Misplaced Pages

#382617

59-620: The initial project for an office tower and metro station was designed by the Central University of Venezuela 's Andres Bello Foundation Fund for Development to serve as the Corporate Tower of the Caracas Metro. In 2003, a plot of land was awarded for the project near Plaza Venezuela , near the geographical center of Caracas where many offices and other important locations are found. In July 2005, construction began on

118-536: A large British invasion during the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1748). During Philip's reign, Spain began to recover from the stagnation it had suffered during the twilight of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Although the population of Spain grew, the financial and taxation systems were archaic and the treasury ran deficits. The King employed thousands of highly paid retainers at his palaces—not to assist with ruling

177-589: A remote claim to the throne of France, Archduke Charles had an even more proximate claim to be Holy Roman Emperor , and his ascension to the throne would have also destabilized the European balance of power. After a long Royal Council meeting in France at which the Dauphin spoke up in favor of his son's rights, it was agreed that Philip would ascend the throne, and in doing so, forfeit his and his heirs' claim to

236-522: A régnicole (a natural Frenchman), and by extension his claim to the French throne, despite his permanent departure from France . The documents further granted Philip's male heirs status as régnicoles, and therefore as French dynasts, despite their births abroad. Almost immediately the War of the Spanish Succession began. Concern among other European powers that Spain and France united under

295-666: A single Bourbon monarch would upset the balance of power pitted France and Spain against the Grand Alliance of England, the Dutch Republic and Austria. Inside Spain, the Crown of Castile supported Philip of France. On the other hand, anti-French sentiment was strong in Aragon and some members of the nobility of the Crown of Aragon rallied behind Charles of Austria , son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and claimant to

354-598: Is a public university located in Caracas , Venezuela . Founded in 1721, it is the oldest university in Venezuela and one of the oldest in the Western Hemisphere . The main university campus, Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas , was designed by architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva and it is considered a masterpiece of urban planning and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000. The origin of

413-470: Is located where the underground parking for the Metro Caracas was to be located. The cells are two by three meters that have a cement bed, white walls, security cameras, no windows and barred doors, with each cell aligned next to one another so there are no interactions between prisoners. Such conditions have caused prisoners to become very ill, though they are denied medical treatment. Bright lights in

472-649: Is the longest in the history of the Spanish monarchy , surpassing Philip IV . Although his ascent to the throne precipitated the War of the Spanish Succession , Philip V instigated many important reforms in Spain, most especially the centralization of power of the monarchy and the suppression of regional privileges, via the Nueva Planta decrees , and restructuring of the administration of the Spanish Empire on

531-548: The Generation of 1928 , organized events during the "Students Week" protesting the dictatorship which culminated in an attempt to overthrow Gómez on 7 April of that year. This group, which shared a common front against Gómez, was conformed by people like Rómulo Betancourt , Miguel Otero Silva , Juan Oropeza , Isaac Pardo and Rodolfo Quintero. Most of them were jailed after the events or went into exile without being able to finish their studies. The university continued to be at

590-545: The Iberian Peninsula and its overseas regions. Philip was born into the French royal family (as Philippe, Duke of Anjou ) during the reign of his grandfather Louis XIV . He was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin , and was third in line to the French throne after his father and his elder brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy . Philip was not expected to become a monarch, but his great-uncle Charles II of Spain

649-478: The Palace of Versailles in France, the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin , the heir apparent to the throne of France, and his wife Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria . Philip was a younger brother of Louis, Duke of Burgundy , the father of Louis XV of France. At birth, Philip was created Duke of Anjou , a traditional title for younger sons in the French royal family. He would be known by this name until he became

SECTION 10

#1732772764383

708-604: The Spanish Netherlands and Spanish-controlled territories in Italy from the Spanish monarchy. In 1724, Philip abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Louis I. Louis died later that year, and Philip took the throne again. As a result of his depression, Queen Elisabeth held control over the Spanish government. When Philip died in 1746, he was succeeded by his second son, Ferdinand VI. Philip was born on 19 December 1683 at

767-543: The War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) in which Spain fought a coalition of four major powers. France, under the regency of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans later joined this coalition, as the House of Orléans had a strong interest in keeping Philip and his descendants out of the line of succession. Lacking allies, Phillip V was forced to sue for peace. Shortly after the death of Queen Maria Luisa in 1714,

