Mincio Army
125-524: The Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" ( Italian : Reggimento Lagunari "Serenissima" ) is a unit of Italian Army 's amphibious Lagunari speciality. The name of the speciality comes from the Italian word for lagoon ( Italian : laguna ), while the regiment's name "Serenissima" commemorates the Most Serene Republic of Venice ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia ). The regiment
250-689: A local language of Italy , most frequently the language spoken at home in their place of origin. Italian is a major language in Europe, being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the third-most-widely spoken native language in the European Union (13% of the EU population) and it
375-415: A command platoon, a medical platoon, a quartermaster platoon, and a transport and materiel platoon. The Amphibious Tactical Support Company consists of an Amphibious Reconnaissance Platoon, an Amphibious Vehicles Platoon, which is equipped with AAV7-A1 amphibious assault vehicles and Amphibious Combat Vehicles , and a Watercraft Platoon, which operates the regiment's landing craft and speedboats. Each of
500-532: A division under Colonel Pallavicino to stop the volunteer army. Garibaldi was wounded at the Battle of Aspromonte and taken prisoner, along with his men. The increasing discord between Austria and Prussia over the German Question turned into open war in 1866, which offered Italy an occasion to capture Venetia . On 8 April 1866, the Italian government signed a military alliance with Prussia through
625-613: A driver. Italian language Italian ( italiano , pronounced [itaˈljaːno] , or lingua italiana , pronounced [ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire . Italian is the least divergent language from Latin , together with Sardinian (meaning that Italian and Sardinian are
750-590: A fire direction squad, three mortar squads, equipped with MX2 81mm mortars, and two anti-tank squads with Spike MR anti-tank guided missiles . The 1st Lagunari Battalion's Maneuver Support Company fields a heavy mortar platoon, an anti-tank platoon, and a sniper squad. The Heavy Mortar Platoon consists of four mortar squads, each of which is equipped with a MO-120 RT 120mm mortar. The Anti-tank Platoon consists of four anti-tank squads equipped with Spike LR anti-tank guided missiles . The Sniper Squad, consists of three sniper teams, which field one sniper, one spotter, and
875-718: A heavy mortar company with M106 mortar carriers with 120mm Mod. 63 mortars. At the time the battalion fielded 896 men (45 officers, 100 non-commissioned officers, and 751 soldiers). On 25 October 1975, the 1st Lagunari Battalion "Serenissima" received the flag of the Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" in a ceremony on Piazza San Marco in Venice. On 12 November 1976, the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846
1000-510: A huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home languages— ciao is derived from the Venetian word s-cia[v]o ("slave", that is "your servant"), panettone comes from the Lombard word panetton , etc. Only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when
1125-471: A little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home. Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country. In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when varieties of Chinese are not grouped together, with 375,645 claiming Italian as their mother tongue in 2016. Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of
1250-513: A major step in the Unification of Italy . Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy had been proclaimed King of Italy on 17 March 1861 but did not control Venetia or the much-reduced Papal States . The situation of the Irredente , a later Italian term for part of the country under foreign domination that literally means unredeemed , was an unceasing source of tension in the domestic politics of
1375-636: A mediation effort by Napoleon III for a settlement of the situation, which would allow Austria to receive favorable conditions from Prussia and, in particular, maintain Venice . The situation was embarrassing for Italy, as its forces had been beaten back in the only battle to date. As the Austrians were redeploying more and more troops to Vienna to defend it against the Prussians, La Marmora was urged to take advantage of his force's numerical superiority, score
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#17327831645451500-658: A poetic and literary origin in the works of Tuscan writers of the 12th century, and, although the grammar and core lexicon are basically unchanged from those used in Florence in the 13th century, the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. However, Romance vernacular as language spoken in the Italian Peninsula has a longer history. In fact, the earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called vernacular (as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae known as
1625-417: A renewed interest in linguistics in the 16th century, sparked a debate that raged throughout Italy concerning the criteria that should govern the establishment of a modern Italian literary and spoken language. This discussion, known as questione della lingua (i.e., the problem of the language ), ran through the Italian culture until the end of the 19th century, often linked to the political debate on achieving
1750-522: A result. Starting in late medieval times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by languages of Italy, especially Tuscan and Venetian. These varieties were consolidated during the Renaissance with the strength of Italy and the rise of humanism and the arts . Italy came to enjoy increasing artistic prestige within Europe. A mark of
1875-611: A seven-vowel system, consisting of /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/ , as well as 23 consonants. Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian phonology is conservative, preserving many words nearly unchanged from Vulgar Latin . Some examples: Third Italian War of Independence Total: 120,000 men Po Army Total: 80,000 men Garibaldi's forces Total: 20,000 men South Army Liechtenstein Army Total: 80 men 11,197 9,727 The Third Italian War of Independence ( Italian : Terza guerra d'indipendenza italiana )
2000-479: A single language is that they have evolved so that they are no longer mutually intelligible ; this diagnostic is effective if mutual intelligibility is minimal or absent (e.g. in Romance, Romanian and Portuguese), but it fails in cases such as Spanish-Portuguese or Spanish-Italian, as educated native speakers of either pairing can understand each other well if they choose to do so; however, the level of intelligibility
