86-677: Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 , commonly known as the Labouchere Amendment , made " gross indecency " a crime in the United Kingdom . In practice, the law was used broadly to prosecute male homosexuals where actual sodomy (meaning, in this context, anal intercourse ) could not be proven. The penalty of life imprisonment for sodomy (until 1861 it had been death) was also so harsh that successful prosecutions were rare. The new law
172-400: A minor is considered abusive by authorities for a variety of reasons, including the age of the minor and the psychological and physical harm they may endure. Pederasty derives from the combination of Ancient Greek : παίδ- , romanized : paid- , lit. 'boy, child (stem)' with ἐραστής , erastēs , 'lover' (cf. eros ). Late Latin pæderasta
258-584: A boy; homosexual anal intercourse, usually with a boy or younger man as the passive partner". Pederasty in ancient Greece was a socially acknowledged romantic relationship between an adult male (the erastes ) and a younger male (the eromenos ), usually in his teens. This age difference between a socially powerful and socially less-powerful partner was characteristic of the Archaic and Classical periods , in both heterosexual and homosexual relationships. The influence of pederasty on Greek culture of these periods
344-583: A certain age. Prepubescent and adolescent children are not socially equal to adults, and abusers emotionally manipulate the children they victimize. These laws aim to give the minor some protection against predatory or exploitative sexual interaction with adults. Child sexual abuse has been correlated with depression , post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety . Contemporary homosexual pedophiles may describe themselves as "boy lovers", and sometimes appeal to practices in Ancient Greece as
430-403: A dancing-bachah or a bachah-lover (or perhaps both in the course of their lives). Bachahs were expected to be familiar with Chagatai literature, have a good grasp of music, know how to sing and dance, have good manners, and accompany their lovers in homosocial occasions. In return, their lovers, or bachah-bāz, had to generously spend money to outdo their rivals, otherwise the bachah would leave for
516-486: A dinner party under the notion of mutual pleasure and the satisfaction of all the senses; emphasizing “physical senses as a means to artistry.” Wilde often utilized fairy-tale conventions by writing events and actions in threes, clarifying structure by repeating images or phrases, and using biblical style and diction. "The Happy Prince" is the first tale in The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888) that describes
602-554: A formal social relationship between freeborn males; taken out of context and refashioned as the luxury product of a conquered people, pederasty came to express roles based on domination and exploitation. Slaves often were given, and prostitutes sometimes assumed Greek names regardless of their ethnic origin; the boys ( pueri ) to whom the poet Martial is attracted have Greek names. The use of slaves defined Roman pederasty; sexual practices were "somehow 'Greek ' " when they were directed at "freeborn boys openly courted in accordance with
688-697: A girl and wrote about it. With the assistance of Bramwell Booth of the Salvation Army and former prostitute Rebecca Jarrett , Stead bought 13-year-old Eliza Armstrong from her parents, who lived in the Lisson Grove area of west London , and went through the procedure of preparing her for export. She was examined to prove that she was still a virgin, then she was brought to a brothel and lightly drugged to wait for Stead, her purchaser. He entered Eliza's room and, having regarded this as confirmation that he had his way, withdrew to write his story. Eliza
774-491: A growing relationship between a Prince and a Swallow until they both meet their fateful deaths. In Wilde’s general story model, the connection between the older and younger man is spurred by the fact that they are completely different in nature. The Prince is a large statue towering over the city, inherently an inanimate object, while the Sparrow is a tiny bird, always moving “of a family famous for its agility.” In this work,
860-406: A modern "scourge". The Yokel's Preceptor , a contemporary magazine, said this: The increase of these monsters in the shape of men, commonly designated margeries, poofs etc., of late years, in the great Metropolis, renders it necessary for the safety of the public that they should be made known… Will the reader credit it, but such is nevertheless the fact, that these monsters actually walk the street
946-542: A more serious and separate crime. The Criminal Law Amendment Act was finally passed on 14 August 1885 and in its final form effectively repealed Sections 49 and 52 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 and the whole of the Offences against the Person Act 1875 . Its provisions were as follows: It also had sections outlining the penalties for abduction and procuring for the purpose of prostitution for girls under
