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64-589: The main languages spoken in the city include Saraiki , Punjabi , and Urdu . It lies between 30–45 to 31–24 degree north latitudes and 70–44 to 71–50 degree east longitudes. The area consists of a semi-rectangular block of sandy land between the Indus River and the Chenab River in Sindh Sagar Doab . Layyah is situated at an average elevation of 143m above sea level. The total area covered by

128-509: A Saraiki version of its site, as well. The language, partly codified during the British Raj , derived its emotional attraction from the poetry of the Sufi saint, Khawaja Ghulam Farid , who has become an identity symbol. His poems, known as Kafi are still famous. The beloved's intense glances call for blood The dark hair wildly flows The Kohl of the eyes is fiercely black And slays

192-473: A dialect of either Sindhi or of Panjabi due to a high degree of mutual intelligibility. The following dialects have been tentatively proposed for Saraiki: The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the Jaṭṭs ", a northern South Asian ethnic group. Only

256-403: A language in its own right and see the use of the term "dialect" as stigmatising . A language movement was started in the 1960s to standardise a script and promote the language. The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981. Saraiki is primarily spoken in the south-western part of the province of Punjab , in an area that broadly coincides with

320-442: A set of implosives , so that for each place of articulation there are up to five contrasting stops, for example: voiceless /tʃala/ 'custom' ~ aspirated /tʃʰala/ 'blister' ~ implosive /ʄala/ 'cobweb' ~ voiced /dʒala/ 'niche' ~ voiced aspirate /dʒʰəɠ/ 'foam'. There are five contrasting places of articulation for the stops: velar , palatal , retroflex , dental and bilabial . The dentals /t tʰ d dʰ/ are articulated with

384-458: A small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki. However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as Jataki . Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups. The name " Derawali " is used to refer to the local dialects of both Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan , but "Ḍerawali" in

448-629: A son [...] of the name of the Ikshwaku . [...] His tenth son [...] was named Dasaswa, and this virtuous prince of infallible prowess became the king of Mahismati . Dasaswa's son [...] was known by the name of Madiraswa and ruled over the Earth as her lord. He was constantly devoted to the study of the Vedas as also of the science of arms. Madiraswa's son was the king named Dyutimat who possessed great good fortune and power and strength and energy. Dyutimat's son

512-474: Is a nasalised retroflex flap [ɽ̃] . The contrasts /ŋ/ ~ /ŋɡ/ , and /ɲ/ ~ /ɲdʒ/ are weak; the single nasal is more common in southern varieties, and the nasal + stop cluster is prevalent in central dialects. Three nasals /ŋ n m/ have aspirated counterparts /ŋʰ nʰ mʰ/ . The realisation of the alveolar tap /ɾ/ varies with the phonetic environment. It is trilled if geminated to /ɾɾ/ and weakly trilled if preceded by /t/ or /d/ . It contrasts with

576-720: Is also being offered by English department of Ghazi University , Dera Ghazi Khan and MA Saraiki is being offered by Gomal University , Dera Ismail Khan privately. It is taught as a subject in schools and colleges at higher secondary and intermediate. Saraiki is also taught at degree level at the Allama Iqbal Open University at Islamabad, and the Al-Khair University at Bhimbir have Pakistani Linguistics Departments. They offer M.Phil. and Ph.D in Saraiki. The Associated Press of Pakistan has launched

640-465: Is found in the northeastern Jhangi dialect , considered transitional between Standard Punjabi and Saraiki by Wagha (1997 , p. 229), which is characterised by a lack of phonemic contrast between implosives and plain stops, and a preference for implosives even in words where Saraiki has a plain stop. The dental implosive in Jhangi is articulated with the tongue completely covering the upper teeth. It

704-789: Is not phonemic ; it is phonetically realised on the whole syllable, and results from an underlying /h/ that follows the vowel, thus [ɓʰɛh] is phonemically /ɓɛh/ . The historical origin of the Saraiki implosives has been on the whole the same as in Sindhi. Their source has generally been the older language's series of plain voiced stops, thus Sanskrit j anayati > Saraiki ʄ əɲən 'be born'. New plain voiced stops have in turn arisen out of certain consonants and consonant clusters (for example, y ava > dʒ ao 'barley'), or have been introduced in loanwords from Sanskrit , Hindi , Persian or English ( ɡ ərdən 'throat', b əs 'bus'). The following table illustrates some of