2125-513: A united Italian state. Renaissance scholars divided into three main factions: A fourth faction claimed that the best Italian was the one that the papal court adopted, which was a mixture of the Tuscan and Roman dialects. Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the Accademia della Crusca in Florence (1582–1583), the official legislative body of the Italian language, led to
2250-623: A victory and improve the situation for Italy at the bargaining table. On 14 July, during a council of war held in Ferrara , the new Italian war plans were decided: Cialdini crossed the Po on 8 July and advanced to Udine on 22 July without encountering the Austrian Army. In the meantime, Garibaldi's volunteers had advanced from Brescia toward Trento during the Invasion of Trentino and won
2375-427: Is 89% with French, 87% with Catalan , 85% with Sardinian , 82% with Spanish, 80% with Portuguese , 78% with Ladin , 77% with Romanian . Estimates may differ according to sources. One study, analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin (comparing phonology , inflection , discourse , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation ), estimated that distance between Italian and Latin
2500-759: Is also spoken by a minority in Monaco and France, especially in the southeastern part of the country. Italian was the official language in Savoy and in Nice until 1860, when they were both annexed by France under the Treaty of Turin , a development that triggered the " Niçard exodus ", or the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy, and the Niçard Vespers . Giuseppe Garibaldi complained about
2625-690: Is also spoken by large immigrant and expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania , although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries. Some speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or regional varieties ) and
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#17327831645452750-601: Is based in Venice and assigned to the Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli" . The "Pozzuolo del Friuli" brigade forms, together with the Italian Navy 's Third Naval Division and San Marco Marine Brigade , the Italian Armed Forces ' Sea Projection Force ( Italian : Forza di proiezione dal mare ). In 1957, Italian Army formed the Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" in Venice, which was tasked with
2875-534: Is higher than that between Sardinian and Latin. In particular, its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian . As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive. Italian is the official language of Italy and San Marino and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is the third most spoken language in Switzerland (after German and French; see Swiss Italian ), although its use there has moderately declined since
3000-460: Is markedly lower between Italian-Spanish, and considerably higher between the Iberian sister languages of Portuguese-Spanish. Speakers of this latter pair can communicate with one another with remarkable ease, each speaking to the other in his own native language without slang/jargon. Nevertheless, on the basis of accumulated differences in morphology, syntax, phonology, and to some extent lexicon, it
3125-462: Is not difficult to identify that for the Romance varieties of Italy, the first extant written evidence of languages that can no longer be considered Latin comes from the ninth and tenth centuries C.E. These written sources demonstrate certain vernacular characteristics and sometimes explicitly mention the use of the vernacular in Italy. Full literary manifestations of the vernacular began to surface around
3250-594: Is spoken as a second language by 13.4 million EU citizens (3%). Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland, Albania and the United Kingdom ) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is approximately 85 million. Italian is the main working language of the Holy See , serving as the lingua franca (common language) in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as
3375-549: Is used, and the town of Chipilo near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of Venetian dating back to the 19th century. Other examples are Cocoliche , an Italian–Spanish pidgin once spoken in Argentina and especially in Buenos Aires , and Lunfardo . The Rioplatense Spanish dialect of Argentina and Uruguay today has thus been heavily influenced by both standard Italian and Italian regional languages as
3500-509: The Il Globo (Australia) and the La gazzetta del Sud Africa (South Africa). Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. In the 21st century, technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language, as people have new ways to learn how to speak, read, and write languages at their own pace and at any given time. For example,
3625-991: The La Voce del Popolo ( Croatia ), the Corriere d'Italia (Germany), the L'italoeuropeo (United Kingdom), the Passaparola ( Luxembourg ), the America Oggi (United States), the Corriere Canadese and the Corriere Italiano (Canada), the Il punto d'incontro (Mexico), the L'Italia del Popolo ( Argentina ), the Fanfulla (Brazil), the Gente d'Italia ( Uruguay ), the La Voce d'Italia ( Venezuela ),
3750-551: The Battle of Bezzecca on 21 July. Both advances were overshadowed, however, by the unexpected defeat of the Italian Navy at the Battle of Lissa on 20 July. On 26 July, a mixed Italian force of bersaglieri and cavalry defeated an Austrian force guarding the crossing of the Torre River and reached what is now Romans d'Isonzo at the Battle of Versa . That marked the maximum Italian advance into Friuli. However, with
3875-555: The Battle of Vittorio Veneto . In November 1918, the regiment moved from Ferrara to Venice, where it was disbanded on 21 November 1919. The regiment's last remaining battalion, which consisted of two Lagunari companies, was returned on the same day to the 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri), which was renamed on the same day Pontieri and Lagunari Engineer Regiment. On 1 March 1926, the Pontieri and Lagunari Engineer Regiment shortened its name to Pontieri and Lagunari Regiment. On 15 May 1933,
Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" - Misplaced Pages Continue
4000-636: The Fall of the Republic of Venice on 12 May 1797. In 1848, revolutions erupted in the Italian states, which led to the First Italian War of Independence . On 17 March 1848, the people of Venice rose up against Habsburg rule and freed Daniele Manin and other revolutionaries from Habsburg imprisonment. On 22 March 1848, the citizens of Venice stormed the Arsenal and distributed its weapons to
4125-702: The Gallo-Italic linguistic panorama of Northern Italy , the Italo-Dalmatian , Neapolitan and its related dialects were largely unaffected by the Franco- Occitan influences introduced to Italy mainly by bards from France during the Middle Ages, but after the Norman conquest of southern Italy , Sicily became the first Italian land to adopt Occitan lyric moods (and words) in poetry. Even in
