Provençal ( / ˌ p r ɒ v ɒ̃ ˈ s ɑː l / , also UK : /- s æ l / , US : / ˌ p r oʊ -, - v ən -/ ; Occitan : provençau or prouvençau [pʀuvenˈsaw] ) is a variety of Occitan , spoken by people in Provence and parts of Drôme and Gard . The term Provençal used to refer to the entire Occitan language, but more recently it has referred only to the variety of Occitan spoken in Provence. However, it can still be found being used to refer to Occitan as a whole, e.g. Merriam-Webster states that it can be used to refer to general Occitan, though this is going out of use.
20-816: La Ciotat ( French: [la sjɔta] ; Provençal Occitan : La Ciutat [la sjewˈta] ; in Mistralian spelling La Ciéutat ; 'the City') is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southern France . It is the southeasternmost commune of the Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis . La Ciotat is located at about 25 km (15.5 mi) to
40-440: A La Ciotat". La Ciotat has a large number of offices uptown. These offices are a major source of employment and income for the local people through the transport, catering and other services they require. Also, business travelers to La Ciotat drive the local hotel business, which otherwise depends mainly on the tourism season. The centre has shopping malls along with branches of Carrefour and McDonald's . Route 10 passes through
60-654: A football club based in the town of La Ciotat in France. The club were originally formed in 1921 The club currently play in the Stade Jean Bouissou stadium, Boulevard de Clavel, 13600 La Ciotat. The stadium has a capacity of 2200 Champion de Provence de DHR 1994-95 1. Players that have played/Managed in the French league or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league). 2. Players with full international caps. 3. Players that hold
80-551: A full language, distinct from Occitan. The Regional Council of Provence has variously labelled Provençal as a dialect of Occitan or as a distinct language, depending on different lobbies and political majorities. The main subdialects of Provençal are: Gavòt (in French Gavot ), spoken in the Western Occitan Alps, around Digne , Sisteron , Gap , Barcelonnette and the upper County of Nice , but also in
100-585: A part of the Ardèche , is not exactly a subdialect of Provençal, but rather a closely related Occitan dialect, also known as Vivaro-Alpine . So is the dialect spoken in the upper valleys of Piedmont , Italy ( Val Maira , Val Varaita , Val Stura di Demonte , Entracque , Limone Piemonte , Vinadio , Sestriere ). Some people view Gavòt as a variety of Provençal since a part of the Gavot area (near Digne and Sisteron) belongs to historical Provence. When written in
120-534: A scriptwriter festival in April and an associated film conference 'Berceau du cinema' around two weeks after Cinestival. La Ciotat is twinned with: Proven%C3%A7al dialect Provençal is also the customary name given to the older version of the Occitan language used by the troubadours of medieval literature , when Old French or the langue d'oïl was limited to the northern areas of France. Thus,
140-521: Is one of the highest maritime bluffs in Europe. The route des crêtes is a coastal road between the two towns that passes over this cliff. La Ciotat has an artificial sand beach because of its rocky location. The beach is located downtown and is at walking distance from local market, the ship yards and the main bus station. The beach faces the Alps mountain regions on one side and the uphill commercial area on
160-484: Is rare to hail one on the street and usually they have to be called. Taxis are also hard to hire before 7am and after 8pm. Most call taxis are operated by individuals and are not registered with a central call service number. The dynamics of public transport change during the summer when La Ciotat is visited by scores of tourists. At that time, more taxis service the area and buses operate more frequently. Cap Canaille 394 metres (1,293 feet), between La Ciotat and Cassis,
180-509: The ISO 639-3 code for Old Occitan is [pro]. In 2007, all the ISO 639-3 codes for Occitan dialects, including [prv] for Provençal, were retired and merged into [oci] Occitan. The old codes ([prv], [auv], [gsc], [lms], [lnc]) are no longer in active use, but still have the meaning assigned to them when they were established in the Standard. Some groups have called for Provençal's recognition as
200-615: The 20th century saw other authors like Joseph d'Arbaud , Batisto Bonnet and Valère Bernard . It has been enhanced and modernized since the second half of the 20th century by writers such as Robèrt Lafont , Pierre Pessemesse , Claude Barsotti , Max-Philippe Delavouët [ Wikidata ] , Philippe Gardy [ Wikidata ] , Florian Vernet [ Wikidata ] , Danielle Julien [ Wikidata ] , Jòrgi Gròs [ Wikidata ] , Sèrgi Bec [ Wikidata ] , Bernat Giély , and many others. ES La Ciotat ES La Ciotat are