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#17327723645121032-592: A pederastic view of a tale where there is mutual growth between student and teacher. In the modern world, an adult engaging in sexual activity with a underage person may be considered child sexual abuse or statutory rape , depending upon the local age of consent . In the case of underage heterosexual relationships, which were also practiced by the Greeks, it may also be considered child marriage . Age of consent laws exist because minors are considered incapable of meaningfully consenting to sexual activity until they reach
1118-499: A petition campaign. In England and Wales , the section was repealed and re-enacted as section 13 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 . It was later amended by the Sexual Offences Act 1967 , which decriminalised consensual homosexual acts in private by men over 21. After other amendments, the section was repealed by the Sexual Offences Act 2003 . In Scottish law , the section was repealed and re-enacted as section 7 of
1204-468: A preference for gender or age did not assign a label to a relationship, but this did not preclude groups from disapproving of or enacting laws against pederastic practices. Linda C. Dowling, author of Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford , discusses in her novel the intricacies of homosexuality and homoeroticism that were part of Victorian culture in mid-century Oxford. Pederasty
1290-468: A series of Contagious Diseases Acts in an effort to contain the disease. The law permitted the police to arrest suspected prostitutes to be submitted for examination for venereal disease. Its unintended consequence was that any woman who happened to look like a prostitute would be subject to this law. Men, however, were not subjected even though they were equally responsible for spreading the disease. These acts were later repealed due to public pressure over
1376-567: A series of articles which caused a moral panic by showing the ease with which young girls could be "bought" on the street. The caretaker Salisbury ministry accepted Dalhousie's bill, which completed its second reading in the Commons on 9 July 1885. The government made amendments to the bill at committee stage . Stead wrote to Labouchere, telling of the rise in homosexuality in London and other large cities. Labouchere proposed his amendment at
1462-446: A seven-year minimum sentence of hard labour, but the home secretary and attorney general persuaded him to a reduction of the sentence to any term not exceeding one year with or without hard labour. The former attorney general , Sir Henry James , while supporting the amendment, objected to the leniency of the sentence, and wanted to increase the sentence to any term not exceeding two years with or without hard labour. Labouchere agreed, and
1548-445: A spokesman for their own viewpoints. The Socratic writings of the two authors were one of the main texts that led to Kenneth Dover 's and Michel Foucault 's understanding of pederasty as a matter of debate in Ancient Greece. Some scholars locate its origin in initiation ritual , particularly rites of passage on Crete , where it was associated with entrance into military life and the religion of Zeus . It has no formal existence in
1634-475: A term of imprisonment "not exceeding two years", with or without hard labour, for any man found guilty of gross indecency with another male, whether "in public or in private". No definition was given of what, exactly, constituted "gross indecency", as Victorian morality demurred from giving precise descriptions of activity considered immoral. In practice, "gross indecency" was widely interpreted as any male homosexual behaviour short of actual sodomy , which remained
1720-480: A wealthier man. While the exchange of a few kisses and caresses was permissible between the bachah and bachah-bāz, no sexual intercourse was allowed, or the relationship would end abruptly. According to Baldauf, some men even ruined their families and went bankrupt after spending lavishly on bachahs for years. Similarly, Gunnar Jarring, a Swedish diplomat and ethnographer who studied the Turkish dialects of Andkhoy in
1806-500: Is a sexual relationship between an adult man and a boy . It was a socially acknowledged practice in Ancient Greece and Rome and elsewhere in the world, such as Pre-Meiji Japan . In most countries today, the local age of consent determines whether a person is considered legally competent to consent to sexual acts, and whether such contact is child sexual abuse or statutory rape . An adult engaging in sexual activity with
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#17327723645121892-473: Is also a vital proponent of pederastic thoughts. The Prince educates the Sparrow on the cruelties of the city he oversees, teaching him societal virtues. The story ends with the Sparrow asking the Prince, “Will you let me kiss your hand?” and the Prince responds, “But you must kiss me on the lips, for I love you," showing the extremely intense love that is shared between these two male figures. This story presents