4250-674: The Kingdom of Italy in the Dodecanese ). Italian is widely spoken in Malta , where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently (see Maltese Italian ). Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, when it was abolished by the British colonial administration amid strong local opposition. Italian language in Slovenia is an officially recognized minority language in
4375-773: The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia ), although the masses kept speaking primarily their local vernaculars. Italian was also one of the many recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Italy has always had a distinctive dialect for each city because the cities, until recently, were thought of as city-states . Those dialects now have considerable variety . As Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian . The most characteristic differences, for instance, between Roman Italian and Milanese Italian are syntactic gemination of initial consonants in some contexts and
4500-1033: The Middle Ages , the established written language in Europe was Latin, although the great majority of people were illiterate, and only few were well versed in the language. In the Italian Peninsula , as in most of Europe, most would instead speak a local vernacular. These dialects, as they are commonly referred to, evolved from Vulgar Latin over the course of centuries, unaffected by formal standards and teachings. They are not in any sense "dialects" of standard Italian, which itself started off as one of these local tongues, but sister languages of Italian. Mutual intelligibility with Italian varies widely, as it does with Romance languages in general. The Romance languages of Italy can differ greatly from Italian at all levels ( phonology , morphology , syntax , lexicon , pragmatics ) and are classified typologically as distinct languages. The standard Italian language has
4625-641: The Mincio river. Cialdini, on the other hand, did not act offensively for the first part of the war by conducting only several shows of force and failing to defeat the Austrian bridgehead at Borgoforte on the southern bank of the Po. Following the defeat at Custoza, the Italians reorganised in preparation for a presumed Austrian counter-offensive. The Austrians took that opportunity to raid Valtellina and Val Camonica ( Battle of Vezza d'Oglio ). The course of
4750-587: The Multi-National Force – Iraq . On 5 and 6 August 2004, forces of Muqtada al-Sadr 's Mahdi Army fought units of the Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli" for control of the three main bridges over the Euphrates river in Nasiriyah . The Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima", together with troops of the 3rd Engineer Regiment , defeated the insurgents' attacks. For its conduct in the two day battle
4875-518: The Peace of Prague included the giving of the Iron Crown of Lombardy to the Italian king and the Austrian cession of Venetia, consisting of modern Veneto , parts of Friuli and the city of Mantua . Napoleon III , who was acting as intermediary between Prussia and Austria, ceded Venetia to Italy on 19 October, as had been agreed in a secret treaty in exchange for the earlier Italian acquiescence to
5000-554: The Placiti Cassinesi from the province of Benevento that date from 960 to 963, although the Veronese Riddle , probably from the 8th or early 9th century, contains a late form of Vulgar Latin that can be seen as a very early sample of a vernacular dialect of Italy. The Commodilla catacomb inscription is also a similar case. The Italian language has progressed through a long and slow process, which started after
5125-761: The V Army Corps . On 1 January 1954, the landing crafts and boats of the Lagoonal Forces Sector Command were merged into the Landing Craft Group, which, on 15 January 1956, was renamed Naval Vehicles Group. On 1 March 1956, the command of the Lagoonal Forces Sector was assigned to a colonel of the Italian Army and the process of detaching the navy component began. On 1 July 1957, the Battalion "San Marco"
Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" - Misplaced Pages Continue
5250-406: The Western Roman Empire's fall in the 5th century. The language that came to be thought of as Italian developed in central Tuscany and was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri , written in his native Florentine . Dante's epic poems, known collectively as the Commedia , to which another Tuscan poet Giovanni Boccaccio later affixed
5375-427: The flag and traditions of the Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" and the traditions of the Fanti di Mar to the 1st Lagunari Battalion "Serenissima". On 25 June 1984, the Lagunari became a speciality within the Italian Army's infantry arm and, on 26 August 1984, the Italian Armed Forces' Military Vicar Gaetano Bonicelli assigned Saint Mark the Evangelist as patron saint of the new speciality. On 31 October 1986,
5500-406: The 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture. As of 2022, Australia had the highest number of students learning Italian in the world. This occurred because of support by the Italian community in Australia and the Italian Government and also because of successful educational reform efforts led by local governments in Australia. From
5625-458: The 13th century in the form of various religious texts and poetry. Although these are the first written records of Italian varieties separate from Latin, the spoken language had probably diverged long before the first written records appeared since those who were literate generally wrote in Latin even if they spoke other Romance varieties in person. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the use of Standard Italian became increasingly widespread and
5750-438: The 1970s. It is official both on the national level and on regional level in two cantons : Ticino and Grisons . In the latter canton, however, it is only spoken by a small minority, in the Italian Grisons . Ticino, which includes Lugano , the largest Italian-speaking city outside Italy, is the only canton where Italian is predominant. Italian is also used in administration and official documents in Vatican City . Italian
5875-400: The 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri) formed the 15th Lagunari Company. On 1 December 1915, the 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri) formed the 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th Lagunari companies. From 1915 to 1918, the Lagunari were tasked with maintaining a 1,700 kilometer long navigable network lagoons and rivers of the Mantua - Ferrara - Marano Lagoon triangle. After the Battle of Caporetto and