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768-426: Is not present in Saraiki, although Bahl (1936 , p. 29) contends that it should be reconstructed for the earlier language. Its absence has been attributed to structural factors: the forward articulation of /ʄ/ and the lesser retroflexion of /ᶑ/ . Aspirated ( breathy voiced ) implosives occur word-initially, where they contrast with aspirated plain stops: /ɓʰɛ(h)/ 'sit' ~ /bʰɛ/ 'fear'. The aspiration

832-511: Is the Majhi dialect of Punjabi , which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi. However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of "Lahnda" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. Ethnologue ). Saraiki appears to be a transitional language between Punjabi and Sindhi . Spoken in Upper Sindh as well as the southern Panjab, it is sometimes considered

896-587: Is unique in Indo-Aryan and that speakers of Multani take pride in its distinctiveness. The plain voiced /ɖ/ and the implosive /ᶑ/ are mostly in complementary distribution although there are a few minimal pairs, like /ɖakʈəɾ/ 'doctor' ~ /ᶑak/ 'mail'. The retroflex implosive alternates with the plain voiced dental stop /d/ in the genitive postposition /suffix /da/ , which takes the form of /ᶑa/ when combined with 1st or 2nd person pronouns: /meᶑa/ 'my', /teᶑa/ 'your'. A dental implosive ( /ɗ̪/ )

960-606: The Kurukshetra War , Sauvira sided with the Kauravas under their ruler Jayadratha . (6:71), (7:10,136) "In Bhishma 's division were all the sons of Dhritarashtra , and also Sala, who was a countryman of the Valhikas , and also all those Kshatriyas called Amvastas, and those called Sindhus , and those also that are called Sauviras, and the heroic dwellers of the country of the five rivers." (6:20) "The Abhishahas,

1024-525: The Salt Range is the rough divide with the northern varieties of Lahnda, such as Pothwari . Saraiki is the first language of approximately 29 million people in Pakistan according to the 2023 census. The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981. In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language

1088-417: The blade of the tongue against the surface behind the teeth. The retroflex stops are post-alveolar , the articulator being the tip of the tongue or sometimes the underside . There is no dental implosive, partly due to the lesser retroflexion with which the retroflex implosive /ᶑ/ is pronounced. The palatal stops are here somewhat arbitrarily represented with [tʃ] and [dʒ] . In casual speech some of

1152-458: The retroflex flap /ɽ/ ( /taɾ/ 'wire' ~ /taɽ/ 'watching'), except in the variety spoken by Hindus. The fricatives /f v/ are labio-dental . The glottal fricative /ɦ/ is voiced and affects the voice quality of a preceding vowel. There are no tones in Saraiki. All consonants except /h j ɳ ɽ/ can be geminated ("doubled"). Geminates occur only after stressed centralised vowels, and are phonetically realised much less markedly than in

1216-510: The Indo-European languages. In Christopher Shackle's analysis, Saraiki distinguishes up to 48 consonants and 9 monophthong vowels. The "centralised" vowels /ɪ ʊ ə/ tend to be shorter than the "peripheral" vowels /i ɛ a o u/ . The central vowel /ə/ is more open and back than the corresponding vowel in neighbouring varieties. Vowel nasalisation is distinctive: /'ʈuɾẽ/ 'may you go' vs. /'ʈuɾe/ 'may he go'. Before /ɦ/ ,

1280-645: The Multani script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted in 2011. Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005. The Khojiki script has also been in use, whereas Devanagari and Gurmukhi are not employed anymore. The Department of Saraiki, Islamia University , Bahawalpur was established in 1989 and the Department of Saraiki, Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan was established in 2006. BS Saraiki

1344-674: The Sauviras were once connected with the Abhira tribe. The Compendium of Charaka ( Sanskrit चरकसंहिता Charaka saṃhitā ) is an early text on Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine) probably completed in its present form in the first few centuries AD. In chapter 1 of the Vimānasthāna section of the Compendium , at verse 18, the author notes that the people of Sauvīra are over-fond of salt in their diet, and even consume salt in milk. As