1978-449: Is why they imposed the most severe penalties on those who would seduce or abduct women without their parents' consent even though the perpetrator intended to marry his quarry. Girls over the age of 13 and the poor had little protection under this law. This double standard extended to prostitution. While it was tolerated in the middle-class, concern about the spread of venereal disease , specifically syphilis , persuaded Parliament to pass
2064-465: The Cleveland Street [male brothel] scandal places into context a sincere attempt to change the law permanently, stipulating more robust controls against male homosexuality. The amendment was rushed through and passed in the early hours of 7 August 1885, becoming section 11 of the act. When Charles Warton questioned whether Labouchere's amendment had anything to do with the original intent of
2150-565: The Decadent era. Dowling notes these detailed accounts of many different scholars in Victorian Oxford in order to reform the homosexual studies of Hellenistic culture that influenced the Decadent movement of the nineteenth century. Oscar Wilde expresses a pederastic ethos to his stories by focusing on the intersection between “sensual experience and moral enlightenment." Beginning in 1885, Wilde would look for attractive boys and invite them to
2236-464: The Homeric epics , and seems to have developed in the late 7th century BC as an aspect of Greek homosocial culture , which was characterized also by athletic and artistic nudity , delayed marriage for aristocrats, symposia , and the social seclusion of women. Pederasty was both idealized and criticized in ancient literature and philosophy . The argument has recently been made that idealization
2322-586: The House of Lords but the first two were rejected in the House of Commons by the Gladstone ministry . It was held that the proposed increase in the age of consent would leave men open to blackmail. The 1885 bill passed the Lords on 1 May 1885, and its future progress was uncertain. In July, Pall Mall Gazette editor W. T. Stead was imprisoned for writing and publishing The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon ,
2408-448: The Offences against the Person Act 1861 , the age of consent was 12 (reflecting the common law ), it was a felony to have unlawful carnal knowledge of a girl under the age of 10, and it was a misdemeanour to have unlawful carnal knowledge of a girl between the ages of 10 and 12. In addition, the 1861 Act had made the penalty for indecent assault or attempted rape of a girl below the consensual age two years' imprisonment. Although
2494-549: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland beginning with the Offences against the Person Act 1861 . It raised the age of consent from 13 years of age to 16 years of age and delineated the penalties for sexual offences against women and minors. It also strengthened existing legislation against prostitution and homosexuality . This act was also notable for the circumstances of its passage in Parliament. Under
2580-478: The "blackmailer's charter". The law led to many convictions against male homosexuals and alleged homosexuals. A number committed suicide. Wilde had (against the advice of friends like Frank Harris and George Bernard Shaw ) unsuccessfully privately prosecuted in libel the Marquess of Queensberry for writing on a calling card left at Wilde's club that he, Wilde, was "posing as a somdomite" (sodomite). The action
2666-512: The "most shameful thing that could happen to any Greek male was penetration by another male." She further argues that vases showing "a boy standing perfectly still as a man reaches out for his genitals" indicate the boy may have been "psychologically immobilized, unable to move or run away." One vase shows a young man or boy running away from Eros , the Greek god of desire. In Latin , mos Graeciae or mos Graecorum ("Greek custom" or "the way of
Labouchere Amendment - Misplaced Pages Continue
2752-547: The 1885 Act could proceed where an incident occurred before the 1993 Act came into force. Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 ( 48 & 49 Vict. c.69), or "An Act to make further provision for the Protection of Women and Girls, the suppression of brothels, and other purposes," was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , the latest in a 25-year series of legislation in
2838-567: The Contagious Diseases Acts since the 1870s, was convinced to agitate popular support for protective legislation. His subsequent investigations were published in the Gazette from 6–10 July 1885 under the title " The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon ". Not only did he base his investigations on interviews with the police, as well as those who were involved in the flesh trade, he went beyond it by setting an example: he "purchased"