6000-424: The Amphibious Battalion "Marghera" in Malcontenta was disbanded. On 19 October 1975, the Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" was disbanded. The next day the personnel of the regiment's command formed the Amphibious Troops Command and the regiment's remaining battalions became autonomous units. On the same day, 20 October 1975, the Amphibious Battalion "Isonzo" was renamed 41st Mechanized Infantry Battalion "Modena" , while
6125-402: The Amphibious Troops Command, and the Amphibious Transports Company was reorganized as Amphibious Vehicles Battalion "Sile" . After its formation the Amphibious Troops Command was assigned to the Mechanized Division "Folgore" . The 1st Lagunari Battalion "Serenissima" consisted of a command, a command and services company, three mechanized companies with M113 armored personnel carriers , and
6250-528: The French annexation of Savoy and Nice. The Treaty of Vienna confirmed the cession of the territory to Italy. However, the peace treaty stated that the annexation of Venetia and Mantua would have become effective only after a plebiscite allowed the population to express its will on its annexation to the Kingdom of Italy. The plebiscite was held on 21 and 22 October, and the result was an overwhelming success, with 99.9% of participants in support of joining Italy. Meanwhile, an uprising also occurred in Sicily,
6375-417: The Italian dialects has declined in the modern era , as Italy unified under Standard Italian and continues to do so aided by mass media from newspapers to radio to television, diglossia is still frequently encountered in Italy and triglossia is not uncommon in emigrant communities among older speakers. Both situations normally involve some degree of code-switching and code-mixing . Notes: Italian has
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#17327831645456500-439: The Italian language into a lingua franca used not only among clerks, nobility, and functionaries in the Italian courts but also by the bourgeoisie . Italian literature's first modern novel, I promessi sposi ( The Betrothed ) by Alessandro Manzoni , further defined the standard by "rinsing" his Milanese "in the waters of the Arno " ( Florence 's river), as he states in the preface to his 1840 edition. After unification,
6625-430: The Italian retreat to the Piave river the Lagunari companies operated on the extreme right flank of the Italian front in the Piave estuary and along the Sile river. In June and July 1918, the Lagunari companies fought during the Second Battle of the Piave River on the lower Piave and along the Sile river. On 28 August 1918, the Royal Italian Army formed the 8th Engineer Regiment (Lagunari) in Ferrara , which received
6750-411: The Lagoonal Forces Sector Command to V Territorial Military Command. On 15 July 1952, the Coastal Lagoon Battalion "Marghera" formed the Lagoonal Support Unit. On 1 September 1952, the Coastal Lagoon Battalion "Piave" was formed in Mestre with the same organization as the "Marghera" battalion. On 1 January 1953, the Lagoonal Forces Sector Command was transferred from the V Territorial Military Command to
6875-399: The Lagoonal Support Unit was equipped with M4 Sherman tanks and renamed XXII Tank Battalion . On 24 May 1964, the Lagoonal Grouping was elevated to regiment and renamed Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima". The regiment was assigned the traditions of the Venetian Fanti da Mar and the Royal Italian Army's Lagunari. At the same time the regiment's Naval Vehicles Group was disbanded. In October 1964,
7000-490: The Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" and the navy's Regiment "San Marco" became part of the Italian Armed Forces' Sea Projection Force. In 2010-11, the regiment deployed to Farah in Afghanistan as part of NATO's International Security Assistance Force . In 2011, the regiment replaced the infantry's black beret with a "lagoon green"-colored beret. In 2019, the regiment deployed to Herat in Afghanistan as part of NATO's Resolute Support Mission . For its conduct in Afghanistan
7125-452: The Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" joined the Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli" . The regiment repeatedly deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo as part of NATO 's peacekeeping missions. For its conduct in the Balkans the regiment was awarded a Silver Medal of Army Valor, which was affixed to the regiment's flag and added to the regiment's coat of arms. In 2004, the Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" deployed to Iraq as part of
7250-404: The Lagunari companies were disbanded and their personnel merged into the regiment's bridge companies. On 15 January 1951, the Italian Armed Forces began with the formation of the Lagoonal Forces Sector Command ( Italian : Comando Settore Forze Lagunari ) in Venice Lido . The command was a mixed Italian Army - Italian Navy formation under the command of a navy Counter admiral and assigned to
7375-453: The Mechanized Division "Folgore" was disbanded and the next day the Amphibious Troops Command was assigned to the 5th Army Corps . On 13 October 1992, the 1st Lagunari Battalion "Serenissima" lost its autonomy and the next day the battalion entered the reformed Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" as 1st Lagunari Battalion. The reformed regiment also incorporated the Nautical Vehicles Company of the disbanded Amphibious Battalion "Sile" . Afterwards
7500-497: The Mediterranean. The increasing political and cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of the rise of the Medici Bank , humanism , and the Renaissance made its dialect, or rather a refined version of it, a standard in the arts. The Renaissance era, known as il Rinascimento in Italian, was seen as a time of rebirth, which is the literal meaning of both renaissance (from French) and rinascimento (Italian). During this time, long-existing beliefs stemming from
7625-440: The Prussian victory over Austria, the Armistice of Nikolsburg ended the hostilities between the two countries, provided that Italy obtained Venetia. The Austrians withdrew to the Isonzo River and left Venice to Italian hands. France and Prussia pressured Italy to conclude an armistice on its own with Austria. The Italian Prime Minister Bettino Ricasoli refused the call and insisted to obtain "natural" frontiers for Italy, including
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#17327831645457750-448: The XXII Tank Battalion moved from Mestre to San Vito al Tagliamento , while the amphibious battalion's watercraft platoons and amphibious vehicles platoons were merged and formed the Amphibious Transports Company. Afterwards the regiment consisted of the following units: During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions were granted for the first time their own flags. On 1 September 1975,
