthorne

4293-447: The miraculous wealth of thoughts. Poet Ellery Channing came to the Old Manse for help on the first anniversary of the Hawthornes' marriage. A local teenager named Martha Hunt had drowned herself in the river and Hawthorne's boat Pond Lily was needed to find her body. Hawthorne helped recover the corpse, which he described as "a spectacle of such perfect horror ... She was the very image of death-agony". The incident later inspired

4374-525: The model women of Hawthorne's other novels—from Ellen Langton of Fanshawe to Zenobia and Priscilla of The Blithedale Romance, Hilda and Miriam of The Marble Faun and Phoebe and Hepzibah of The House of the Seven Gables —are more fully realized than his male characters, who merely orbit them. This observation is equally true of his short-stories, in which central females serve as allegorical figures: Rappaccini's beautiful but life-altering, garden-bound, daughter; almost-perfect Georgiana of " The Birth-Mark ";

4455-421: The most inherent natural qualities of humanity. Many of his works are inspired by Puritan New England , combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism. His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express common themes of ancestral sin, guilt and retribution. His later writings also reflect his negative view of

4536-649: The next day; coincidentally, he was initiated into the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity on the same day by being blindfolded and placed in a coffin. Longfellow wrote a tribute poem to Hawthorne published in 1866 called " The Bells of Lynn ". Hawthorne was buried on what is now known as "Authors' Ridge" in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord , Massachusetts . Pallbearers included Longfellow, Emerson, Alcott, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. , James T. Fields , and Edwin Percy Whipple . Emerson wrote of

4617-403: The north of Hawthorne is the unincorporated community of Lennox and the city of Inglewood . To the east is the unincorporated community of Athens and the city of Gardena . To the south is the unincorporated community of El Camino Village , and the cities of Lawndale and Redondo Beach . Manhattan Beach is at the southwest corner of Hawthorne. To the west is the city of El Segundo , and

4698-428: The novel's "morbid intensity" and its dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them", while 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter . Hawthorne and his family moved to a small red farmhouse near Lenox, Massachusetts , at

4779-543: The outset of the American Civil War , Hawthorne traveled with William D. Ticknor to Washington, D.C., where he met Abraham Lincoln and other notable figures. He wrote about his experiences in the essay " Chiefly About War Matters " in 1862. Failing health prevented him from completing several more romance novels. Hawthorne was suffering from pain in his stomach and insisted on a recuperative trip with his friend Franklin Pierce, though his neighbor Bronson Alcott

4860-544: The population) lived in households, 208 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 331 (0.4%) were institutionalized. There were 28,486 households, 12,330 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 10,833 (38.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6,369 (22.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,357 (8.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,309 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 191 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . Of

4941-646: The presence of SpaceX has facilitated the development of space engineering industry cluster in the city. According to the city's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are: Besides the current top employers, the following businesses are currently located in Hawthorne: Previously in Hawthorne: Hawthorne has an elected city council composed of a mayor elected every four years and four city council members elected on four year terms. According to

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5022-466: The risk of collecting these stories in the spring of 1837 into the volume Twice-Told Tales , which made Hawthorne known locally. While at Bowdoin, Hawthorne wagered a bottle of Madeira wine with his friend Jonathan Cilley that Cilley would get married before Hawthorne did. By 1836, he had won the bet, but he did not remain a bachelor for life. He had public flirtations with Mary Silsbee and Elizabeth Peabody , then he began pursuing Peabody's sister,

5103-615: The scenery of the Berkshires, although Hawthorne did not enjoy the winters in their small house. They left on November 21, 1851. Hawthorne noted, "I am sick to death of Berkshire ... I have felt languid and dispirited, during almost my whole residence." In May 1852, the Hawthornes returned to Concord where they lived until July 1853. In February, they bought The Hillside, a home previously inhabited by Amos Bronson Alcott and his family, and renamed it The Wayside . Their neighbors in Concord included Emerson and Henry David Thoreau . That year, Hawthorne wrote The Life of Franklin Pierce ,

5184-565: The sinned-against (abandoned) Ester of "Ethan Brand"; and goodwife Faith Brown, linchpin of Young Goodman Brown's very belief in God. "My Faith is gone!" Brown exclaims in despair upon seeing his wife at the Witches' Sabbath. Perhaps the most sweeping statement of Hawthorne's impetus comes from Mark Van Doren : "Somewhere, if not in the New England of his time, Hawthorne unearthed the image of

5265-494: The stage stop in Portland, and the two became fast friends. Once at the school, he also met future poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , future congressman Jonathan Cilley , and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge . He graduated with the class of 1825, and later described his college experience to Richard Henry Stoddard : I was educated (as the phrase is) at Bowdoin College. I was an idle student, negligent of college rules and

5346-419: The young author's adolescent humor. Hawthorne's uncle Robert Manning insisted that the boy attend college, despite Hawthorne's protests. With the financial support of his uncle, Hawthorne was sent to Bowdoin College in 1821, partly because of family connections in the area, and also because of its relatively inexpensive tuition rate. Hawthorne met future president Franklin Pierce on the way to Bowdoin, at