2924-476: The Greeks regarding pederastic relationships, the social context of Victorian pederasty was different from Greek pederasty. Victorian pederasty did not share the factor of community acknowledgement. The Victorian era also lacked the notion that "asymmetry" in relationships, including age disparity and social status, was to be expected and aspired to. Sandra Boehringer and Stefano Caciagli comment that Greek and other ancient societies existed "before sexuality". Having
3010-491: The Greeks") refers to a variety of behaviors the ancient Romans regarded as Greek, including but not confined to sexual practice. Homosexual behaviors at Rome were acceptable only within an inherently unequal relationship; male Roman citizens retained their masculinity as long as they took the active, penetrating role, and the appropriate male sexual partner was a prostitute or slave, who would nearly always be non-Roman. In Archaic and classical Greece , paiderasteia had been
3096-824: The Hellenic tradition of pederasty". Effeminacy or a lack of discipline in managing one's sexual attraction to another male threatened a man's "Roman-ness" and thus might be disparaged as "Eastern" or "Greek". Fears that Greek models might "corrupt" traditional Roman social codes (the mos maiorum ) seem to have prompted a vaguely documented law ( Lex Scantinia ) that attempted to regulate aspects of homosexual relationships between freeborn males and to protect Roman youth from older men emulating Greek customs of pederasty. Theologian Edith Humphrey commented that "the Graeco-Roman 'ideal' regarding homosexuality entailed erotic love, not of children, but of young (teenage) males of
3182-529: The Phenomenon of Sexual Inversion addressed especially to medical psychologists and jurists". He argued for the Grecian pederasty , and said that the modern era could rethink its values. In 1881, 1884, and 1885, John Ramsay, 13th Earl of Dalhousie introduced criminal law amendment bills "for the Protection of Women and Girls [and] suppression of brothels" (as their long title stated). The bills passed in
3268-556: The Prince is portrayed as a youthful character, as his own experience in life has been limited to playing with his companions in the garden and dancing in the Great Hall. His childishness is also seen in his lack of knowledge regarding emotions, as he “did not know what tears were,” living a life “where sorrow is not allowed to enter.” The Swallow is older, as he has had many experiences in life, having traveled to many places. In addition to this foundation of inequality, exchanging ideas
3354-868: The Schedule to, the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act 1997 . Following the Royal Pardon of Alan Turing , who was convicted of gross indecency under this Act for homosexual acts with another man, the government announced in 2016 its intention to expand this retroactive exoneration to other men convicted of similar historical offences, through enacting what has been described as an " Alan Turing law ". The Policing and Crime Act 2017 serves as an amnesty law to pardon men who were cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts . Pederasty Pederasty or paederasty ( / ˈ p ɛ d ər æ s t i / )
3440-690: The Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 1976. It was later amended by section 80 of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980, which decriminalised consensual homosexual acts in private by men over 21. After other amendments, the section was repealed by the Crime and Punishment (Scotland) Act 1997. In Northern Ireland law , the section was amended by The Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982, which decriminalised consensual homosexual acts in private by men over 21. After other amendments, it
3526-556: The Victorian era. This fascination and admiration led to works of literature which commemorated Pederasty and same-sex love by numerous individuals of this time such as John Addington Symonds with his essay "A Problem in Greek Ethics", or Oscar Wilde with his novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray , amongst others. While there was a celebration of same-sex love to be found in pederasty by some individuals during this time, there
Labouchere Amendment - Misplaced Pages Continue
3612-493: The age of consent was subsequently raised to 13 upon amendments made to the 1861 act with the Offences Against the Person Act 1875 , these pieces of legislation were enacted to protect mainly the very young and the very wealthy. The reason for the latter was that the lawmakers at that time were concerned about the welfare of heiresses, meaning their own daughters and, by extension, those of their friends and patrons; this