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1408-516: The Sauviras, endued with great prowess, who had always shown a disregard for the Kurus , was made by the intelligent Arjuna to feel the edge of his power. And Arjuna also repressed by means of his arrows (the pride of) king Sumitra of Sauvira, also known by the name of Dattamitra[,] who had resolutely sought an encounter with him. (1:141) A prajapati (patriarch) named Manu , and his descendants who ruled Sauvira, are described by Bhishma : Manu had

1472-576: The Sindhu king, to fight against the Sindhus and take back his kingdom from them: "And the princess Vidula, one day, rebuked her own son, who, after his defeat by the king of the Sindhus , lay prostrate with heart depressed by despair." (5:133) "Rejoice, O son, and make thyself happy in the possession of wealth in the company of the daughters of the Sauviras and do not, in weakness of heart, be ruled over by

1536-1013: The Surasenas, the Sivis , and the Vasatis, the Swalyas , the Matsyas , the Amvashtas, the Trigartas , and the Kekayas , the Sauviras, the Kitavas, and the dwellers of the eastern, western, and northern countries were all resolved to fight reckless of the lives." (6:18) Those warriors that are opposed to Arjuna , viz., the Sauvirakas , the Sindhava -Pauravas, headed by Karna , are regarded as

1600-521: The actual numbers, as the speakers will often refer to their language using narrower dialect or regional labels, or alternatively identify with the bigger language communities, like those of Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu. Therefore, the number of speakers in India remains unknown. There have been observations of Lahnda varieties "merging" into Punjabi (especially in Punjab and Delhi), as well as of outright shift to

1664-540: The backs of war elephants and are proficient with alternate fighting methods. The Yavanas , the Kamvojas , and those that dwell around Mathura are well skilled in fighting with bare arms. The Southerners are skilled in fighting sword in hand. (12:100) In book 5, section 133 of the Mahabharata , the character Kunti tells the story of Vidula . Vidula persuaded her son, who was the king of Sauvira but banished by

1728-460: The centre of administration for the neighbouring tract, and after the British occupation in 1849, was for a time the headquarters of a Civil Administrative Division. This administrative status of Layyah was short-lived and the British reduced it to the level of Tehsil headquarters, making it a part of Dera Ismail Khan . In 1901, Layyah was transferred to the new District of Mianwali . Later on, it

1792-729: The character Karna as being similar to the Madras : "The Prasthalas, the Madras , the Gandharas , the Arattas , those called Khasas , the Vasatis, the Sindhus and the Sauviras are almost as blamable in their practices." (8:44) The Gandharvas [or Gandharas ], the Sindhus , and the Sauviras fight best with their nails and lances. They are brave and endowed with great strength. Their armies are capable of vanquishing all forces. The Usinaras possess great strength and are skilled in all kinds of weapons. The Easterners are skilled in fighting from

1856-456: The context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations "language" and "dialect" is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity. In a sense both Saraiki and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a " Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage. Saraiki was considered a dialect of Punjabi by most British colonial administrators, and is still seen as such by many Punjabis . Saraikis, however, consider it

1920-407: The contrast between /a/ and /ə/ is neutralised. There is a high number of vowel sequences, some of which can be analysed as diphthongs . Saraiki possesses a large inventory of consonants : In its stop consonants , Saraiki has the typical for Indo-Aryan four-fold contrast between voiced and voiceless , and aspirated and unaspirated. In parallel to Sindhi it has additionally developed

1984-530: The daughters of the Saindhavas." (5:134) "Pierced by the wordy arrows of his mother, the son roused himself like a steed of proud mettle and achieved [defeating the Sindhus] all that his mother had pointed out." (5:136) There is a mention of King Rahugan meeting with Bharat followed by an extensive dialogue between them about life and its meaning. The kingdom of Sauvira was founded by Prince Suvira, one of