7875-419: The XXII Tank Battalion was renamed 22nd Tank Battalion "M.O. Piccinini" . The two battalions were assigned to the Mechanized Brigade "Gorizia" , when that brigade was activated on 1 November 1975. Furthermore on the same day, the Amphibious Battalion "Piave" was renamed 1st Lagunari Battalion "Serenissima", the Lagunari regiment's Command Company and Signal Company merged to form the Command and Signal Company of
8000-459: The army's V Territorial Military Command for training and operational use and dependent to the navy's Upper Adriatic Autonomous Maritime Military Command for the disciplinary issues. The command was tasked with the defense of the coastal lagoons in the northern Adriatic Sea : the Venetian Lagoon , the Marano Lagoon , and the Grado Lagoon . On 1 July 1951, the command formed a command platoon, which included navy and army personnel. On 30 August of
8125-444: The case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages. The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time ( Late Middle Ages ) gave its language weight, although Venetian remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and Ligurian (or Genoese) remained in use in maritime trade alongside
8250-487: The cessation of Austro-Prussian hostilities, the Austrians seemed ready to send reinforcements to Italy. Likewise, the Principality of Liechtenstein being the southern ally of Austria had sent out its army into the region west of Stilfser Joch against the volunteers. On 9 August, Garibaldi was ordered in a telegraph by the Army High Command to evacuate Trentino. His reply was simply " Obbedisco " ("I shall obey") and became famous in Italy soon after. In July 1866, after
8375-413: The cession of Venice and South Tyrol and that Italian interests in Istria were respected. However, the Austro-Prussian armistice had strengthened Vienna's hand and Austrian admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff had taken command of the sea. Eventually, the cessation of hostilities was agreed to at the Armistice of Cormons signed on 12 August, followed by the Treaty of Vienna on 3 October 1866. The terms of
8500-418: The cities of Treviso and Padua and named for the Sile river, which straddles the Venetian Lagoon . On 21 October 1848, the unit moved through the Venetian Lagoon to attack Austrian forces on the Cavallino peninsula. After routing the Austrians the unit returned to its base in Venice-Lido , where General Guglielmo Pepe honored the unit with a visit on 23 October. On 4 May 1849, Austrian forces, which in
8625-427: The citizens of the city. On the same day, Manin proclaimed Venice's independence and the Republic of San Marco . On 26 March 1848, Austrian forces fled from Venice. The news of the successful insurrection in Venice spread to the other cities of the former Republic of Venice , which formed volunteer units to fight the Austrian occupation forces. One such unit were the Cacciatori del Sile , a light infantry unit formed by
8750-422: The city and the Cacciatori del Sile were disbanded. In 1866, after the Third Italian War of Independence , the Austro-Hungarian Empire ceded the parts of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia , which it still controlled, to the Second French Empire , which in turn ceded it to the Kingdom of Italy . On 1 January 1877, the Royal Italian Army 's 2nd Engineer Regiment formed the 14th Sappers Company (Lagunari), which
8875-455: The colonial period. In the early 19th century, Eritrea was the country with the highest number of Italians abroad, and the Italian Eritreans grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II. In Asmara there are two Italian schools, the Italian School of Asmara (Italian primary school with a Montessori department) and the Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi" (Italian international senior high school). Italian
9000-573: The country (some 0.42% of the total population). Their numbers dropped dramatically after World War II following the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus , which caused the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians. Italian was the official language of the Republic of Ragusa from 1492 to 1807. It formerly had official status in Albania due to the annexation of
9125-518: The country to the Kingdom of Italy (1939–1943). Albania has a large population of non-native speakers, with over half of the population having some knowledge of the Italian language. The Albanian government has pushed to make Italian a compulsory second language in schools. The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania, due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to
9250-446: The country. A few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s. Italian was the official language of Eritrea during Italian colonisation . Italian is today used in commerce, and it is still spoken especially among elders; besides that, Italian words are incorporated as loan words in the main language spoken in the country (Tigrinya). The capital city of Eritrea, Asmara , still has several Italian schools, established during
9375-579: The country. The official census, carried out in 2002, reported 2,258 ethnic Italians ( Istrian Italians ) in Slovenia (0.11% of the total population). Italian language in Croatia is an official minority language in the country, with many schools and public announcements published in both languages. The 2001 census in Croatia reported 19,636 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians ) in
9500-709: The defense of the coastal lagoons in the northern Adriatic Sea : the Venetian Lagoon , the Marano Lagoon , and the Grado Lagoon . Although the Lagunari are the youngest speciality of the Italian Army's infantry, the regiment carries the traditions of the naval infantry of the Republic of Venice , the traditions of the Republic of San Marco 's Cacciatori del Sile, the traditions of Royal Italian Army 's engineer arm's Lagunari units of World War I , and
9625-464: The design and fashion industries, in some sports such as football and especially in culinary terms. In Italy, almost all the other languages spoken as the vernacular —other than standard Italian and some languages spoken among immigrant communities—are often called " Italian dialects ", a label that can be very misleading if it is understood to mean "dialects of Italian". The Romance dialects of Italy are local evolutions of spoken Latin that pre-date
9750-588: The diffusion of Italian television in the country. Due to heavy Italian influence during the Italian colonial period , Italian is still understood by some in former colonies such as Libya. Although it was the primary language in Libya since colonial rule , Italian greatly declined under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi , who expelled the Italian Libyan population and made Arabic the sole official language of