3698-461: The age of eighteen, as well as relaxing the rules on witness testimony: while children under the age of 12 were allowed to testify as proposed by the SPCC, it also gave the right of the accused to testify on his own behalf. The effect of the law became noticeable almost immediately. While few cases of sexual offences were reported before the passage of the law, the number of reported cases skyrocketed in
3784-526: The amendment was passed. Any male person who, in public or private, commits, or is a party to the commission of, or procures, or attempts to procure the commission by any male person of, any act of gross indecency with an other male person, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and being convicted thereof, shall be liable at the discretion of the Court to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding two years, with or without hard labour. No definition of "gross indecency"
3870-600: The basis for the Criminal Law Amendment Bill, including raising the age of consent to sixteen years as well as increased penalties for sexual offences. The bill passed easily in the House of Lords in 1883, but was dropped in the House of Commons . It was reintroduced in 1884 but was again dropped during the struggle over parliamentary reform. In April 1885, the Earl of Dalhousie tempted fate by reintroducing
3956-449: The bill (as expressed in its long title), the speaker , Arthur Peel , responded that under procedural rules any amendment was permitted by leave of the House . (In 1888 standing orders were changed to restrict the type of amendment which could be made at a bill's report stage.) Labouchere, inspired to action by the modern question over sexual norms, pushed in the four-minute debate for strong action against "deviants". He originally wanted
4042-510: The bill a third time. While the bill passed smoothly through the Lords in May—albeit with some revisions, most notably lowering the age of consent to fifteen—it again faced an uphill battle in the Commons, who were preparing to disband for the Whit Week bank holiday on 22 May 1885 and thus rather indifferent to the bill. In addition, many Members of Parliament were opposed to the measure, citing
4128-658: The budget. A minority caretaker government was formed under Lord Salisbury pending the holding of the general election later that year . As a result, it was deemed that no time-consuming or controversial measure be undertaken until then. Even before the government crisis in June 1885, on 23 May, W.T. Stead , the editor of the Pall Mall Gazette was approached by Benjamin Scott, who called his attention to its being set aside again. Stead, one of those who had been opposed to
4214-580: The curtailment of civil liberties through its increase of police powers. Despite the effort of the Home Secretary , Sir William Harcourt , to move for a second reading of the Bill, no vote was taken on the measure by the time Parliament was adjourned on 22 May 1885. Supporters of the bill by that time feared that it would again be put aside and decided to take drastic action. These fears apparently became real when Gladstone's government resigned over
4300-527: The double-standard nature of these laws. Public opinion at the time was thus in favour of stricter legislation and harsher penalties for sexual offenders, and better treatment for women and children. Social purity groups like the Society for the Suppression of Vice and feminists led by Josephine Butler focused on the evils of child prostitution as the chief factor in the sexual exploitation of
4386-624: The exploration of what ancient Greece had to offer, quickly garnering admiration by those in study and capturing the attention of Victorian writers. Holding esteem of the Greeks, the Victorians began to model and apply Greek concepts and more onto their modern life. This application of Greek philosophy manifested with the Victorians' examination of Plato and subsequently the Greek concept of pederasty which had them evaluating and applying this conception of intimate Greek encounters to those found within
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#17327723645124472-413: The last minute, on report stage ("consideration"). Frank Harris , a contemporary, wrote that Labouchere proposed it as a wrecking amendment to make the law seem "ridiculous" and thus discredit it in its entirety; some historians agree, citing Labouchere's habitual obstructionism and other attempts to sink this bill by the same means, while others write that his role in calling for more investigation into
4558-449: The measure after consulting with a colleague as to the provisions of Scottish law on the subject. This was influential when the measure was once again put to a vote, and the SPCC's "oath clause" was included in the final version of the bill. Even before the SPCC's "oath clause" was passed, another clause was introduced by MP Henry Labouchere late in the evening of 6 August 1885. Labouchere wanted to expand its reach. The clause provided for