5427-416: Was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.50. The age distribution was 31.7% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 34.9% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.1% 65 or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males. The median household income was $ 31,887 and the median family income was $ 35,149. Males had

5508-535: Was 31.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males. There were 29,869 housing units at an average density of 4,902.7 per square mile, of the occupied units 7,623 (26.8%) were owner-occupied and 20,863 (73.2%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.6%. 25,869 people (30.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 57,885 people (68.7%) lived in rental housing units. During 2009–2013, Hawthorne had

5589-429: Was a reclusive person. Throughout her early life, she had frequent migraines and underwent several experimental medical treatments. She was mostly bedridden until her sister introduced her to Hawthorne, after which her headaches seem to have abated. The Hawthornes enjoyed a long and happy marriage. He referred to her as his "Dove" and wrote that she "is, in the strictest sense, my sole companion; and I need no other—there

5670-706: Was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow fever in Dutch Suriname ; he had been a member of the East India Marine Society . After his death, his widow moved with young Nathaniel, his older sister Elizabeth , and their younger sister Louisa to live with relatives named the Mannings in Salem, where they lived for 10 years. Young Hawthorne was hit on the leg while playing "bat and ball" on November 10, 1813, and he became lame and bedridden for

5751-419: Was an American novelist and short story writer. His works often focus on history, morality, and religion. He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts , from a family long associated with that town. Hawthorne entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825. He published his first work in 1828, the novel Fanshawe ; he later tried to suppress it, feeling that it

5832-687: Was attacked by the Whigs and supported by the Democrats, making Hawthorne's dismissal a much-talked about event in New England. He was deeply affected by the death of his mother in late July, calling it "the darkest hour I ever lived". He was appointed the corresponding secretary of the Salem Lyceum in 1848. Guests who came to speak that season included Emerson, Thoreau, Louis Agassiz , and Theodore Parker . Hawthorne returned to writing and published The Scarlet Letter in mid-March 1850, including

5913-503: Was better than The Scarlet Letter and called "the most valuable contribution to New England history that has been made." He also wrote The Blithedale Romance (1852), his only work written in the first person. He also published A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys in 1851, a collection of short stories retelling myths that he had been thinking about writing since 1846. Nevertheless, poet Ellery Channing reported that Hawthorne "has suffered much living in this place". The family enjoyed

5994-542: Was concerned that Hawthorne was too ill. While on a tour of the White Mountains , he died in his sleep on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire . Pierce sent a telegram to Elizabeth Peabody asking her to inform Mrs. Hawthorne in person. Mrs. Hawthorne was too saddened by the news to handle the funeral arrangements herself. Hawthorne's son Julian, a freshman at Harvard College , learned of his father's death

6075-473: Was effective after September 20, 1991. Around 1991 the annual growth rate for the student body was 100 as wealthier families were moving to the district. In 1991 Kim Kowsky of the Los Angeles Times stated that the district, in light of the expansion of the number of racial and ethnic minority students, was "rapidly changing" and that therefore there were "lively" board campaigns for three seats on

6156-471: Was founded in 1905 as the "Hawthorne Improvement Company" by real estate developers B.L. Harding and H.D. Lombard. Harding's daughter shared her birthday—July 4, American Independence Day—with New England author Nathaniel Hawthorne , and a decision was made to name the small village after him. Hawthorne was once a "whites only" settlement, commonly called a sundown town . During the 1930s, signs warned African-Americans to be out of Hawthorne by sundown. To

6237-429: Was not equal to the standard of his later work. He published several short stories in periodicals, which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales . The following year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody . He worked at the Boston Custom House and joined Brook Farm , a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts , later moving to Salem,

6318-632: Was officially appointed the Surveyor for the District of Salem and Beverly and Inspector of the Revenue for the Port of Salem at an annual salary of $ 1,200. He had difficulty writing during this period, as he admitted to Longfellow: I am trying to resume my pen ... Whenever I sit alone, or walk alone, I find myself dreaming about stories, as of old; but these forenoons in the Custom House undo all that

6399-642: Was once part of the Rancho Sausal Redondo (Round Willow-grove Ranch) of the 22,458-acre (91 km ) Mexican land grant in present-day Los Angeles County, California given in 1837 to Antonio Ygnacio Ávila by Juan Alvarado the Mexican Governments Governor of Alta California . Rancho Sausal Redondo covered the area that now includes Playa Del Rey , El Segundo , Manhattan Beach , Lawndale , Hermosa Beach , Inglewood , Hawthorne, and Redondo Beach . Hawthorne

6480-466: Was one of "the primitive energies of fecundity and creation." Critics have applied feminist perspectives and historicist approaches to Hawthorne's depictions of women. Feminist scholars are interested particularly in Hester Prynne : they recognize that while she herself could not be the "destined prophetess" of the future, the "angel and apostle of the coming revelation" must nevertheless "be

6561-435: Was published anonymously in 1828. Hawthorne defined a romance as being radically different from a novel by not being concerned with the possible or probable course of ordinary experience. In the preface to The House of the Seven Gables , Hawthorne describes his romance-writing as using "atmospherical medium as to bring out or mellow the lights and deepen and enrich the shadows of the picture". The picture, Daniel Hoffman found,

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