826-634: The French succession, the letters patent issued to preserve their claim to the throne despite their absence from the country , were repealed by the Parlement of Paris . These losses greatly diminished the Spanish Empire in Europe, which had already been in decline. Throughout his reign, Philip sought to reverse the decline of Spanish power. Trying to overturn the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht, he attempted to re-establish Spanish claims in Italy, triggering

885-694: The Graduate School. The Graduate School, founded in 1941, offers 222 different specializations, 109 Master's degrees and 40 PhDs. The Ranking Iberoamericano de Instituciones de Investigacion based on the Institute for Scientific Information ranked the Central University of Venezuela as the most productive research institution in the country and as the 20th most productive in Latin America. Other top 25 positions were reached in

944-676: The Hacienda Ibarra and the responsibility of the main design was given to the architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva after a visit to the University City of Bogotá convinced the authorities of the Ministry of Public Works that, in order to avoid constructing a group of heterogeneous buildings, the design should be under one architect. The new campus was going to become a vast urban complex of about 200 hectares and included 40 buildings. Villanueva worked with 28 avant-garde artists of

1003-701: The King decided to marry again. His second wife was Elisabeth of Parma , daughter of Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma , and Dorothea Sophie of the Palatinate . At the age of 22, on 24 December 1714, she was married to the 31-year-old Philip by proxy in Parma . The marriage was arranged by Cardinal Giulio Alberoni , with the concurrence of the Princesse des Ursins , the Camarera mayor de Palacio ("chief of

1062-547: The King of Spain. Since Philip's older brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy , was second in line to the French throne after his father, there was little expectation that either he or his younger brother Charles, Duke of Berry , would ever rule over France. Philip lived his first years under the supervision of the royal governess Louise de Prie and after that was tutored with his brothers by François Fénelon , Archbishop of Cambrai . The three siblings were also educated by Paul de Beauvilliers . In 1700, King Charles II of Spain ,

1121-433: The King. Lynch says Philip V advanced the government only marginally over that of his predecessors and was more of a liability than Charles II. When a conflict came up between the interests of Spain and France, he usually favored France. However, Philip did make some reforms in government, and strengthened the central authorities relative to the provinces. Merit became more important, although most senior positions still went to

1180-687: The School and Seminary of Saint Rose of Lima in 1696. Yet, in spite of the creation of the seminar, students who wished to obtain a university degree had to travel great distances to attend universities located in Santo Domingo , Bogotá or Mexico City . Given such harsh circumstances, the Rector of the Seminary, Francisco Martínez de Porras and the people of Caracas requested the royal court in Madrid

1239-628: The Seminary of Saint Bonaventura located in Mérida became the Universidad de Los Andes , the Universidad Real y Pontificia de Caracas was the only university existing in the country. Until the end of the 18th century, the official papal and royal censorship on books was largely ignored in Venezuela, a situation which allowed the smuggling of the works by Rousseau , Voltaire , Diderot , Montesquieu , Locke , Helvetius , Grotius in

SECTION 20

#1732772764383

1298-635: The Spanish throne by right of his grandmother Maria Anna of Spain . Their support swayed a significant portion of the population to support the Archduke. The war was centred in Spain and west-central Europe (especially the Low Countries ), with other important fighting in Germany and Italy. Prince Eugene of Savoy and John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough distinguished themselves as military commanders in those theatres. In colonial North America,

1357-597: The Spanish throne, because his Spanish grandmother and great-grandmother were older than the ancestors of the Archduke Charles of Austria. However, the Austrians maintained that Philip's grandmother had renounced the Spanish throne for herself and her descendants as part of her marriage contract. That renunciation was contingent on her dowry being paid. The French claim to Spain was due to the dowry having never been paid. In addition to this, while Philip did have

1416-591: The Treaty of Utrecht, which forbade a union of the French and Spanish crowns, therefore allowing him to claim the former should his young nephew perish without sons of his own. However, the actual reason for the abdication was that Philip, who exhibited many elements of mental instability during his reign, no longer wished to rule due to his increasing mental decline. Louis would die on 31 August in Madrid of smallpox , though, having reigned only seven months and leaving no issue. Six days later, after much convincing, Philip