9875-478: The educated gentlemen was to make the Grand Tour , visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It was expected that the visitor would learn at least some Italian, understood as language based on Florentine. In England, while the classical languages Latin and Greek were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until
10000-650: The eight existing Laguanri companies. The regiment consisted of a command, the I Lagunari Battalion in Venice with the 9th, 15th, 20th, and 23rd Lagunari companies, and the II Lagunari Battalion with the 10th, 21st, 22nd, and 24th Lagunari companies in Ferrara. In October 1918, the regiment formed the 1st Train Company and the same month the regiment's companies were heavily engaged in the Piave delta during
10125-462: The establishment of Italian, and as such are sister languages to the Tuscan that was the historical source of Italian. They can be quite different from Italian and from each other, with some belonging to different linguistic branches of Romance. The only exceptions to this are twelve groups considered " historical language minorities ", which are officially recognized as distinct minority languages by
10250-433: The fact that it was linguistically an intermediate between the northern and the southern Italian dialects. Thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy. Italian was progressively made an official language of most of the Italian states predating unification, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as Spain in the Kingdom of Naples , or Austria in
10375-476: The free website and application Duolingo has 4.94 million English speakers learning the Italian language. According to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 Institutes of Italian Culture that are located around the world, in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in
10500-489: The island of Corsica (but not in the neighbouring Sardinia , which on the contrary underwent Italianization well into the late 18th century, under Savoyard sway: the island's linguistic composition, roofed by the prestige of Spanish among the Sardinians , would therein make for a rather slow process of assimilation to the Italian cultural sphere ). The rediscovery of Dante's De vulgari eloquentia , as well as
10625-505: The lagoonal support units of the "Marghera", "Piave", and "Isonzo" battalions were merged into a single Lagoonal Support Unit. Afterwards the Lagoonal Grouping consisted of the following units: On 25 October 1959, the Lagoonal Grouping received its flag in a ceremony on Piazza San Marco in Venice. In 1963, the grouping's three amphibious battalions were mechanized and equipped with M113 armored personnel carriers . In 1964,
10750-640: The language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in Argentina after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found scattered across the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South. In Venezuela , Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and Portuguese, with around 200,000 speakers. In Uruguay , people who speak Italian as their home language are 1.1% of
10875-498: The late 18th century when it tended to be replaced by German. John Milton , for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian. Within the Catholic Church , Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents. Italian loanwords continue to be used in most languages in matters of art and music (especially classical music including opera), in
11000-534: The late 19th to the mid-20th century, millions of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence. In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional languages of Italy were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil, where Talian
11125-567: The law. On the other hand, Corsican (a language spoken on the French island of Corsica ) is closely related to medieval Tuscan , from which Standard Italian derives and evolved. The differences in the evolution of Latin in the different regions of Italy can be attributed to the natural changes that all languages in regular use are subject to, and to some extent to the presence of three other types of languages: substrata, superstrata, and adstrata . The most prevalent were substrata (the language of
11250-550: The meantime had defeated the Kingdom of Sardinia in the First Italian War of Independence, began the Siege of Venice with an attack against the fort of Marghera. On 26 May 1849, the fort at Marghera had to be evacuated and Venice's defenders fell back to the city itself, which was heavily bombarded by the Austrian Army and Navy. On 22 August 1849, Venice surrendered and five days later, on 27 August, Austrian forces entered
11375-730: The mediation of French Emperor Napoleon III . Italian armies, led by General Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora , were to engage the Austrians on the southern front. Simultaneously, taking advantage of their perceived naval superiority, the Italians planned to threaten the Dalmatian coast and to seize Trieste . Upon the outbreak of the war, the Italian military was hampered by several factors: Prussia opened hostilities on 16 June 1866 by attacking several German states allied with Austria. Three days later, Italy declared war on Austria and started military operations on 23 June. The Italian forces were divided into two armies. One, under La Marmora himself,
11500-566: The most conservative Romance languages). Spoken by about 85 million people, including 67 million native speakers (2024), Italian is an official language in Italy , San Marino , Switzerland ( Ticino and the Grisons ), Corsica , and Vatican City . It has official minority status in Croatia , Slovenian Istria , and the municipalities of Santa Tereza and Encantado in Brazil . Italian
11625-412: The nation was unified in 1861. Italian is a Romance language , a descendant of Vulgar Latin (colloquial spoken Latin). Standard Italian is based on Tuscan , especially its Florentine dialect , and is, therefore, an Italo-Dalmatian language , a classification that includes most other central and southern Italian languages and the extinct Dalmatian . According to Ethnologue , lexical similarity
11750-468: The new kingdom and a cornerstone of its foreign policy. The first attempt to seize Rome was orchestrated by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1862. Confident in the king's neutrality, he set sail from Genoa to Palermo . Collecting 1,200 volunteers, he sailed from Catania and landed at Melito , Calabria , on 24 August to reach Mount Aspromonte with the intention to travel northward up the peninsula to Rome. The Piedmontese general Enrico Cialdini , however, sent