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2048-924: The development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south. Saraiki however, does relate considerably with other Western Punjabi dialects. There is a political movement in Pakistan to declare Saraiki the administrative language of its own region. The Saraiki language identity arose in the 1960s, encompassing more narrow local earlier identities (like Multani, Derawi or Riasati), and distinguishing itself from broader ones like that of Punjabi. Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Saraiki like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words. The present extent of

2112-548: The dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated "Southern Lahnda " within a putative "Lahnda language". Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name "Southern Lahnda" along with the entity "Lahnda" itself. Grierson also maintained that "Lahnda" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken north, west, and south of Lahore . The local dialect of Lahore

2176-552: The district is 6,291 km with a width from east to west of 88 km and a length from north to south of 72 km. The town was founded around 1550 by Kamal Khan Mirani, a descendant of Ghazi Khan Mirani who laid foundation of Dera Ghazi Khan . The region was part of Multan province of Mughal Empire. Around 1610, the town was taken from the Mirani rulers by the Jaskani Balochs, who held it until 1787. Abdun Nabi Sarai

2240-553: The dominant languages of Punjabi or Hindi. One pattern reported in the 1990s was for members of the younger generation to speak the respective "Lahnda" variety with their grandparents, while communicating within the peer group in Punjabi and speaking to their children in Hindi. Saraiki's consonant inventory is similar to that of neighbouring Sindhi . It includes phonemically distinctive implosive consonants , which are unusual among

2304-635: The extent of the proposed Saraikistan province. To the west, it is set off from the Pashto - and Balochi -speaking areas by the Suleiman Range , while to the south-east the Thar desert divides it from the Marwari language . Its other boundaries are less well-defined: Punjabi is spoken to the east; Sindhi is found to the south, after the border with Sindh province ; to the north, the southern edge of

2368-686: The first syllable is centralised, and the second syllable contains either a diphthong, or a peripheral vowel followed by a consonant, for example /dɪɾ'kʰan/ 'carpenter'. Three-syllable words are stressed on the second syllable if the first syllable contains a centralised vowel, and the second syllable has either a peripheral vowel, or a centralised vowel + geminate, for example /tʃʊ'həttəɾ/ 'seventy-four'. There are exceptions to these rules and they account for minimal pairs like /it'la/ 'informing' and /'itla/ 'so much'. Unusually for South Asian languages , implosive consonants are found in Sindhi , possibly some Rajasthani dialects , and Saraiki, which has

2432-441: The following series: / ɓ ᶑ ʄ ɠ /. The "palatal" /ʄ/ is denti-alveolar and laminal , articulated further forward than most other palatals. The " retroflex " /ᶑ/ is articulated with the tip or the underside of the tongue, further forward in the mouth than the plain retroflex stops. It has been described as post-alveolar , pre-palatal or pre-retroflex . Bahl (1936 , p. 30) reports that this sound

2496-967: The foremost of car-warriors (7:108). "[M]any combatants also, belonging to the Nishadas, the Sauviras, the Valhikas , the Daradas , the Westerners, the Northerners, the Malavas , the Abhighatas, the Surasenas , the Sivis , the Vasatis, the Salwas , the Sakas , the Trigartas , the Amvashthas, and the Kekayas , similarly fell upon him" (Arjuna). (6:118) Bhishma the son of Santanu, protected by

2560-547: The former is the Multani dialect and "Derawali" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect. When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into districts , and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times. In

2624-506: The implosives and the extra nasals. In Sindh the Sindhi alphabet is used. The calligraphic styles used are Naskh and Nastaʿlīq . Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as kiṛakkī or laṇḍā , although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times. Likewise, a script related to the Landa scripts family, known as Multani , was previously used to write Saraiki. A preliminary proposal to encode

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2688-467: The king of Sindhu and Saivira, and being married to — besides Dussala (the sister of Duryodhana ) — two other wives, one from Gandhara and the other from Kamboja . Jayadratha is mentioned as the king of Sauvira at many places in the Mahabharata , such as in this conversation between Jayadratha's ally Kotika and Draupadi , the wife of the Pandavas : I am king Suratha's son whom people know by