1475-435: The allies during the preliminary peace negotiations. The purpose of this may have been to ensure that Philip and his male heirs, who under normal circumstances would inherit the French throne should the male line of Louis, Duke of Burgundy be extinguished, would always have a throne to occupy in its place. It was not until this was successfully accomplished (10 May 1713) that Spain and Great Britain made their own peace terms at

1534-678: The cells are kept on so prisoners lose their sense of time, with the only sounds heard being from the nearby Caracas Metro trains. Those who visit the prisoners are subjected to strip searches by multiple SEBIN personnel. Reports of torture in La Tumba, specifically white torture , are also common, with some prisoners attempting to commit suicide. Such conditions according to NGO Justice and Process are to force prisoners to plead guilty to crimes they are accused of. Central University of Venezuela The Central University of Venezuela ( Spanish : Universidad Central de Venezuela ; UCV )

1593-688: The charters of all independently administered kingdoms within Spain—most notably the Crown of Aragon, which was supporting Charles VI in the conflict—except for the Kingdom of Navarre and the rest of the Basque region, who had supported Philip in the war for the Spanish throne, and retained their semi-autonomous self-government . The policy of centralization had as model the French State under Louis XIV and

1652-516: The conflict became known to the English colonists who fought against French and Spanish forces as Queen Anne's War . Over the course of the fighting, some 400,000 people were killed. It was with this war as a backdrop that, beginning in 1707, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees , which centralized Spanish rule under the Castilian political and administrative model and in the process abolished

1711-689: The country but to look after the royal family. Meanwhile, the army and bureaucracy went months without pay. It was only the shipments of silver from the New World which kept the system going. Spain suspended payments on its debt in 1739 – effectively declaring bankruptcy. In the last decade of his reign, Philip experienced bouts of manic depression and increasingly fell victim to a deep melancholia . During this period his second wife, Elizabeth Farnese, seems to have dedicated herself exclusively to caring for his health. Beginning in August 1737 his mental illness

1770-628: The creation of a university in Venezuela (then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ). As a result, on 22 December 1721 Philip V of Spain signed in Lerma a Royal Decree that transformed the School-Seminary into the Universidad Real y Pontificia de Caracas . The Royal Decree was concurred by Pope Innocent XIII with a Papal bull in 1722. The university offered degrees in philosophy , Theology, Canon law and Medicine . Until 1810, when

1829-455: The destruction of the main silver fleet at Vigo in 1702, the navy was rebuilt. Nevertheless, the new fleet was still too small to support the vast worldwide empire. To commemorate the indignities the city of Xàtiva suffered after Philip's victory in the Battle of Almansa in the War of the Spanish Succession , in which he ordered the city to be burned and renamed San Felipe , the portrait of

La Tumba - Misplaced Pages Continue

1888-723: The following areas: The 2010 University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP) , ranked the UCV as the best university in Venezuela and 805th university in the world. The 2016 QS World University Rankings placed the UCV as 18th overall in their Latin American Universities Ranking. Philip V of Spain Philip V ( Spanish : Felipe ; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746. His total reign (45 years and 16 days)

1947-486: The forefront of the democratization of the country when in 1936, then President Eleazar López Contreras , ordered a decree suspending the Constitutional rights and declaring a general censorship of the press because the oil workers decided to start a strike (an unprecedented deed at the time). The rector of the university, Francisco Antonio Rísquez, led the protest that followed through the streets of Caracas against

2006-410: The future Spanish kings Louis I and Ferdinand VI . Maria Luisa died in 1714, and Philip remarried to Elisabeth Farnese . Philip and Elisabeth had seven children, including the future Charles III of Spain ; Infanta Mariana Victoria , who became Queen of Portugal ; Infante Philip , who became Duke of Parma ; and Infanta María Antonia Fernanda , who became Queen of Sardinia . It was well known that

2065-465: The household") of the king of Spain. They had sons, including another successor, Charles III of Spain . On 14 January 1724, Philip abdicated the Spanish throne to his eldest son, the seventeen-year-old Louis . As the abdication occurred just over a month after the death of the Duke of Orléans, who had been regent for Louis XV of France, many at the time believed it was an attempt by Philip to circumvent

2124-429: The landed aristocracy. Below the elite level, the inefficiency and corruption that had existed under Charles II was as widespread as ever. The reforms started by Philip V culminated in much more important reforms of Charles III. The economy, on the whole, improved over the previous half-century, with greater productivity, and fewer famines and epidemics. The government promoted industry, agriculture and shipbuilding. After