4644-643: The mid-1930s, heard from an Andkhoy resident about a “current custom” among Afghan Turkmens and Uzbeks in the northern provinces who would keep boys in a cellar for a few years to teach them to dance. “If young boys are to be found,” writes Jarring, “[the people of Afghan Turkistan] never let women dance. Pederasty in Japan prior to the Meiji Restoration was present in similar forms across different societal contexts. Accounts of Buddhist monasteries , samurai circles, and kabuki theatres all commonly noted
4730-444: The months afterwards, especially child molestation cases. It may be that the actual number of cases remained the same, but the fact that more cases were reported and brought to the courts was at the very least a reflection of how the law changed perceptions of how women and children should be treated. While the inclusion of Section 11 criminalised male homosexuality, nevertheless it was connected with notions of male lust, which many felt
4816-512: The names of each member who voted against the clause. Congregationalist minister Benjamin Waugh , the leader of the SPCC, focusing on the fact that the proposal was defeated by only three votes, redoubled his efforts to lobby support. Along the way he managed to bring Henry James , the former Attorney-General , to his side and re-introduce Smith's amendment, which he did on 9 August. The Home Secretary, R.A. Cross , dropped his earlier opposition to
4902-455: The presence of relationships between adolescent or pre-pubescent boys (sometimes classified as wakashū ) and older male mentor figures. Art and literature of these relationships was common, with perhaps the most well-known collection being ukiyo-zōshi poet Ihara Saikaku 's The Great Mirror of Male Love . Classical studies during the time of the Victorian era rapidly changed with
4988-417: The provision when the police discovered a male lover at his house after Turing reported a petty theft. Instead of prison, he opted for oestrogen injection hormone "therapy" for a year, slightly feminising the body and losing sexual urges. Psychologists attribute this as a cause of his suicide. He was pardoned posthumously by Queen Elizabeth II in 2013 at the request of justice minister Chris Grayling , following
5074-403: The recommendations made by the SPCC, on 31 July 1885 Liverpool MP Samuel Smith presented to the Commons a clause to abolish the oath for child victims for sexual assault. However, longtime opponents of the bill fought against it and, despite the best efforts of its supporters, the SPCC's proposal was narrowly defeated 123–120. Outraged by this defeat, Stead condemned it in the Gazette , listing
5160-411: The resumption of the debate to make its own recommendations to the bill, including the raising of the age of consent to 18 years and more severe measures to protect children from exploitation. These proposals were introduced through their representatives in Parliament. However, many members of Parliament, already infuriated by Stead's tactics, sought to obstruct any alterations to the laws. In addition to
5246-719: The same age that a young woman would be given in marriage, and that frequently the more mature male was only slightly older than the partner." Bacha bāzī ( Persian : بچه بازی , lit. 'boy play') is a practice in which men (sometimes called bacha baz ) buy and keep adolescent boys (sometimes called dancing boys ) for entertainment and sex. It is a custom in Afghanistan and in historical Turkestan and often involves sexual slavery and child prostitution by older men of young adolescent males. The most comprehensive study of young male dancers in Afghanistan in
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#17327723645125332-508: The same as the whores, looking out for a chance? Yes, the Quadrant, Fleet Street, Holborn, the Strand etc., are actually thronged with them! Nay, it is not long since, in the neighborhood of Charing Cross, they posted bills in the windows of several public houses, cautioning the public to "Beware of Sods!" Hysteria over homosexuals was at a peak during the time, though the contemporary morality
5418-726: The second half of the twentieth century perhaps belongs to German folklorist Ingeborg Baldauf, who studied bacabozlik (bachah-bāzi) among Uzbeks in the north. Baldauf's study, published in 1988 in German under the title Die Knabenliebe in Mittelasien: Bacabozlik (Boy Love in Central Asia: Bachah-bāzī), contended that a significant percentage of the Uzbek male population in Afghanistan's northern provinces were involved in bachah-bāzī at some point in their lives—either as
5504-400: The term "gross indecency", this law allowed juries, judges, and lawyers to prosecute virtually any male homosexual behaviour where it could not be proven that the defendant had specifically engaged in homosexual anal intercourse, also known as sodomy or "buggery". The sentence was relatively light compared to the penalty for that act, which remained a separate crime. Lawyers dubbed section 11