2752-473: The king of the Sindhus , Sauviras and Sivis , having conquered Sauvira and Sivi, two kingdoms close to the Sindhu kingdom. Jayadratha was an ally of Duryodhana and the husband of Duryodhana's sister Dussala. The kingdom of Sauvira is also stated to be close to the Dwaraka and Anarta kingdoms. According to Bhagwat Puran Sauviras were once connected with Abhira . Culturally, the Sauviras were mentioned by

2816-539: The king, viz., the powerful Valahaka, Anika, Vidarana and others, are among his followers. These strong-limbed and noble youths are the flowers of the Sauvira chivalry. The king is journeying in the company of these his friends. (3:263) A king named Satrunjaya among the Sauviras is mentioned at (12:139). The whole chapter consists of a conversation between this king and a sage in the Bharadwaja clan. Arjuna and

2880-578: The lovers with no excuse My appearance in ruins, I sit and wait While the beloved has settled in Malheer I feel the sting of the cruel dart My heart the, abode of pain and grief A life of tears, I have led Farid Shakir Shujabadi ( Kalam-e-Shakir , Khuda Janey , Shakir Diyan Ghazlan , Peelay Patr , Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway , and Shakir De Dohray are his famous books) is a very well recognized modern poet. Ataullah Khan Esakhelvi and Shafaullah Rokhri are considered legends of Saraiki music and

2944-563: The major developments: Within South Asia, implosives were first described for Sindhi by Stake in 1855. Later authors have noted their existence in Multani and have variously called them "recursives" or "injectives", while Grierson incorrectly treated them as "double consonants". In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the Arabic -derived Urdu alphabet with the addition of seven diacritically modified letters to represent

3008-476: The meaning "the language of the north", from the Sindhi word siro 'up-river, north'. This name can ambiguously refer to the northern dialects of Sindhi, but these are nowadays more commonly known as "Siroli" or "Sireli". An alternative hypothesis is that Sarākī originated in the word sauvīrā , or Sauvira , an ancient kingdom which was also mentioned in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata . Currently,

3072-489: The meaning of Sirāikī is a recent development, and the term most probably gained its currency during the nationalist movement of the 1960s. It has been in use for much longer in Sindh to refer to the speech of the immigrants from the north, principally Siraiki-speaking Baloch tribes who settled there between the 16th and the 19th centuries. In this context, the term can most plausibly be explained as originally having had

3136-611: The most common rendering of the name is Saraiki . However, Seraiki and Siraiki have also been used in academia until recently. Precise spelling aside, the name was first adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders. Saraiki is a member of Western Punjabi sub family of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. In 1919, Grierson maintained that

3200-610: The most popular singers from the Saraiki belt . Former Pakistan Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani had said southern Punjab is rich in cultural heritage which needs to be promoted for next generations. In a message on the launch of Saraiki channel by Pakistan Television (PTV) in Multan , he is reported to have said that the step would help promote the rich heritage of 'Saraiki Belt'. These are not dedicated Saraiki channels but most play programmes in Saraiki. Sauvira Sauvīra

3264-430: The name of Kotika, and that man with eyes large as the petals of the lotus, sitting on a chariot of gold, is the warrior known by the name of Kshemankara, king of Trigarta . And behind him is the famous son of the king of Pulinda, who is even now gazing on thee. Armed with a mighty bow and endued with large eyes, and decorated with floral wreaths, he always liveth on the breasts of mountains. The dark and handsome young man,

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3328-562: The other Pandava princes became so powerful that they slew in battle the great Sauvira who had performed a sacrifice extending over three years, undaunted by the raids of the Gandharvas [alternatively Gandharas ]. And the king of the Yavanas himself, whom the powerful Pandu even had failed to bring under subjection, was brought by Arjuna under control. Then again Vipula , the king of

3392-403: The rest of the Punjabi area. A stressed syllable is distinguished primarily by its length : if the vowel is peripheral /i ɛ a o u/ then it is lengthened, and if it is a "centralised vowel" ( /ɪ ʊ ə/ ) then the consonant following it is geminated. Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. The stress will, however, fall on the second syllable of a two-syllable word if the vowel in