11875-408: The number of printing presses in Italy grew rapidly and by the year 1500 reached a total of 56, the biggest number of printing presses in all of Europe. This enabled the production of more pieces of literature at a lower cost and Italian, as the dominant language, spread. Italian became the language used in the courts of every state in the Italian Peninsula , as well as the prestige variety used on
12000-590: The official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . Italian has a significant use in musical terminology and opera with numerous Italian words referring to music that have become international terms taken into various languages worldwide. Almost all native Italian words end with vowels , and the language has a 7-vowel sound system ('e' and 'o' have mid-low and mid-high sounds). Italian has contrast between short and long consonants and gemination (doubling) of consonants. During
12125-630: The openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language (for example, in informal situations andà , annà and nare replace the standard Italian andare in the area of Tuscany, Rome and Venice respectively for the infinitive "to go"). There is no definitive date when the various Italian variants of Latin—including varieties that contributed to modern Standard Italian—began to be distinct enough from Latin to be considered separate languages. One criterion for determining that two language variants are to be considered separate languages rather than variants of
12250-584: The original inhabitants), as the Italian dialects were most probably simply Latin as spoken by native cultural groups. Superstrata and adstrata were both less important. Foreign conquerors of Italy that dominated different regions at different times left behind little to no influence on the dialects. Foreign cultures with which Italy engaged in peaceful relations with, such as trade, had no significant influence either. Throughout Italy, regional varieties of Standard Italian, called Regional Italian , are spoken. Regional differences can be recognized by various factors:
12375-458: The other hand, almost everyone still speaks the Corsican idiom , which, due to its linguistic proximity to the Italian standard language, appears both linguistically as an Italian dialect and therefore as a carrier of Italian culture, despite the French government's decades-long efforts to cut Corsica off from the Italian motherland. Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it
12500-400: The platoon's commander and deputy commander, two drivers, a radio operator, and a fire support squad, which is equipped with a Minimi machine gun, a Panzerfaust 3 anti-tank rocket launcher , and a M6C-210 60mm mortar. Each fusilier squad rides in two VTLM Lince vehicles. The Lagunari companies' maneuver support platoons consist of a command team, a surveillance and target acquisition team,
12625-406: The population of Italy could speak Standard Italian. He reports that in 1951 that percentage had risen to 87%. The ability to speak Italian did not necessarily mean it was in everyday use, and most people (63.5%) still usually spoke their native dialects. In addition, other factors such as mass emigration, industrialization, and urbanization, and internal migrations after World War II , contributed to
12750-469: The proliferation of Standard Italian. The Italians who emigrated during the Italian diaspora beginning in 1861 were often of the uneducated lower class, and thus the emigration had the effect of increasing the percentage of literates, who often knew and understood the importance of Standard Italian, back home in Italy. A large percentage of those who had emigrated also eventually returned to Italy, often more educated than when they had left. Although use of
12875-528: The pronunciation of stressed "e", and of "s" between vowels in many words: e.g. va bene "all right" is pronounced [vabˈbɛːne] by a Roman (and by any standard Italian speaker), [vaˈbeːne] by a Milanese (and by any speaker whose native dialect lies to the north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line ); a casa "at home" is [akˈkaːsa] for Roman, [akˈkaːsa] or [akˈkaːza] for standard, [aˈkaːza] for Milanese and generally northern. In contrast to
13000-415: The publication of Agnolo Monosini 's Latin tome Floris italicae linguae libri novem in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612. An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by Napoleon in the early 19th century (who was himself of Italian-Corsican descent). This conquest propelled the unification of Italy some decades after and pushed
13125-487: The referendum that allowed France to annex Savoy and Nice, and a group of his followers (among the Italian Savoyards ) took refuge in Italy in the following years. Corsica passed from the Republic of Genoa to France in 1769 after the Treaty of Versailles . Italian was the official language of Corsica until 1859. Giuseppe Garibaldi called for the inclusion of the " Corsican Italians " within Italy when Rome
13250-625: The regiment consisted of a command, a command and services company, a nautical vehicles company, and the 1st Lagunari Battalion. On 16 September 1996, the regiment was transferred from the 5th Army Corps to the Support Units Command "Legnano" . On 31 December 1997, the Support Units Command "Legnano" was disbanded and regiment was transferred to the Projection Forces Command . On 1 December 2000,
13375-481: The regiment was awarded a Military Order of Italy , which was affixed to the regiment's flag and added to the regiment's coat of arms. For its conduct and work during the COVID-19 pandemic the regiment was awarded in 2022 a Silver Cross of Army Merit, which was affixed to the regiment's flag. As of 2024 the Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" is organized as follows: The Command and Logistic Support Company consists of
13500-512: The regiment was awarded a Gold Medal of Army Valor, which was affixed to the regiment's flag and added to the regiment's coat of arms. From 9 November 2006 to 13 April 2007, the regiment deployed to Lebanon as part of the UN 's United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon . For its service in Lebanon the regiment was awarded a Silver Cross of Army Merit, which was affixed to the regiment's flag. In 2007,
13625-744: The regiment was split into the 1st Pontieri Regiment (Light Bridges) and 2nd Pontieri Regiment (Heavy Bridges) . The 1st Pontieri Regiment was based in Verona and received the II Pontieri Battalion in Verona, the IV Pontieri Battalion in Rome , and the V Lagunari Battalion in Venice. The 1st Pontieri Regiment formed these units into two Pontieri battalions, with each battalion also fielding two Lagunari companies. On 1 October 1938,