5590-411: The time of Henry VIII , codified sodomy into secular law as "the detestable and abominable vice of buggery ". The Offences against the Person Act 1861 specifically lowered the capital punishment for sodomy to life imprisonment, which continued until 1967. However, fellatio , masturbation , and other acts of non-penetration remained lawful. Private homosexual activity, though stigmatised and demonised,
5676-413: The writings of Xenophon , Socrates says, "A man who sells his favours for a price to anyone who wants them is called a catamite ; but if anyone forms a love-attachment with someone whom he knows to be truly good, we regard him as perfectly respectable." In the writings of Plato , Socrates considered pederasty as a superior form of love compared to the love of women. Each author may have used Socrates as
5762-521: The young. In addition, during the 1860s and 1870s, child advocacy groups were concerned with child abuse and other forms of maltreatment. Furthermore, groups like the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC) were concerned about the limitation of the testimony of young children. They investigated, reported and brought to court accusations of child abuse and neglect. It was in this socio-political climate that legislation to change this
5848-417: Was already beginning to question the ethics of homosexual activity. Karl Heinrich Ulrichs , a German lawyer, in the 1860s produced literature in favour of love between men. Calling it Uranian love, he even considered it to be a higher form of love than common heterosexual love. Similarly, John Addington Symonds , an English poet, published A problem in Greek Ethics in 1883. It was subtitled "An Inquiry into
5934-433: Was also a moral repudiation of it as well that found pederasty to be a degradation of the youthful soul. This view was put into law with the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 under section 11, the Labouchere Amendment . It was this piece of legislation that cemented the discussion on pederasty and its reception by the public and mainstream media with the legal prosecution of Oscar Wilde, whose novel The Picture of Dorian Gray
6020-645: Was borrowed in the 16th century directly from Plato's classical Greek in The Symposium . (Latin transliterates αί as æ .) The word first appeared in the English language during the Renaissance , as pæderastie (e.g. in Samuel Purchas ' Pilgrimes ), in the sense of sexual relations between men and boys. The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "Homosexual relations between a man and
6106-620: Was briefly mentioned in lieu of William Hurrell Mallock's The New Republic , which is a parody of "aesthetic" verse in the epigraph for the Oxford pamphlet Boy-Worship , where pederasty is cited as "being a mode of male romantic attachment". In The New Republic , Mallock mocks many important figures in Oxford University, including Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde , and its references to Aestheticism and Hellenism . In Dowling’s Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford , it
6192-663: Was introduced in 1881. The bill for the amendment of the law took four years to bring to completion. It began when Benjamin Scott , the anti-vice campaigner and Chamberlain of the City of London , approached Lord Granville to enact legislation for the protection of young girls from transportation to the Continent for "immoral purposes". In response, the House of Lords formed a select committee to investigate and confirmed an increase in child prostitution and white slavery . The committee's report made nine recommendations which became
6278-508: Was much more enforceable. Section 11 was repealed and re-enacted by section 13 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 , which in turn was repealed by the Sexual Offences Act 1967 , which partially decriminalised male homosexual behaviour. Most famously, Oscar Wilde was convicted under section 11 and sentenced to two years' hard labour , and Alan Turing was convicted under it and sentenced to oestrogen injections ( chemical castration ) as an alternative to prison. The Buggery Act 1533 , during
6364-700: Was no actual witness of any such act nor evidence of semen on their posterior regions, the charges were dropped. Henry Labouchere , Liberal MP for Northampton , had been a diplomat; he now was the founding editor of Truth magazine, which had its selling point in exposing corruption and degeneration . In 1882, Labouchere met Wilde in America; Wilde praised him as the "best writer in Europe", though Labouchere criticised Wilde as an "effeminate phrase maker". Sir Howard Vincent , director of criminal investigations at Scotland Yard from 1878 to 1884, called homosexual acts
6450-588: Was noted that William Johnson Cory 's classic paen paiderastia, Ionica (1858), enabled the Oxford cult of “boy worship” to surface, and influence the upbringing of the Uranian literary movement, which celebrated “heavenly” love between men, which is highly influenced by Plato's Symposium of 180e. Similarly to pederasty, Uranians have been influenced by the Ancient Greek to write poetry that represented homoeroticism and homosexuality of adolescent boys in