3456-565: The scourge of his enemies, standing at the edge of that tank, is the son of Suvala of the race of Ikshwaku . And if, O excellent lady, thou hast ever heard the name of Jayadratha , the king of Sauviras , even he is there at the head of six thousand chariots, with horses and elephants and infantry, and followed by twelve Sauvira princes as his standard-bearers, named Angaraka, Kunjara, Guptaka, Satrunjaya , Srinjaya, Suprabiddha, Prabhankara, Bhramara, Ravi, Sura, Pratapa and Kuhana, all mounted on chariots drawn by chestnut horses. The brothers also of

3520-461: The sons of Sivi. The neighboring kingdoms of Madra, Kekaya, and Sindhu belonged to Madraka, Kekaya, and Vrsadarbh, the other three sons of Sivi. Jayadratha was the king not only of Sauvira but of Sindhu and other countries as well. (3:265) The warriors of the Sivi , Sauvira and Sindhu tribes were under the command of Jayadratha. (3:269) In section 22 of book 11, Jayadradtha is again mentioned as

3584-417: The south-western half of the province of Punjab in Pakistan. It was previously known as Multani , after its main dialect. Saraiki has partial mutual intelligibility with Standard Punjabi , and it shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology . At the same time in its phonology it is radically different (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and

3648-432: The states of Punjab , Haryana , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir . There is also a smaller group of Muslim pastoralists who migrated to India, specifically Andhra Pradesh , prior to Partition. There are census figures available – for example, in the 2011 census, 29,000 people reported their language as " Bahawal Puri ", and 62,000 as "Hindi Multani". However, these are not representative of

3712-414: The stops, especially /k/ , /g/ and /dʒ/ , are frequently rendered as fricatives – respectively [x] , [ɣ] and [z] . Of the nasals , only /n/ and /m/ are found at the start of a word, but in other phonetic environments there is a full set of contrasts in the place of articulation: /ŋ ɲ ɳ n m/ . The retroflex ɳ is a realised as a true nasal only if adjacent to a retroflex stop, elsewhere it

3776-702: The warriors headed by Saindhava and by the combatants of the East and the Sauviras and the Kekayas, [fought] with great impetuosity. (6:52) "[T]he diverse tribes of the Sauviras, the Vasatis, and the Kshudrakas, and the Malavas, all these, at the command of the royal son of Santanu [Bhishma], quickly approached Kiritin [Arjuna] for battle." (6:59) According to the Bhagavata Purana , another Hindu text,

3840-425: Was 9.83. In the census of 1998, it was 10.53% out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan. Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab. After Partition in 1947, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Saraiki migrated to India, where they are currently widely dispersed, though with more significant pockets in

3904-399: Was an ancient kingdom of the lower Indus Valley mentioned in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist literature and the Hindu epic Mahabharata . It is often mentioned alongside the Sindhu kingdom . Its capital city was Roruka, identified with present-day Aror / Rohri in Sindh , mentioned in the Buddhist literature as a major trading center. According to the Mahabharata, Jayadratha was

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3968-411: Was appointed Governor by Timur Shah Durrani , but three years later it was included in the Governorship of Muhammad Khan Sadozai, who transferred his seat of Government to Mankera . In 1794, Humayun Shah, the rival claimant to the throne of Kabul, was captured near Layyah and brought into the town, where his eyes were put out by order of Zaman Shah. Under the Sikh Government , the town once more became

4032-436: Was made part of the Muzaffargarh District . In 1982, Layyah Tehsil was upgraded to District headquarters comprising three Tehsils: Layyah, Karor and Chaubara. The municipality was created in 1875. Population of Layyah city. Saraiki language Saraiki ( سرائیکی Sarā'īkī ; also spelt Siraiki , or Seraiki ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken by around 28 million people primarily in

4096-427: Was the highly devout and pious king who was famous in all the worlds under the name of Suvira. [...] Suvira too had a son who was invincible in battle, and who was the best of all warriors and known by the name of Sudurjaya. (13:2) King Suvira is also mentioned in Book 1, Section 67 as one of "many heroic kings on earth." King " Ajavindu among the Suviras" is mentioned as an annihilator of his own race. (5:74) In

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