13750-624: The same year, the Coastal Lagoon Battalion "Marghera" was formed in Malcontenta . The battalion consisted of a command company with personnel from the army and navy, a truck-transported company with army personnel, an amphibious company with navy personnel. On 15 October 1951, the Italian Navy's Battalion "San Marco" in Villa Vicentina , which was manned by navy personnel and organized as an army infantry battalion,
13875-473: The teachings of the Roman Catholic Church began to be understood from new perspectives as humanists —individuals who placed emphasis on the human body and its full potential—began to shift focus from the church to human beings themselves. The continual advancements in technology play a crucial role in the diffusion of languages. After the invention of the printing press in the 15th century,
14000-528: The three Lagunari companies consists of three fusilier platoons, one maneuver support platoon, and a logistic squad. Each fusilier platoon consists of three fusilier squads and a maneuver support squad, with each fusilier squad fielding two fire teams of four Lagunari and a driver. Each fusilier squad is equipped with one Minimi machine gun, one ARX200 battle rifle , and two ARX160 assault rifles , one of which includes an underslung GLX160 grenade launcher . The fusilier platoons' maneuver support squads include
14125-469: The title Divina , were read throughout the peninsula and his written dialect became the "canonical standard" that all educated Italians could understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language. In addition to the widespread exposure gained through literature, the Florentine dialect also gained prestige due to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and
14250-542: The total population of the country. In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language. The main Italian-language newspapers published outside Italy are the L'Osservatore Romano ( Vatican City ), the L'Informazione di San Marino ( San Marino ), the Corriere del Ticino and the laRegione Ticino ( Switzerland ),
14375-608: The traditions of the Amphibious Battalion "Sile" . The regiment's anniversary falls, as for all Lagunari units, on 25 June 1984, the day the Lagunari were elevated to a speciality of the Italian Army's infantry arm. In 1550, the Republic of Venice formed a corps of embarked troops for the Venetian fleet , which were named Fanti da Mar (Infantry of the Sea). Present on all Venetian ships the Fanti da Mar were disbanded after
14500-454: The war, however, turned to Italy's favour by Prussian victories in Bohemia, especially the decisive Battle of Königgrätz (or Sadowa) on 3 July. The Austrians were compelled to redeploy one of their three army corps from Italy to Vienna . The remaining Austrian forces in the theatre concentrated their defences around Trentino and Isonzo . On 5 July, the Italian government received news of
14625-697: Was a war between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire fought between June and August 1866. The conflict paralleled the Austro-Prussian War and resulted in Austria conceding the region of Venetia (present-day Veneto , Friuli , and the city of Mantua , the last remnant of the Quadrilatero ) to France, which was later annexed by Italy after a plebiscite . Italy's acquisition of this wealthy and populous territory represented
14750-561: Was also introduced to Somalia through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the colonial period but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the Somali Civil War . Italian is also spoken by large immigrant and expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. Although over 17 million Americans are of Italian descent , only
14875-525: Was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy , but King Victor Emmanuel II did not agree to it. Italian is generally understood in Corsica by the population resident therein who speak Corsican , which is an Italo-Romance idiom similar to Tuscan. Francization occurred in Nice case, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy. In Corsica, on
15000-605: Was assigned, in regards to training and disciplinary issues, to the Lagoonal Forces Sector Command, while the Infantry Division "Folgore" retained operational control of the battalion. On 1 December 1951, the Lagoonal Forces Sector Command and the Coastal Lagoon Battalion "Marghera" reached full operational capability. On 1 December 1952, the Upper Adriatic Autonomous Maritime Military transferred its disciplinary oversight of
15125-438: Was based in Venice and tasked with operating in the Venetian Lagoon , Marano Lagoon , and Grado Lagoon . On 1 January 1883, the company was transferred to the newly formed 4th Engineer Regiment . On 1 November 1887, the 4th Engineer Regiment formed a second Lagunari company and the two companies were renumbered as 9th Lagunari Company respectively 10th Lagunari Company. In May 1915, just before Italy's entry into World War I ,
15250-636: Was deployed in Lombardy , west of the Mincio River, and aimed toward the powerful Quadrilatero fortress of the Austrians. The second, under Enrico Cialdini, was deployed in Romagna , south of the Po River and aimed toward Mantua and Rovigo . La Marmora moved first through Mantua and Peschiera del Garda but was defeated at the Battle of Custoza on 24 June and retreated in disorder back across
15375-443: Was mirrored by a decline in the use of the dialects. An increase in literacy was one of the main driving factors (one can assume that only literates were capable of learning Standard Italian, whereas those who were illiterate had access only to their native dialect). The percentage of literates rose from 25% in 1861 to 60% in 1911, and then on to 78.1% in 1951. Tullio De Mauro , an Italian linguist, has asserted that in 1861 only 2.5% of
15500-566: Was renamed Coastal Lagoon Battalion "Isonzo" and its navy personnel and materiel replaced by army personnel and materiel. By 1 September 1957, the Lagoonal Forces Sector Command, which now consisted almost entirely of army personnel, was renamed Lagoonal Grouping ( Italian : Raggruppamento Lagunare ). On 1 February 1958, the grouping formed the Motorized Battalion "Adria", which consisted of one active truck-transported company and two reserve truck-transported companies. On 1 May 1958,
15625-658: Was replaced by the French. This was due to the annexation of the surrounding County of Nice to France following the Treaty of Turin (1860) . It formerly had official status in Montenegro (because of the Venetian Albania ), parts of Slovenia and Croatia (because of the Venetian Istria and Venetian Dalmatia ), parts of Greece (because of the Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands and by
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