6536-403: Was provided. John Addington Symonds was disgusted by section 11, arguing, amongst other things, that it would only facilitate blackmail against homosexuals. He noted that reference to being "party to the commission of" gross indecency served essentially as a conspiracy charge, allowing for a broader pool of convictions. This amendment ignored lesbian activity. As a result of the vagueness of
6622-617: Was repealed by the Sexual Offences Act 2003. In Republic of Ireland law , the section was repealed by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 1993, which decriminalised consensual homosexual acts by males over 17 and as to those younger replaced by section 4 of the new Act. Section 4 was repealed by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006. In 2019, the Supreme Court of Ireland determined that prosecutions under
6708-504: Was sentenced to two years' hard labour. After prison, Wilde would condemn the Criminal Law Amendment Act, predicting that the battle against it would be a "road… long and red with monstrous martyrdoms." He asserted that so-called "Uranian" love was "noble—more noble than other forms". Mathematician , logician , cryptanalyst and an early computer scientist , Alan Turing was investigated for alleged violations of
6794-441: Was so pervasive that it has been called "the principal cultural model for free relationships between citizens." The practice was viewed with concerns and disapproval by certain social groups. In some Greek cities, such as Sparta , pederastic relationships were explicitly accepted; in other locations, such as Athens , laws were eventually enacted to limit such relationships, though not explicitly prohibit all instances of them. In
6880-583: Was somewhat safer during this time; the prosecution had to prove penetration had actually occurred. In April 1870, transvestites Boulton and Park were arrested for wearing drag outside the Strand Theatre . They were charged with conspiracy to commit sodomy with Lord Arthur Pelham-Clinton , who died (probably of suicide) later that year and who was the third son of the Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle . However, since there
6966-490: Was the emergence of the coterie known as the Uranians , pederasty being a theme often written upon in their poetry. The group was one of intimacy and wrote their works for themselves and shared amongst themselves, the group meaning to be a safe space and a source of consolidation for those who admired pederasty, devising it as "erotically and aesthetically superior to heterosexuality". Though Victorians took inspiration from
7052-547: Was the root cause of vice. More than 80 years would pass before decriminalisation would take effect. The Act was repealed for England and Wales by section 51 of, and the fourth schedule to, the Sexual Offences Act 1956 ; and for Scotland by section 21(2) of, and Schedule 2 to, the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 1976 . Sections 3(3), 7 and 8 of this Act were repealed for the Republic of Ireland by section 31 of, and
7138-554: Was turned over to the care of the Salvation Army. The revelations caused an uproar. Copies of the Pall Mall Gazette were snapped up, often fetching premium prices. While many denounced Stead's exposé, it did what it was intended to do: it prompted Parliament to resume the debate over the Criminal Law Amendment Bill on 9 July 1885. The SPCC, which celebrated its first anniversary on 13 July 1885, took advantage of
7224-646: Was universal in the Archaic period; criticism began in Athens as part of the general Classical Athenian reassessment of Archaic culture. Scholars have debated the role or extent of pederasty, which is likely to have varied according to local custom and individual inclination. Athenian law, for instance, recognized both consent and age as factors in regulating sexual behavior. Enid Bloch argues that many Greek boys in these relationships may have been traumatized by knowing that they were violating social customs, since
7310-487: Was urged by Queensberry's son Lord Alfred Douglas , who reluctantly fled to France at the time to avoid possible arrest. Section 11 was quickly invoked to prosecute and convict Oscar Wilde in 1895. He was given the most severe sentence possible under the Act, which the judge described as "totally inadequate for a case such as this". Wilde was found guilty of gross indecency with "at least" 12 young men between 1892 and 1894 and he
7396-463: Was used as evidence to secure his imprisonment and conviction, labeling him as a "sodomite" under the eyes of the law. Pederasty is also associated with the late-19th-century Decadent movement which took place amidst the European literary and artistic community. The Greek practice was used by decadents to reinforce their own identity and non-conformance with heterosexuality. Within this movement
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