2183-472: The last Habsburg to rule Spain, died childless. His will named as successor Philip, grandson of Charles' half-sister Maria Theresa , the first wife of Louis XIV. Upon any possible refusal, the crown of Spain would be offered next to Philip's younger brother, the Duke of Berry, then to the Archduke Charles of Austria , later Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI. Philip had the better genealogical claim to

2242-589: The monarch hangs upside down in the local museum of L'Almodí. The province of the New Philippines , which occupied parts of what is now Texas in the United States, was named in 1716 in honor of Philip. Philip V favored and promoted the Atlantic trade of Spain with its American possessions, ending the monopoly of Seville on colonial trade. During this Atlantic trade emerged important figures of

2301-524: The naval history of Spain, among which stands out the privateer Amaro Pargo . Philip V frequently supported the privateer in his commercial incursions: he granted a royal order given at the Royal Palace of El Pardo in Madrid in September 1714, in which he appointed him captain of a commercial ship bound for Caracas . The Monarch also interceded in the liberation of Amaro during his detention by

2360-494: The parents of Princess Marie Adélaïde of Savoy , Duchess of Burgundy, Philip's sister-in-law. There was a proxy ceremony at Turin , the capital of the Duchy of Savoy , and another one at Versailles on 11 September. Maria Luisa proved very popular as Queen of Spain. She served as regent for her husband on several occasions. Her most successful term was when Philip was away touring his Italian domains for nine months in 1702, when she

2419-442: The policies of López Contreras. By 1942, the student population had been growing steadily for decades without any significant expansion of the university. Instead several schools, like Medicine, were moved to other buildings around the city. The administration of President Isaías Medina Angarita felt the need to move the university to a larger and more modern location where it could function as coherent whole. The government bought

La Tumba - Misplaced Pages Continue

2478-412: The project with more than $ 18 million invested into construction. Plans for the tower included a height of 16 stories as well as having five basement levels. The levels were to include an exit for Zona Rental station where it was the meeting point of major arteries of the Caracas Metro; Lines L1, L3 and L4. The basement levels also had space for approximately 100 parking spaces. The projected finish date

2537-490: The purpose of educating free minds when he could hire foreigners to exercise any technical requirements for the nation, decided to close the university from 1912 to 1922. When it reopened, the Rector Felipe Guevara Rojas had reorganized the traditional division of only a few schools, separating them into departments. 1928 became a very important year for the university when a group of students, known as

2596-606: The second Treaty of Utrecht (annexing the new law to the Treaty). By the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht that concluded the war, Philip was recognized as king of Spain but was forced to cede Menorca and Gibraltar to Great Britain ; the Spanish Netherlands , Naples , Milan , and Sardinia to the Austrian Habsburgs ; and Sicily and parts of Milan to Savoy . To further ensure the removal of Philip and his heirs from

2655-648: The ships belonging to the Guipuzcoana Company . The Royal constitution was displaced by the Republican Statutes proclaimed by Simón Bolívar on 24 June 1827. The new statutes gave the institution a secular character and transferred the main authority to the Rector . In December 1908, dictator Juan Vicente Gómez came into power with a coup d'état against the government of Cipriano Castro . Gómez stayed in power until his death in 1935 and during this time, having ambivalent feelings about

2714-444: The throne of France. The Royal Council decided to accept the provisions of the will of Charles II naming Philip king of Spain. 2 November 1701, the almost 18-year-old Philip married the 13-year-old Maria Luisa of Savoy , as chosen by his grandfather King Louis XIV. She was the daughter of Victor Amadeus II , Duke of Savoy, and his wife Anne Marie d'Orléans , Philip's first cousin once removed. The Duke and Duchess of Savoy were also

2773-567: The time, from Venezuela and the rest of the world, to build what continues to be one of the most successful applications of Modern Architecture in Latin America. Villanueva's guiding principle was the creation of a space where art and architecture cohabited in harmony in a "Synthesis of Arts". Among some of the most important pieces present in the university are the 1953 Floating Clouds by Alexander Calder , murals by Victor Vasarely , Wifredo Lam , Fernand Léger and sculptures by Jean Arp and Henri Laurens . The Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas

2832-428: The union of France and Spain under one monarch would upset the balance of power in Europe, and that other European powers would take steps to prevent it. Philip's accession in Spain provoked the 13-year War of the Spanish Succession, which continued until the Treaty of Utrecht forbade any future possibility of unifying the French and Spanish crowns while confirming his accession to the throne of Spain. It also removed

2891-593: The university goes back to Friar Antonio González de Acuña (1620–1682), a Spanish Bishop born in present day Peru who studied theology at the Universidad de San Marcos and founded in 1673 the Seminary Saint Rose of Lima in Caracas named after the first Catholic Saint born in the Americas . In the following years, Friar Diego de Baños y Sotomayor broadened the scope of the seminary by creating

2950-463: The university. Those scientists and humanists helped develop lines of research and teaching at the university and educated many of the present generation of faculty members. The university is organized into 11 schools ( Facultades ) which are subdivided into 40 departments (Escuelas). All schools offer undergraduate degrees at the level of Licenciatura (5 years) and graduate degrees at the level of master's degree (2 years) and PhD (3–4 years) from

3009-494: Was childless. Philip's father had a strong claim to the Spanish throne, but since Philip's father and elder brother were expected to inherit the French throne, Charles named Philip as his heir presumptive in his will . Philip succeeded in 1700 as the first Spanish monarch of the House of Bourbon . In 1701, the new king married his second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy , with whom he had four sons. Their two surviving sons were

SECTION 50

#1732772764383

3068-449: Was declared World Heritage by UNESCO , and it is the only modern university campus designed by a single architect to receive such high honor. In 1958, after the fall of dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez , a government commission established a new law for the universities. The new law came into place on 5 December, guaranteeing that faculty and students could work in an environment of freedom and tolerance. This very important legal foundation

3127-589: Was eased by the castrato singer Farinelli , who became the " Musico de Camara of Their Majesties." Farinelli would sing eight or nine arias for the King and Queen every night, usually with a trio of musicians. Philip was struck by a stroke and died on 9 July 1746 in El Escorial , in Madrid, but was buried in his favorite Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso , near Segovia . Ferdinand VI of Spain, his son by his first queen Maria Luisa of Savoy , succeeded him. Historians have generally been unkind to

3186-500: Was forced to resign. The university reopened in 1971 with a new Rector and a new plan for renovation. In terms of the academic development of the modern university, the second half of the 20th century was a time when the Central University's faculty body benefited greatly from the influx of European immigrants. Many intellectuals settled in Venezuela after the end of the Spanish Civil War and World War II and found jobs at

3245-431: Was however abused during the 1960s when guerrilla rebels, supported by Fidel Castro took refuge inside the university campus to escape prosecution from the government. This tense situation came to a stalemate in 1969 when students asking for a reform took over the university. On 3 October 1970, the administration of President Rafael Caldera ordered the university to be raided by the military and Rector Jesús María Bianco

3304-499: Was in 2008, though the use of the tower by the Caracas Metro was never realized. The Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN) eventually made the tower its headquarters following restructuring of the agency in 2013. The detention facility was then dubbed "La Tumba" by Venezuelan government officials since many political prisoners were held there by the government following the Venezuelan protests . The underground detention facility

3363-625: Was just 14 years old. On entering Naples that year he was presented with Gian Lorenzo Bernini 's Boy with a Dragon . In 1714, Maria Luisa died at the age of 26 from tuberculosis , a devastating emotional blow to her husband. The actions of Louis XIV heightened the fears of the English , the Dutch and the Austrians , among others. In December 1700, Louis XIV issued letters patent to Philip, prior to Philip leaving France, preserving his status as

3422-437: Was restored to the Spanish throne, so as to avoid a regency for his second son, Ferdinand , who was only 10 at the time. Philip helped his Bourbon relatives to make territorial gains in the War of the Polish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession by reconquering Naples and Sicily from Austria and Oran from the Ottomans . Finally, at the end of his reign Spanish forces defended their American territories from

3481-408: Was strongly supported by politicians such as Joseph de Solís and the Sardinian political philosopher Vicente Bacallar . Philip agreed to relinquish his right of succession to France under one condition: the introduction of semi-Salic law in Spain. Under this law, the succession to the Spanish crown was limited to his entire male line before it could pass to any female, a requirement made clear to

#382617