220-670: The Mistralian norm (" normo mistralenco "), definite articles are lou in the masculine singular, la in the feminine singular and li in the masculine and feminine plural ( lis before vowels). Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e remains; the feminine ending is -o (this is the opposite of the neighbouring Italian masculine gender). Nouns do not inflect for number, but all adjectives ending in vowels ( -e or -o ) become -i , and all plural adjectives take -s before vowels. When written in
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#1732771870687240-452: The city centre on its way downtown from La Ciotat station . The primary mode of transport into La Ciotat is the train station , which is a ten minutes drive from the city centre. The SNCF train service between Marseille and Toulon stops at La Ciotat, almost every hour during the day except for the mid-day one-hour break. Most parts of La Ciotat are covered by its public transport bus service. Although buses are not very frequent, given
260-474: The classical norm (" nòrma classica "), definite articles are masculine lo [lu], feminine la [la], and plural lei/leis [lej/lejz = li/liz]. Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e [e] remains; the feminine ending is -a [ɔ]. Nouns inflect for number, all adjectives ending in vowels ( -e or -a ) become -ei/-eis [ej/ejz = i/iz] in some syntactic positions, and most plural adjectives take -s . Pronunciation remains
280-586: The east of Marseille , at an equal distance from Toulon . The name La Ciutat , meaning 'the City' in Occitan ( Provençal ) and Catalan , became prominent in the 15th century. La Ciotat was the setting of one of the first projected motion pictures, L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat filmed by the Lumière brothers in 1895. According to the Institut Lumière , before its Paris premiere,
300-717: The film was shown to invited audiences in several French cities, including La Ciotat. Another three of the earliest Lumière films, Partie de cartes , L'Arroseur arrosé (the first known filmed comedy), and Repas de bébé , were also filmed in La Ciotat in 1895, at the Villa du Clos des Plages, the summer residence of the Lumière Brothers . In 1904 the Lumiere Brothers also developed their first colour photographs in La Ciotat. In 1907 Jules Le Noir invented
320-464: The game of pétanque in La Ciotat, and the first tournament was held there in 1910. The history of the game is documented in the Musée Ciotaden. Observatoire des Libertés, a French cultural organisation, criticised the authorities for not enforcing the 1994 Toubon Law which says that public advertisements must be written in French. The commune was displaying a billboard promoting "Happy days
340-402: The massive rock called "Le Bec D'Aigle" (the eagle's beak), 155 meters high, it contains both a botanical garden of tropical plants and a nature preserve of native Provençal plants, covering the hillside below the rock. The town has an annual film festival in early June called the 'Cinestival', and usually revolves around a specific topic. It also has two other annual film related festivals, with
360-663: The other side. Most hotels, restaurants and bars in La Ciotat are located on the same street. La Ciotat has a football club, ES La Ciotat , which plays at the Stade Jean Bouissou. The game of pétanque was invented in La Ciotat in 1907. The municipal park of La Ciotat, the Parc du Mugel , located on the Anse deu Petit Mugel, is classified as one of the Remarkable Gardens of France by the Ministry of Culture . Sheltered by
380-456: The same in both norms (Mistralian and classical), which are only two different ways to write the same language. The IETF language tags register oc-provenc-grmistr for the Mistralian orthography and oc-provenc-grclass for the classical one. Modern Provençal literature was given impetus by Nobel laureate Frédéric Mistral and the association, Félibrige , which he founded with other writers, such as Théodore Aubanel . The beginning of
400-455: The small population of the city they serve their purpose. The train station is serviced by route no. 10, 21 and 40 which all go to the La Ciotat downtown station by different routes. Peak time of bus operations are from 8am to 5pm when people are working in the uptown offices of La Ciotat. After 8pm, buses cease their operation. Same is the case on weekends when buses are rare even at the train station. Although taxis are available in La Ciotat, it
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